Module: 1

House ---------------- Housing system

 Immobility
 High Investment
 Finance
 Transport
 Land Policy

Housing Policies:

 Demand Led Approach:-

 Rural to Urban Migration
 Growth of Rural/ Semi Urban/ Small or Medium Town

 Supply Led Approach:-

 Increase the no. of Units
 Reduce the cost of Construction
 Mass Scale Production
 Land Consolidation

Factors Affects Housing:

 Cheap/ Skilled labour

 Cheap Finance
 Transport Facilities
 Method of Construction
 Rate of Interest
 Demand
 Town & Urban Planning
 Environmental Condition

General Requirement of Residential Unit:

 Height
 Location
 Orientation
 Security
 Space
 Utility
 Ventilation

Classification of House:

 Detached House
 Semi detached
  Town House
 Farmhouse

Detached House:-

 Household
 Land value is low
 High-end house
 Own utility
 Plot area is larger
 Evolved from developed country
 Nuclear family having a car
 Result of sub urbanisation

Semi Detached:-

 Sharing Boundary
 Sharing of utility
 Evolved from developed country
 Result of Sub urbanisation

Town House:-

 Type of terraced housing

 Occupied by wealthy families
 It is usually in addition to the first house own by the primary aspects
 It is distinguish from apartment as it consist of multiple floor and outside door instead
having access from interior wall
 In developed counties, apartment are meant of a rental housing while the town house area
own property
 High security, Playground, Swimming pools, etc.

Farmhouse:-

 A farmhouse is a building that serves as the primary residence in

a rural or agricultural setting.
 Historically, farmhouses were often combined with space for animals called a house
barn.
 Other farmhouses may be connected to one or more barns, built to form a courtyard,
or with each farm building separate from each other.

Form of Housing:

 Plotted
 Group Housing
 Co-operative
 Self Help
 Free hold/ Lease Hold
  Rental House

Self Help Housing:-

 Group of Local people

 Empty property ------ Future use and Redevelopement
 Use of Waste Building
 Improving neighbourhood
 Community Facilities
 Support social enterprise
 Learning new Skills
 Empowering People

Co-Operative Housing:-

 Legal entity
 Real estate (More than 1 building)
 Membership and shared purchase
 One unit occupation
 Lowering cost as members increased
 Non-ownership occupancy agreement
 Equity sharing

Rental Housing:-

 User Group
 Single user
 Student
 Young Executive
 Newly Married
 Migrant
 Elderly
  Tax Deduction
 Financial Inadequacy
 Reducing Financial risk
 Temporary use
 Burden of Property Up keep
 Keep off balance sheet
 Less maintenance cost
 Low Space

Formal Rental Housing:-

 80% of real estate in volume of India

 19 million housing shortage
 10.2 million House vacant
 56% - Economical Weaker Section
 40% - Lower Income Group
 Lack of access to credit which led the formation of Slums

Census 2011:
 69% Non-Owner
 28% Informal
 3% Formal
 Rent Control Act 1992
 Draft National Urban Rental housing Policy 2015
 Draft Model Tenancy Act 2015

Objective:

 Basic Shelter facilities

 Social rental Housing for poor
 Affordable rental housing for specific group
 Stock group arrangement for home buyer
 Institutional Rental Housing for working for class
 Providing facilities to poor
 Regulation

Housing and Development board (Singapore) 1985:

 Rapidly agency population (20% or more)

 1985 – Nihoo/ Department block/ Block
 Railings/ Drop off porch/ Covered wall ways
 Pedestrian pathways
 Toilet and addition of utility room with addition to dining room for extended family
 Bright up light fittings for better visibility and addition lift landings to increase
accessibility
 Handle for door and with lower electrical solicits and sockets
 Reducing the barrier within flats
 Pre-installed fixtures and fittings i.e. flooring, kitchen cabinet, water heater , etc.
  Thinking include new range of development
 Recognizing feature that could form barrier free design
 Remove the threshold at the front door corridor

Special Type of Housing:

 Mobile home
 Disaster Housing
 Student & Public Housing
 Guest House
 Night Shelter
 Incremental Housing

Mobile Home:-

 A mobile house ia a pre-fabricated structure, built in a factory on a permanently

attached before being transported to the site
 Used as a permanent house, for holidays on temporary accommodation, they are left
after permanently or semi permanently in one place put can be moved, and money
be required to move from time to time for legal reasons.
 Pre-painted aluminium panels are used
 Rectangular in shape

Disaster Housing:-

 Disaster responsive housing are meant to take each natural clamities such as
earthquake, flood, etc.

Public Housing:-

 Public housing was established to provide decent and safe rental housing for
eligible low-income families, the elderly, and persons with disabilities.
 Public housing comes in all sizes and types, from scattered single family houses to
high rise apartments for elderly families
 Although the common goal of public housing is to provide affordable housing, the
details, terminology, definitions of poverty and other criteria for allocation vary within
different contexts.

Guest House:-

 A guesthouse (also guesthouse) is a kind of lodging.

 In some parts of the world, a guesthouse is similar to a hostel, bed and breakfast,
or inn where in other parts of the world guesthouses are a type of inexpensive hotel-
like lodging.
 In still others, it is a private home, which has been converted for the exclusive use
of guest accommodation.
 The owner usually lives in an entirely separate area within the property and the
guesthouse may serve as a form of lodging business.
 This type of accommodation presents some major benefits such as:

 Personalized attention
  Healthy and homemade food
 Quietness
 Inexpensiveness
 Modern design

Night Shelter:-

 Night Shelters are a type of homeless service agency that provide temporary
residence for homeless individuals and families at Night.

Incremental Housing:-

 Incremental housing is a step-by-step pro- cess.

 It goes by different names (starter house, phased-development house, owner-driven
house), but fundamentally, incremental hous- ing is an integral urban development
process, building housing communities and citizens.

Artistic Village by Charles Correa:

 Module: 2

Census Classification of House:

1872

Any permanent structure on land which serves or have the potential to serve and has
accessibility to human being, animals, goods, and providing that it cannot be removed like
tent or mud hut.

1881-1951

It is a dwelling place for one or more families which were servants with principle separate
entrance rom public way.

1961

House was define as structure or part of structure in-habited or vacant, a shop or a shop
cum dwelling in place of business, school, etc. with a separate main entrance.

1971

House is defined as building or part of a building with separate entrance with common floor,
common staircase which is used or recognised by the separate unit used for residential or
nor residential purpose or both.

Household:

A Household compliance goes only together and cook has the same kitchen. Then in 1941,
definition of household was same.

A group of person who live together and their meals for common kitchen unless exigency of
work then to do so.

Hotel and Hostel can be considered house too.

Housing Shortage:

 Lack of affordable housing

 Mismatch of available housing & need
 Technology obsolescence
 Increase in population
 Migration
 Development condition
 Urbanisation

Housing Need Model (HNM):

Need + Affordability = Demand

Housing – Housing stock = Shortage

A = Current housing (a1 + a2)

Wherw, a1 is total household

a2 is total housing unit

B = Future reference (b1 + b2)

Where, b1 = New Household

b2 = Demolition

Therefore, HNM = a1 + a2 + b1 + b2

Housing Finance:

 Large Investment
 Land
 Labour
 Material
 Effort
 HUDCO/ NHB/ LIC/ PSB’s
 Formal Housing Market (25%)
 Informal FHM (75%)

Principle source of capital:-

 General source of the state

 Borrowing by the state from open money market
 Public fund
 Voluntary contribution by employer for housing
 Institutional borrowing from agencies like LIC, Provident Fund, Bank, home finance
agencies, etc.
 Investment by private company and real estate
 Owner with neighbouring material and technical knowledge
 Savings by the owner

Role of Institutional Agencies:

 Mobilize household sharing in the household market

 Provide maximum incentives like tax concensation for increasing the floor of finance
in the economy
 Prevent time and cost
 Avoid loan to those who have own capital to make expensive bigger house

Housing Micro Finance:

Issues & Constrains:-

 Proper Housing finance

 Popular in Latin America and India
 Limit of traditional mortgage finance
  Stakeholders are Government, Agencies, Micro finance Institutions, Credit Co-
Operatives, NGOs, etc.
 Low Income
 Lack of access to sustainable materials
 Link with existing infrastructure
 Unsteady income flow
 Small and Short Loan
 Collateral not required

Micro Credit Housing Finance (MCHF):

 It is micro credit to Small & Medium Enterprises

 Challenge rises to housing
 Home as a shelter and income generating led to housing finance products

Self-Advocacy Housing Finance (SAHF):

 It is for defending the rights for poor to equitable rights for resources
 Land, shelters, adequate infrastructure and services to the poor
 It is usually of small scale with global boundaries

Micro Finance Housing (MFH):

 Improve dwelling
 Incremental Housing
 Installing Services

MFI/ NBFI:

 Reduce subsidies
 Achieve scope
 Remove difficulties of mortgage
 Incremental Housing

Mutual La Primera:

 3000 USD
 LIG/ EWS
 40% less than 500 USD Income
 12.5% Rate of Interest
 30% payment Income
 40% + 40% + 20%

Module: 3

Slums:

Heavily populated urban informal settlements with sub-standard housing with lack of
sanitation, service, clean water, electricity, law enforcements, etc.
Census Definition:-

Slum has been defined as residential area where dwelling are unfit for human settlements by
the result of overcrowding, quality of arrangements and design, lack of income, lack of
sanitation facilities, lack of law enforcements, clean drinking water, etc.

Causes:-

 Poor planning
 Informal income
 Poverty
 Depression
 Economical stagnation
 Rural to urban migration
 Natural disaster
 Policies

 Urban population (slum) in 2012 - 33%

 Sub Saharan Africa – 61.5%
 South Asia – 35%
 South East Asia – 31%
 East Asia – 28.2%
 West Asia – 24.6%
 Latin America – 23.5%

Prevention Measures:-

 Government policies
 Education
 Better employment
 Development of rural area
 Rules & regulation
 Accommodation
 Improve quality of life
 Health care
 Balanced growth
 New housing
 Satellite town
 Better master plan
 Service

Risks:-

 Vulnerable to natural and unnatural hazards

 Unemployment and informal economy
 Violence
 Diseases
 Mal nutrition
  Epidemics

Types of Slums:-

Notified slum: All slum notified by the city or town by the state urban human local
government under any act including a slum act are notified then.

Recognised slum: All area recognised as slum by the state unit administration that may or
may not be notified as the slum.

Identified slum: Census 2011 has identified slum to have 25,000 by the total population by
local authority.

 N = 37,072
 R = 39,846
 I = 40,309

Slum Improvement Studies:

 Indore, 1997 by Himanshu Parikh

 80 million sq. m, 5% of total population and 10% of total area
 Slum along rivers (textile well, over crowded, kutcha, hygiene, service, infrastructure)
 Community driven Approach
 Low cost service trunks based sewerage, strom drainage, garden and surfacing
 120 community hall
 Networking of sewers & drainage
 Low cost sewage and drainage
 Base line survey
 Major sewer through slums connecting to higher area
 Physical survey
 Strom water drains to lowered roads
 Gully trap use
 Scope along road for rainfall to flow into river

Result:

 Clean city
 Regulation of sewage and drainage
 Re-utilization of historical heritage
 Landscape garden and eathwork
 Strom water drainage
 Sanitation and sewage is proper
 Water supply
 Street lighting
 Solid waste management
 Footpaths
 Upgradation of housing
 Urban settlement improved
Slum Re-hab Scheme in Mumbai:

 55% of the total population

 16% of the total area
 42% - 10 sq. m
 38% - 15-20 sq. m
 9% - above 20 sq. m

Two Approach:-

Additional Development Rights (ADR)

 70% of the slums dwellers construction

 Slum demolition
 New construction
 Slum co-operative
 Extra FSI to builders

Transfer Development Rights (TDR)

 EIUS
 BSUP
 VAMBAY
 IHSDP

Rural vs. Urban:

Rural housing:-

 Rural population area simple with limited requirements concerning basic facilities.
 Housing should take into account needs for the rural population like cattle sheds,
grain store, storing space for agriculture equipment.
 Concept of environment improvement is entirely different due to lower pollution.
 Locally available building material can be used and cost can be easily reduced.
 New materials and new techniques seldom reaches.
 Lesser no. of working days of regular job.
 The rural housing must be clubbed with rural development.

Urban Housing:-

 Modern basic facilities like portable water, drainage, power, etc. are essential.
 Housing is entirely different designed from rural with modern work and utilities.
 Environmental issues are very essential.
 Cost reduction beyond a limit is not possible.
 New materials and techniques are easily available.
 Regularly employed.
 Concept of regional development is essential.
Housing Policies in India:
 Environmental Improvement of Urban Slums (EIUS)
 Basic Services for Urban Poor (BSUP)
 Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojna (VAMBAY)
 Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP)
 National Housing and Habitat Policy (NHHP), 2007
 Affordable Housing and Slum Rehabilitation and Redevelopment Housing
Policy (AHSRRHP), 2017

Environmental Improvement of Urban Slums (EIUS):-

 It was started in 1974

 The central government was the main facilitator for the scheme
 It talks about the integrated city development.
 Access to basic services like portable water, sanitation, power, education, etc.
 The state government did not channelize fund properly so the scheme was not
successful
 Per capita cost under the scheme was Rps 120/- in 1972 and Rps 800/- in 1995

Basic Services for Urban Poor (BSUP):-

 It was under JNURM (Jawarhlal Nehru Urban Redevelopment Mission)

 It was coherent urban policies and there was strategy to implement the projects
 Efficiency in the urban infrastructure, Service dwelling mechanisms, community
participation and accountability of Urban Local Bodies
 20 – 25 years of prospective plan indicating policies, programmes and strategy,
development plan was prepared.
 Land use was integrated with services like urban transport
 Fund from central government, state government, financial institution, private sector,
capital market and aid was mobilized
 Integration of Slum rehabilitation, water drainage, sanitation, sewage, etc.
 Affordable housing for slum dwellers, EWS, LIG, etc.
 Environmental control and proper waste management
 Street lighting and civic amenities
 Healthcare, education and social scheme
 Initially 7 cities with population with 4 million plus was included
 Later on 28 cities with 1 million plus population and 28 cities with religious and
historical background was added.

Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojna (VAMBAY):-

 It is the first centrally sponsored scheme targeted for the Below Powerty Line and
slum dwellers.
  VAMBAY was clubbed with NSDP and SJSRY (Swarna Jyanti Sehri Rozgar Yojna)
for shelter, environmental improvement and income upgradation
 20% allocation was for toilet infrastructure
 Rps 20/- was charged on each family for the maintenance
 4 lakhs – 8 lakhs was for community toilet
 Rps 40,000 in normal area and Rps 45,000 in difficult area was provided to the
families for housing
 Funding pattern was 1:1 with Government : HUDCO
 Environmental beneficiary act was introduced
 Land was taken from the tittle and part was used for upgradation and rehabilitation
and rest for other use

Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP):-

 It combines the VAMBAY and NSDP

 It enhances the public and private involvement in housing and infrastructure
development
 1lakh per dwelling unit was provided
 In special case, an addition of 12.5% was granted
 The pattern of funding was 80:20 or& 90:10
 There was a provision for upgradation of houses and construction of new houses
 Slum development is main process of the ideology