5.

Management Data

Database Management Systems

GL-4101 Sistim Informasi Geologi  Why use databases?
 People usually develop databases for collecting,
editing, sorting, searching, and reporting
information.
Management data  What is a database management system?
Database  A software system designed to carry out the
functions listed above. A database management
system (DBMS) lets users control and access large
amounts of information.

Asep HP Kesumajana

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5. Management Data 5. Management Data

DATA BASE
 DBMS = Data Base Management System
Hari
 RDBMS = Relational Data Base Management Tanggal
Lintasan
SQL = Structured Query Language Keterangan

 Bagian integral dari suatu kumpulan Patok

dari ke
Azimuth Jarak Lereng
Kedudukan
lapisan
Deskripsi
(susunan), dari spreadsheet sederhana 1 2
hingga struktur data yag kompleks dengan 2
3
3
4
kemampuan expert system. 4 5
5 6

 DBMS dilengkapi dengan Data Definition 6

7
7
8
Language (DDL) dan Data Manipulation 8 9

Language (DML) untuk melakukan operasi

9 10

dalam model model data.

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5. Management Data
Files, Records, and Fields
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5. Management Data
Searching
GL-4101 Sistim Informasi Geologi
5. Management Data
DATA BASE
 Skema (Schema)
 Mengkonversikan stuktur logika ke fisik dari
suatu data dan operasi file.
Tergantung pada model data yang dipakai
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5. Management Data
Sorting a Database
 The fields of a database can be sorted or rearranged
in a number of ways:
 Ascending order -- Arrangement of data from
lowest to highest in sequence.
 Descending order -- Arrangement of sorted data
from highest to lowest in sequence.
 Multiple-field sorting -- Sorting on two or more fields
of information, one primary and the others
secondary. For instance, in a mailing list database, a
person may sort addresses by states, and then within
states by ZIP code.
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5. Management Data 5. Management Data

Operations for Searching a Database Boolean Logical Operator

 Fundamental to searching a database for specific  Fundamental to searching a database for specific
information are: information are:
 The three logical Boolean operations.  AND -- Retains only the elements that two sets of
 AND data have in common. Called the "intersection" of two
 OR sets.
 NOT  OR -- Combines all the elements of two sets of data
 The six operations of numerical comparison. into one larger set. Called the "union" of two sets.
 less than  NOT -- Retains only those elements of a set that are
 greater than
not specified. For example, the NOT of Blue in the
 equal to
American flag is Red and White. Called the
"complement" of a set.
 less than or equal to

 greater than or equal to

 not equal to

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5. Management Data 5. Management Data

DATA BASE Flat Files Data Base

 Flat Files Data Base  Tidak dapat menangani lebih dari satu obyek dan
hubungan antar obyek
 Hierarchical Data Base
 Network Data Base
 Relational Data Base
 Object Oriented Data Base Management
System

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5. Management Data 5. Management Data

Hierarchichal Data Base

 Hanya satu hubungan antara 2 rekaman data, tak
ada hubungan antara 2 jenis rekaman data

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5. Management Data 5. Management Data

Hari
Tanggal
Lintasan
Keterangan

Patok Kedudukan
Azimuth Jarak Lereng Deskripsi
dari ke lapisan
1 2
2 3
3 4
4 5
5 6
6 7
7 8
8 9
9 10

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 5. Management Data 5. Management Data

Hierarchical Data Base Hierarchial Database Systems

A hierarchical database system is one in which the DBMS supports a hierarchial structure of records
organised in files at various logical levels with connections between the levels. A record at a particular level
contains data common to a set of records at the next lower level. There are no connections between records
of the same level. Each record contains a field defined as the key field, which organize the hierarchy.

Map data stored in an hierarchical database system. Note the double

storage of lines and points (Bernhardsen)

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5. Management Data 5. Management Data

Network Data Base

Structure Advantages Disadvantages  Hubungan antara rekaman data dari jenis yang
•Difficult to process multiple values of a sama masih belum ada ( mis B & C)
data item
•Fast data retrieval
Flat Files •Adding new data categories requires
•Simple structure and easy to program
reprogramming
•Slow data retrieval without the key

•Adding and deleting records is easy •Pointer path restricts access

•Fast data retrieval through higher level •Each association requires repetitive
Hierarchic
records data in other records
al Files
•Multiple associations with like records •Pointers require large amount of
in different files computer storage

•Easy access and minimal technical
training for users
•Flexibility for unforeseen inquiries
Relational •Easy modification and addition of new
Files relationships, data, and records
•Physical storage of data can change
without affecting relationships between
records
•New relations can require considerable
processing
•Sequential access is slow
•Method of storage impacts processing
time
•Easy to make logical mistakes due to
flexibility of relationships between
records

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5. Management Data 5. Management Data

Network database systems Network Data Base

A network database system is one in which the DBMS supports a network type of organisation. Each element, or
collection of like records, has connections to several different-level elements. Interconnections are made in the
hierarchical organisation, and a characteristic may be associated with two main objects. The resultant network structure
more closely represents the complex interrelationships which often exist between real-world geographical objects. The
elements of the structure may be related through one-many, many-one and ,many-many connections.

The storage structure in a network-based database system. a) shows a map

section; b) shows polygons stored in the network; c) is a pointer table which
specifies where the map data (d) are in fact stored (Bernhardsen)

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5. Management Data 5. Management Data

Relational Data Base Relational Data Base

 Terdapat rekaman data (common fields) yang
dipakai bersama

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5. Management Data 5. Management Data

Relational Database Systems

This has become the most popular form of a database model since it has the most flexible approach to linkages
between individual databases.

There is no hard structure to a relational model and the form of the model is determined by the needs and concepts of
the user.
In a relational database each record (file) has a set of attributes and a set of rows (entries) that form the table. Separate
tables are linked, or related, to one another through a common attribute. Any attribute in the table can be used as the
key link between that table and another table. Links can be formed in any direction and between any node (table). This
database model allows maximum flexibility since ownership is not defined as it is in the hierarchical and network
models.

A relations database. Each field in a table can be the key to locating data in another table.
(Bernhardsen)
Examples of map data stored in a relations database. (Bernhardsen)

GIS & Database

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5. Management Data 5. Management Data

A tailor-made file management system for both geometric and attribute

data within the same database (Bernhardsen)

1. a single database system that stores both geometrical and attribute data;
2. two separate database systems, one for geometrical data and one for attribute data; The integrated GIS model, with two alternative solutions for database management (a,b)
3. one database for geometrical data connected to several different databases for attribute data.
and with details of Integrated Database (c).

GIS & Database

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5. Management Data 5. Management Data

Object Oriented Data Base Management System

 Model gafik dari suatu data (Obyek)

The hybrid database model, where geometric and attribute data are stored in
separate databases.
GIS & Database
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5. Management Data 5. Management Data

HYPERMEDIA EXPERT SYSTEM

 Buttons
 Alphanumeric Fields
 Cards (basic information unit)
 Card Backgrounds
 Stack (group of Cards)

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5. Management Data

EXPERT SYSTEM

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