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Lecture7 Open Channel PDF
Lecture7 Open Channel PDF
Lecture7 Open Channel PDF
Hydromechanics VVR090
1
Water Supply
Water Power
Cross-section of
power plant
2
Zola dam, Aix-en-Provence
Spillway,
ITAIPU dam
Transportation
Panama Canal
3
Flow Control and Measurement
Flow Phenomena
4
Flooding
5
Ancient Times
6
Indus civilization
Public bath
Drainage pipe
Yellow River
Levee construction
Sediment-laden
river water
7
Roman aqueducts
Aqua Claudia
Construction of
an aqueduct
Characteristics of Aqueducts
8
Reservoar
Top of aqueduct
A Roman
fountain
Frontinus (40-103 A.D.)
Vitruvius (55 B.C. – 14 A.D.)
Renaissance
Leonardo da
Vinci (1452-1519)
9
Experimental Techniques (17th century)
Galileo Galilei
(1564-1642)
Evangelista Torricelli
(1608-1647) barometer
Blaise Pascal
(1623-1662)
Gottfried Leibniz
Isaac Newton
(1646-1716)
(1642-1727)
10
The Rise of Hydrodynamics
Daniel Bernoulli
(1700-1782)
Pitot tube on an
airplane wing
11
19th Century Developments
Main efforts:
• collect experimental data
• formulate empirical relationships
• derive general physical principles
Hydraulics:
Germany: Hagen, Weisbach
France: Poiseuille, Darcy
England: Manning, Froude
Hydrodynamics:
France: Navier, Cauchy, Poisson, Boussinesq
England: Stokes, Reynolds
Germany: Helmholtz, Kirchoff
12
Navier-Stokes Equations
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u 1 ∂p μ ⎛ ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ⎞
+u +v + w = − +P+ ⎜ 2 + 2 + 2 ⎟
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ρ ∂x ρ ⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠
∂v ∂v ∂v ∂v 1 ∂p μ ⎛ ∂ 2v ∂ 2v ∂ 2v ⎞
+u +v +w = − +Q+ ⎜ 2 + 2 + 2 ⎟
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ρ ∂y ρ ⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠
∂w ∂w ∂w ∂w 1 ∂p μ ⎛ ∂2w ∂2w ∂2w ⎞
+u +v +w =− +R+ ⎜ 2 + 2 + 2 ⎟
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ρ ∂z ρ ⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠
Ludwig Prandtl
(1875-1953)
13
Flow Classification I
• steady – unsteady
• uniform – non-uniform
• varied flow (= non-uniform):
gradually varied – rapidly varied
Flow Classification II
14
Flow Classification III
UL
Re =
ν
Flow Classification IV
U
Fr =
gL
L taken to be the hydraulic depth D=A/T
15
Gravity Wave I
c = gL
Gravity Wave II
Continuity equation:
cy = ( y + Δy )( c − Δu )
Simplifying:
Δu
c= y
Δy
16
Gravity Wave III
Momentum equation:
γy − γ ( y + Δy ) = ρcy ( ( c − Δu ) − c )
1 2 1 2
2 2
Simplifying:
Δu g
=
Δy c
c = gy
Gravity Wave IV
Interpretation:
17
Channel Types
Artificial Channels
18
Definition of Channel and Flow Properties I
d
y=
cos θ
Small slopes:
y≈d
19
Definition of Channel and Flow Properties III
A
R=
P
A
D=
T
20
Governing Equations
u = u + u´
v = v + v´
w = w + w´
1
T
1
A ∫A
u= udA
T ∫0
uT = udt
Statistical Quantities
1/2
⎛1 T ⎞
rms(u ') = ⎜⎜⎜ ∫ (u ') dt ⎟⎟⎟
2
⎜⎝T 0 ⎠⎟
KE 1 2
( 2
= (u ') + (v ') + (w ')
mass 2
2
)
Reynolds stresses:
T
1
u ' v ' = ∫ u ' v ' dt
T 0
21
Energy Equation
u A2
H = z A + d A cos θ +
2g
Small values of q:
u2
H = z+ y+
2g
Fundamental Equations
Conservation of mass:
Q = uA
Conservation of momentum:
∑ F = ρQ(u 2 − u1 )
Conservation of energy:
u2
H = z+ y+
2g
22
Correction of Momentum Flux
∫ ρu dA
2
Average transfer:
ρQu
∫ ρu dA ∫ ρu dA
2 2
β= A
= A
ρQu ρu 2 A
1
∫ 2 ρu dA
3
Average transfer:
1
ρQu 2
2
∫ ρu dA ∫ ρu dA
3 2
α= A
= A
ρQu 2
ρu 3 A
23
Properties of a and b
Boundary Layers
5x u
δ= at = 0.99
Re x U
0.37 x u
δ= at = 0.99
Re0.2
x U
24
Observations Regarding Boundary Layers I
x ↑, μ ↑, ρ ↓,U ↓ ⇒ δ ↑
x ↓, μ ↓, ρ ↑,U ↑ ⇒ δ ↓
25
Observations Regarding Boundary Layers III
ks u*
0≤ ≤5 smooth
ν
ku
5 ≤ s * ≤ 70 transition
ν
ku
70 ≤ s * rough
ν
Resistance Estimate
Chezy equation:
u = C RS
u* = gRS
ks u g
0≤ ≤5 smooth
Cν
ksu g
5≤ ≤ 70 transition
Cν
ksu g
70 ≤ rough
Cν
26