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Final Report - A Study On Cash and Inventory Management
Final Report - A Study On Cash and Inventory Management
Final Report - A Study On Cash and Inventory Management
BY
Kaushar Alam
(Regd. No - 5033)
Of
Associate Professor
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted to the
July 2010
I, Kaushar Alam, hereby declare that this project titled “A Comparative study of Cash and
Inventory Management” is an original work carried out by me, under the guidance of Prof. S
Bhagya Rao, (Associate Professor). The report submitted by me is a bonafide work carried by
me of my own efforts and it has not been submitted to any other University or published any
time before.
(Kaushar Alam)
This is to certify that Mr. Kaushar Alam, Student of PGDM of Vishwa Vishwani Institute of
Systems and Management, Hyderabad has successfully completed his practical training during
May-June 2010
The project work done on “A Comparative study of Cash and Inventory Management”, is a
bonafide work carried out by him under my supervision and guidance. The Project on evaluation
fulfills all the stated criteria and the student’s findings are his original work.
During the training period he was found to be hard working and he has submitted the report
within the stipulated time. His conduct was excellent to the best of my Knowledge.
Certified that this Project titled “A Comparative study of Cash and Inventory Management”,
who carried out the research under my supervision, certified further, that to the best of my
knowledge the work reported here is does not form part of any other thesis or dissertation on the
basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other
candidate.
Date:
Place: Hyderabad
All is well that ends well. I realize that these words written by the way my gratitude are not
sufficient to express my gratefulness to those who were instrumental for this project report which
I have undertaken with courage, confidence and goodwill so also encouragement from me.
I sincerely thanks to our Institute, which has provided me with an excellent opportunity to
achieve the most cherished goal i.e. project in my life, that is “A Comparative study of Cash
and Inventory Management“. I express my sincere thanks to our STP Coordinator Prof. R.
Sunitha who encouraged & provided me to undergo the summer training project, which has
proved to be a very valuable source of practical knowledge for me. I am also grateful to our
Faculty guide Prof. S. Bhagya Rao for continuous guidance in the project period, without his
precious direction, valuable guidance and critical scrutiny; this report could have not been
completed.
With immense pleasure, I would like to express my sincere thanks and graduate to Md. Saquib
Hassan (CRM, Delhi) of Canvera Digital Technologies Pvt. Ltd., who was my Project Guide
for giving me, this rare privilege of working under him and completing this project, whose kind
supervision, keen interest and valuable suggestion went all the way in successful completion of
this work. I will be forever indebted to my guide whose valuable guidance and support and
Last but not the least; I would like to thanks to all the personalities in the organization for giving
Alam)
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Management, Hyderabad. I did my Summer Training with Canvera Digital Technologies Pvt.
INVENTORY MANAGEMENT”.
Immense learning.
I’ve come up with not only a project report but it can act as a guide for that company.
Got to know about the management of Cash and inventory by the company.
Got to know about the operations and hierarchical structure of the company
Attended many corporate parties and learnt some corporate world manners
I reported to CRM, Delhi who was my company guide throughout these Six weeks.
During my project I could correlate the teachings that VVISM, Hyderabad had granted me
during the first year. All the theoretical knowledge that I had obtained from the classroom
teachings, I could relate it to the pragmatic situations. From all the theories and the research
methodologies to the role plays that were held during the soft skills classes were of great help.
Also the pressure that we are made used to be of great help in the pressure cooker scenarios. The
textbooks provided by the college were also used in the summer training period.
Though everyday life teaches us many things, but these 45 days were a whole lot than just a
summer training program. What more can one aspiring PGDM (Post Graduate Diploma in
Management) graduate asks for than a real corporate learning, where one experiences the truths
of the very glamorous and affluent corporate world. I learnt the corporate behavior in addition to
the knowledge that the workplace taught me. Although having role plays in the soft skills classes
gives us a rough idea, but being in the corporate world is something different. I learnt how to
work under someone and the tact to face the stress that this world has to offer. Besides all that, I
can confidently say that this summer training has helped me improve my knowledge,
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Declaration I
Acknowledgement IV
Executive Summary V
CHAPTER 1 – Introduction 09
a. Objectives
CHAPTER 3: Overview 17
a. Company Overview.
b. Industry Overview.
c. Literature Review
CHAPTER 5: Conclusion 64
a. Findings
b. Recommendations
c. Conclusion
Annexure 68
Bibliography 72
The life blood of business, as is evident, signified funds required for day-to-day operations of the
firm. The management of working capital i.e. Cash and Inventory assumes great importance
because shortage of working capital funds is perhaps the biggest possible cause of failure of
many business units in recent times. There it is of great importance on the part of management to
pay particular attention to the planning and control for Cash and Inventory. An attempt has been
made to make critical study of the various dimensions of the Cash and Inventory management of
Decisions relating to Cash and Inventory and short term financing are referred to as working
capital management. These involve managing the relationship between a firm's short-term assets
and its short-term liabilities. The goal of Working capital management is to ensure that the firm
is able to continue its operations and that it has sufficient money flow.
Place of study:-
The project study is carried out at the Administration Department of Canvera Digital
Technologies Pvt. Ltd. situated at Jhandewalan, New Delhi. The study is undertaken as a part of
the PGDM curriculum from 01 MAY 2010 to 15 JUNE 2010 in the form of summer placement.
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Objectives of the study
To study and understand as to what exactly is cash and inventory management system
To Study the operational feasibility and utility of cash and inventory management system
To know about the company system of maintaining the records of the status of the
inventory.
To make an item wise study of different inventories and management of cash in the
company
Came to know about the authorized persons, who are handling the inventory.
As Cash is the very sensitive part of the organization, but still got some ideas about the
management of it.
To suggest the steps to be taken to increase the efficiency of the management of cash and
the inventory.
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Need for the study
capital.
Got to know about the management of Cash and inventory by the company.
Got to know about the operations and hierarchical structure of the company
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Scope and Limitations
There may be limitations to this training because the duration (summer training) is very
The top management people generally have very less time to waste on training purpose. So
in the beginning I faced lot of difficulties in getting an appointment from the Admin Officer.
And once I got the appointment I had to convince him on how my contribution to the
organization can help the organization in improving the management of cash and inventory
The most difficult part of the whole assignment is the interaction with the top-level
management of the organization. Until now I was on my own without any boss over me. But
now, during this project I had top deal with this boss thing. I since I was a little hesitant in
speaking to the top-level management. But during the project I learned a lot. I improved my
Once I had convinced, I had to buy time from to gather information about the company. I
had to go to the company repeatedly to match the timing with the manager. This process
continued with almost all the top management people of the organization.
corporate player. I had to wait for long hours outside the offices of the officials. I also had
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to survey the different department of the organization. I did keep my patience and got my
fruits.
There are many other problems that I was facing in gathering information about the
company. But I was continuing to search the in-depth information about the organization
Then I had to analyze the collected information. With this I have judged its overall impact
on the organization.
Due to paucity of time all the data could not covered. For more accurate analysis more time
is required.
As we know that all such jobs are so hectic and this was not exception.
Sometimes the company does not reveal the correct information so biases come.
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RESEARCH METHODOLGY
A Research Methodology defines the purpose of the research, how it proceeds, how to measure
progress and what constitute success with respect to the objectives determined for carrying out
Exploratory research: this kind of research has the primary objective of development of
insights into the problem. It studies the main area where the problem lies and also tries to
The research methodology for the present study has been adopted to reflect these realties
and help reach the logical conclusion in an objective and scientific manner.
DATA COLLECTION
Two types of data are collected, one is primary data and second one is secondary data.
1) Primary Data which included the input received from directly the officials and employees
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CANVERA DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES PVT. LTD.
Canvera is a digital Imaging company (HQed in Bangalore) servicing the needs of professional
photographers all over India. The company’s flagship products are high-end customized coffee-
table-book that professional photographers buy to service markets such as weddings, fashion,
The company was started in Oct 2007 and entered the market in July 2008. This Bangalore-based
firm was started with a venture capital funding of $2 million (raised funds from DFJ/Footprint
Ventures and Mumbai Angels), and has since raised another $3 million
Within 21 months of operation, the company has grown to more than 300 people across 8 offices
Ahmadabad, Jaipur and Chennai with 300+ employees and sales people in various parts of the
Like direct Sales organization of firms such as Xerox, 3M, and Eureka Forbes. Canvera has
opened regional sales offices where sales people will reach out to professional photographers in
the local geography. In addition to sales people, each office also has a few designers who design
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The sales team members also take on the responsibility of introducing the technology to
professional photographers. For the first few orders, the professional photographers will typically
place the orders using CDs and cash. As the professional photographers become comfortable.
Canvera sales people will introduce online ordering and payments. A number of customers have
switched to online ordering as they eventually find that it is a cheaper and faster way of doing
business.
With the growth in domestic consumption and Digital Imaging being driven largely by the
wedding market, Canvera thinks that the industry is on a steep growth curve.
In 21 months, Canvera become the leader in photographic industry and it has achieved
substantial growth and mindshare among the target customer segment – the team has focused on
INITIAL IDEA
The initial idea/concept was to setup a B2C Internet photography company, but the team got
skeptical about the long term scale of a purely online B2C business in India.
The founders started market research/door to door research to understand the real pain points in
the market with the advent of Digital Photography. Their belief was the Digital Photography will
fundamentally change the dynamics of the photography industry and would create an opportunity
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The key was to identify the right opportunity in India around which a scalable business could be
built. The founders spoke to ~100 professional photographers and realized that each and every
one of them had switched to digital SLRs cameras but the transition from film to digital had
With film rolls, photographers had better revenues as clients had to get prints made, but with
digital, most of the end clients would simply ask for CDs. The professional photographers offset
this decline in revenues by selling hand-made albums that were essentially photographic paper
In addition the founders learnt that for various infrastructure & consumer behavior reasons most
of photography in India is done by professionals with weddings driving a large majority of the
revenues for the photographic industry. The hand-made albums provided by professional
segment where there is no brand. As a result there was no guarantee of quality or any reliability
End consumers complained bitterly that at the end of say of wedding the only thing left with
them was the album and there was no way for them to have confidence that this was
manufactured reliably. In fact many newly-wed showed how albums were extremely heavy or
Canvera founders realized that providing trust-worthy branded albums and coffee-table-book
which would provide both professional photographers and end consumers trust in the quality was
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In 21 months of being in the market, Canvera has established itself as a well known brand
amongst professional photographers [I actually realized this when I asked a few photographers if
they have heard of Canvera, to which the reply was they have been using Canvera’s service for
all of their wedding album needs] and has serviced the needs of professional photographers in
As far as technology is concerned, Canvera licensed some software components for its client
application but due to the people-heavy and cash nature of doing business in India they built an
ERP/CRM system which allows them to track the majority cash payments (cash collection
constitutes 75%) that they collect from various parts in the country and also provides a holistic
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ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE
Dhiraj has been working in the field of Digital Imaging for over 18 years. Prior to founding
Canvera, Dhiraj was Director of Product Development and Operations at Naehas a Silicon
Valley startup building technologies for multi-channel personalized marketing applications. Prior
online Digital Photography company, where he was part of the core R&D team that developed
their imaging and workflow automation technologies. Dhiraj has a PhD in EE from Purdue
where his research was focused on algorithms for desktop printers. His PhD research was
sponsored by HP's Imaging & Printing Group. Dhiraj has an MS in EE from Washington State
University and B.Tech in EE from IIT Bombay. Dhiraj has numerous patents and publications to
Peeyush is Chief Technology Officer at Canvera and is responsible for all technology
development to serve the needs of the market and also to enable an efficient operational scale up.
Peeyush has been working in the software industry for over 16 years. Prior to founding Canvera,
Peeyush was heading newScale’s India software development center. He also setup and headed
Centrata's India operations. Peeyush previously worked in Silicon Valley in various senior
management roles in the Enterprise Software space at Oracle, Corio & Euclid. Prior to moving to
the US Peeyush had a stint in Jamaica helping build the country's citizen ID system - a system
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that is in use to this day. Peeyush started his career working as a software engineer with Citicorp.
Kultar is VP of Manufacturing at Canvera and is responsible for quality control and delivery of
products and also for ongoing product R&D. Kultar has more than 15 years of experience
managing various export oriented manufacturing units in India. Prior to joining Canvera, Kultar
headed the leather garment manufacturing unit for Leather Tech in New Delhi, where he was
responsible for manufacturing garments for brands such as Montes, Pierre Cardin, Ricano, Skin
to Skin, Eden Park, Saint Clair, etc. Kultar has B.Com(H) from Delhi university and a diploma in
Export & Import Management from the Foreign Trade and Development Center
Aditya is responsible for all aspects of sales and marketing management in the company. Aditya
joined Canvera from Rio Tinto Alcan where he was VP of Sales & Marketing. At Alcan he
rapidly grew the topline of the company and revamped the entire sales team and sales processes.
Prior to Alcan Aditya worked at 3M India for almost 6 years in various Sales & Marketing roles.
At 3M he won many coveted national and international level awards including bagging some of
Development Manager. Aditya started his career as an Account Executive at Lowe Lintas.
Aditya has an MBA from Chetana's Institute of Management and B.Com from College of
worldwide. Peter Knaack was VP of Operations at Shutterfly from 2000-2005 where he handled
Shutterfly's manufacturing, production and lab operations. Prior to joining Shutterfly, Peter
managed Kodak's Nordic photofinishing operations. He also spent 22 years with Kodak in
Europe, 10 years in Denmark and 12 years at the company's regional headquarters, serving in
consultant and project manager for photofinishers in Europe, USA and Russia. Peter is also the
co-author a book titled "Out of the Darkroom: A Short History of the Photofinishing Industry"
that was released in 2006. Peter holds a Master's degree in environmental science from
Josh is Partner with Footprint Ventures (www.footprintventures.com) and sits on the board of
Canvera and Ticketvala. Prior to Footprint Josh was Manager of Corporate Planning at Infosys.
Josh also worked as an Analyst at Barrington Associates. Josh has a BA in Economics &
Mohanjit Jolly is the Executive Director of DFJ India (www.dfj.com). Mohanjit relocated to
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India in September 2007 to establish the DFJ India office and help manage DFJ's India portfolio.
Mohanjit currently serves on the Boards of Reva, Mchek, Canvera, Cleartrip, Attero,
Seventymm, and Naseeb Networks. Mohanjit Jolly has spent the last ten years working with and
investing in technology startups. Prior to DFJ, Mohanjit was Managing Director at Garage
Technology Ventures, a seed and early stage venture capital firm. While at Garage, Mohanjit
worked with over 30 companies, including LeftHand Networks, PureSight (BCGI), Jibe
Networks (CTRX), Qumu, Thermoceramix, Kaboodle (Acq: Hearst Media) and SimplyHired.
Prior to joining Garage, Mohanjit was part of the strategic planning group at Mattel where he
helped launch the Mattel/Intel joint venture, Intel Play. He also spent several years in both
engineering and business development roles with Itek Optical Systems, a manufacturer of high-
resolution reconnaissance systems for both military and commercial use. While earning his
M.B.A from the Anderson School at UCLA, Mohanjit helped launch ViaSpace, a technology
incubator in Southern California in conjunction with Caltech and Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
Mohanjit earned a B.S. and M.S. in Aeronautics and Astronautics from MIT, with a
Neill is the brainchild behind Footprint Ventures and a veteran of the Venture Capital industry
having co-founded Bessemer Venture Partners in the early 70s. Neill has an exceptional
investing track record providing returns of 20%+ annual IRR over a 25 year period. Neill is also
an Advisory GP and Founder of Novak Biddle Venture Fund. Over his investing career Neill has
Gartner Group, DSP Communications & Veritas to name a few. Neill has an MBA from Kellog
Coming with a vast experience of 7 years in hotel industries, working in the branch as a sales
manager. He is handling a big team of 15 sales people and 20 back office employees as well.
Coming with a vast experience of 5 years and working as under CRM (Customer Relationship
Management) in the branch. Handling a team of Admins & Customer Cares of the region.I am
doing my training under him and taking care of Inventory and Cash Management.
Coming with an experience of 2 valuable years in Genpact, currently working in the company as
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Coming with 4 yrs of experience in Real Estate, he is taking care of supervisory roles in
Canvera. Handling the team of sales who are working in the region.
As the Company deals in Imaging, so Anil Verma is handling 5 design team who works in
Photoshop.
PRODUCTS OF CANVERA
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Premium photobooks
This bestseller photobook is an elegant way to preserve the memories. Ideal for wedding,
Luxury photobooks
This special photobook comes with a rich texture cover along with a matching box. Ideal
Standard photobooks
memories that last a lifetime. Ideal for occasions like wedding, baby events, family get-
together etc.
Softcover photobooks
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Good things come in small packages. This photobook has all the impact and cover
customization like larger books but it comes in small size and with soft cover. Ideal for
anything.
Calendars
Prints
Posters
CUSTOMERS OF CANVERA
Professional photographers
Nature photographers
Freelancers
Studios
COMPETITORS
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Thomson Press
Thomson Press has been in operation for over 40 years and is part of the India Today
Having five Printing units, two Repro Units and two Typesetting units
PrintExl
Printexl is a team of dedicated professionals with vast experience in designing and printing.
With the help of advanced photo editing software and design tools, they intend to add life
to photos. At Printexl, the minutest details are looked into to ensure a consistent quality
output.
They not only make photo books and photo albums for various occasions like birthdays,
marriages, parties, company events, holidays etc., but they also make customized calendars,
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Perfact Color Digital Prints Private Ltd. was incepted in May 2003 from it’s previous shape
& style of PERFACT COPY SERVICES. They are a complete Document Solutions
Company with a past experience of 15 years. We have a strong 100+ members team to
They have crossed annual turnover of Rs. 130 million on completion of 15 years of
operation, though they had started with a meager amount of Rs. 40,000/- in 1993 with one
photocopier as the only equipment. They are situated in Gurgaon with their own building
comprising of 20,000 sq. ft. of area respectively. They have latest Black & White and Color
Keydee
Keydee is committed to offering high quality printed products where they have the greatest
possible control over the design. They recognize that customers have a growing willingness
to learn and use software with a more professional and satisfying feel.
Mazda
Orange
Karizma (Labs)
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PRINTING INDUSTRY
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Printing Industry encompasses numerous fields of every economy. Printing Industry generates
a wide range of products which require in every step of our everyday life. Starting from
Newspapers, Magazines, Books, Post Cards to photo books, Calendars, Memo Pads and
Other than the direct contributions, there are many indirect influences of Printing Industry up on
the economy. This is because, all the activities like Binding, Embossing which generate
considerable amount of income and employment are related closely with the Printing
Industry.
Flexography- This technique produces vibrant colors and is used for printing newspapers
and books.
Gravure-This technique is famous for Print Quality and Print Formats and is mainly used
But it is very important to mention that the Printing Industry all over the world are experiencing
high level of technical advancement and there is no doubt that all these research and
development works are contributing immensely to the growth of Printing Industry across the
world.
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Printing Industry Growth is an outcome of different actions and reactions which took place in
past few decades all over the world. In most of the cases, growth of any industry is driven by the
increase in demand. The Printing Industry is no exception. The Growth of Printing Industry has
taken place due to rising demands for printed products. Now if we want to find the reason behind
this increase in demand we will find several factors. Among these, the main factors are Overall
Economic Growth, Population Growth, Increasing Advertising Expenditures and the Advent
of Internet.
If we go through detailed analysis, we will find that there has been some key changes in the
Printing Industry in the last two decades. To understand the Printing Industry Growth we need to
The main changes which contributed significantly to Printing Industry Growth are the
following:
Personalization of Data - This introduced use of specific data to generate printed items.
Digital Printing - This introduced Toner based and Inkjet based technology. Digital
E-Commerce - E-Commerce has given the relationship between buyers and sellers a new
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Use of Color - In the past decades most of the printing work was done in Black and White.
But, in the present era use of color has risen tremendously in the print medium.
Distributed Production - The production process has changed immensely. From the Press
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Printing Industry Trends has been very significant over the years. This trend is actually the force
The increasing use of Internet in the publishing world has brought a revolution in the Printing
Industry. Remote Distribution of Data and Variable Data Printing has been possible by the use of
Internet. The special ability of Internet of distributing large quantities of data to diverse locations
bridged the gaps of Printing Industry. Earlier, almost all printing work was used to be done
through press. But, in today's world of technological advancement, many printing work is done
first step and to print them in the second step. This is because if they carry out the traditional
process of firstly printing and then distributing then it may generate much more costs. So, in this
context, the biggest challenge faced by the companies which operate through Printing Press is of
lowering costs
The pressure of lowering costs has risen more because of the recent technological advancements
which have invented the concept of e-commerce. E-Commerce has lowered administration costs
and the proofing time. To keep pace with these emerging technologies, the Printing Industry has
now concentrated on Digital Printing. But this advent of technology in the field of printing is
killing the Cottage Print Industry. According to survey, the number of companies in the cottage
print industry is going to decline sharply within 2010. But as a whole we can say that Printing
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Industry has already ridden a growth wave through technological innovations and further growth
can come only through new innovations and high level of productivity.
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management of working capital, which is defined as all the short-term assets used in daily
operations. These consist primarily of cash, marketable, securities, account receivable and
Proportion of long term and short term funds to finance current assets.
It may be clear that the objective of working capital management is to maintain a satisfactory
level to working capital. In other words, the current assets should not only be sufficient enough
to cover the current liabilities but at the same time should also ensure the reasonable amount of
safety margin. This is possible only when the different components of working capital are
properly balanced.
CASH MANAGEMENT
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INTRODUCTION
Cash section is an important section of Administration, Finance & Accounts Department. It deals
FUNCTIONS
Fund Management
Bank Reconciliation
This section is required to closely interact with the bankers at times even on minute-to-minute
Fund Management:-
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Fund allocations are made by SAIL corporate office on time-to-time basis whereas the payments
are required to be made evenly throughout the month. This is done through rationing, prioritizing
and constant monitoring so that all the obligations are met and at the same time all the payments
This involves constant monitoring the fund availability, project the requirements to the higher
authorities based on discussions with the payment section, report the management about the
Adjustment vouchers
Vouchers with the required supporting documents are sent to the cash section for making
payments and receiving deposits. These vouchers are scrutinized before processing for payment /
deposits.
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For every bank payment voucher, the output is cheque. Normally around 200-250 cheques are
prepared on average per day. These cheques are to be authenticated before issue by 2 officers.
Bank Reconciliation
Bank reconciliation is a very important aspect of finance & accounts function. Through this
process the cheques issued & instruments deposited are compared with the payments made and
credits given by the bank. Differences if any are sorted out by passing necessary accounting
entries.
The acceptance and processing of vouchers, cheques printing, organization of Central Bill
Clearance System (CBCS) all such activities are computerized. Necessary hardware & software
After all the payments & receipt of cash & cheques are reconciled, a consolidate cash book
This involves dealing with the receipt and payment in terms of hard cash, its custody. Cash
deposits into and withdrawals from the bank. Custody of cash and any other specified
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Custodial function of Bank Guarantees sent by various sections.
Interaction and coordination with related agencies such as CISF, Garage, various branches of the
banks.
MANAGEMENT OF CASH
Cash is the important current asset for the operation of the business. Cash is the basic input
needed to keep the business running in the continuous basis, it is also the ultimate output
The firm should keep sufficient cash neither more nor less. Cash shortage will disrupt the firm’s
manufacturing operations while excessive cash will simply remain ideal without contributing
anything towards the firm’s profitability. Thus a major function of the financial manager is to
Cash is the money, which a firm can disburse immediately without any restriction. The term cash
includes coins, currency and cheques held by the firm and balances in its bank account.
Sometimes near cash items such as marketing securities or bank term deposits are also included
in cash. Generally when a firm has excess cash, it invests it is marketable securities. This kind of
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The firm’s need to hold cash may be attributed to the following three motives:-
The Transaction Motive: The transaction motive requires a firm to hold cash to conduct its
business in the ordinary course. The firm needs cash primarily to make payments for purchases,
The Precautionary Motive: A firm is required to keep cash for meeting various contingencies.
Though cash inflows and outflows are anticipated but there may be variations in these estimates.
For example a debtor who pays after 7 days may inform of his inability to pay, on the other hand
a supplier who used to give credit for 15 days may not have the stock to supply or he may not be
Speculative Motive: - The speculative motive relates to the holding of cash for investing in
profit making opportunities as and when they arise. The opportunities to make profit changes.
The firm will hold cash, when it is expected that interest rates will rise and security price will
fall.
INVENTORY MANAGEMENT
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WHAT IS INVENTORY
Despite its importance to the supply chain, inventory is not universally well understood. It is
producing use of capital funds. Only when considered in light of all quality, client service and
the whole picture of inventory become clear. No matter the viewpoint, effective inventory
Inventory is a list for goods and materials, or those goods and materials themselves, held
available in stock by a business. Inventory are held in order to manage and hide from the
customer the fact that manufacture/supply delay is longer than delivery delay, and also to ease
the effect of imperfections in the manufacturing process that lower production efficiencies if
production capacity stands idle for lack of materials. In other words, Inventory is a quantity or
store of goods that is held for some purpose or use (the term may also be used as a verb, meaning
to take inventory or to count all goods held in inventory). Inventory may be kept "in-house,"
meaning on the premises or nearby for immediate use; or it may be held in a distant warehouse
or distribution center for future use. With the exception of firms utilizing just-in time methods,
more often than not, the term "inventory" implies a stored quantity of goods that exceeds what is
needed for the firm to function at the current time (e.g., within the next few hours).
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Why would a firm hold more inventory than is currently necessary to ensure the firm's
operation? The following is a list of reasons for maintaining what would appear to be "excess"
inventory.
Meet Demand
In order for a retailer to stay in business, it must have the products that the customer wants on
hand when the customer wants them. If not, the retailer will have to backorder the product. If the
customer can get the good from some other source, he or she may choose to do so rather than
electing to allow the original retailer to meet demand later (through back-order). Hence, in many
subassemblies) in order to manufacture its product. Running out of only one item can prevent a
manufacturer from completing the production of its finished goods. Inventory between
successive dependent operations also serves to decouple the dependency of the operations. A
machine or workcenter is often dependent upon the previous operation to provide it with parts to
work on. If work ceases at a workcenter, then all subsequent centers will shut down for lack of
work. If a supply of work-in-process inventory is kept between each workcenter, then each
machine can maintain its operations for a limited time, hopefully until operations resume the
original center.
Lead time
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Lead time is the time that elapses between the placing of an order (either a purchase order or a
production order issued to the shop or the factory floor) and actually receiving the goods ordered.
If a supplier (an external firm or an internal department or plant) cannot supply the required
goods on demand, then the client firm must keep an inventory of the needed goods. The longer
the lead time, the larger the quantity of goods the firm must carry in inventory.
Hedge
Inventory can also be used as a hedge against price increases and inflation. Salesmen routinely
call purchasing agents shortly before a price increase goes into effect. This gives the buyer a
chance to purchase material, in excess of current need, at a price that is lower than it would be if
Quantity Discount
Often firms are given a price discount when purchasing large quantities of a good. This also
frequently results in inventory in excess of what is currently needed to meet demand. However,
if the discount is sufficient to offset the extra holding cost incurred as a result of the excess
Smoothing Requirements
somewhat erratic.
MANAGEMENT OF INVENTORY
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Inventories constitute the most significant part of current assets of a large majority of companies
companies in India. Because of the large size of inventories maintained by firms maintained by
firms, a considerable amount of funds is required to be committed to them. It is, therefore very
investments. A firm neglecting a firm the management of inventories will be jeopardizing its
long run profitability and may fail ultimately. The purpose of inventory management is to ensure
availability of materials in sufficient quantity as and when required and also to minimize
investment in inventories at considerable degrees, without any adverse effect on production and
take advantage of price fluctuations and also for saving in reordering costs and
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The main objectives of inventory management are operational and financial. The operational
mean that means that the materials and spares should be available in sufficient quantity so that
work is not disrupted for want of inventory. The financial objective means that investments in
inventories should not remain ideal and minimum working capital should be locked in it.
To keep material cost under control so that they contribute in reducing cost of production
To eliminate duplication in ordering or replenishing stocks. This is possible with the help
of centralizing purchases.
Clear cut account ability should be fixed at various levels of the organization.
To ensure perpetual inventory control so that materials shown in stock ledgers should be
To facilitate furnishing of data for short-term and long term planning and control of
inventory
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DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
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The data after collection has to be processed and analyzed in accordance with the outline laid
down for the purpose at the time of developing the research plan. This is essential for a scientific
study and for ensuring that we have all the relevant data. A Processing implies editing, coding,
The term analysis refers to the computation of certain measure along with searching for pattern
of relationship that exist among data groups thus “ in the process of analysis relationship or
statistical test of significance to determine with what validity data can be set to indicate any
conclusion”.
Analysis of data in general way involves a number of closely related operation that or perform
with purpose of summarizing the collected data an organizing them in such a manner
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The three primary functions that characterize the occupation are management, coordination, and
control of Cash and Inventory and systems of Cash and inventory management. Management of
Cash and Inventory records and relevant details is an important area of concern for every
organization, whether it is large or small. And also calls for efficient planning and maintenance.
Think of a situation when you have to look into various registers to find and enter each and every
minor mandatory detail. And the situation goes worse when you need to manage a number of
such registers. Every register need to be updated to make the records up to date. Obviously,
managing number of such records and registers manually sounds to be truly a laborious job and
calls for efficient and effective planning and implementation of effective skills to get the job
done.
But what for, if not all but a maximum part of the job of management can be done automatically
with just the click of a button!!Sounds a bit relieving and interesting, isn’t it!!
Matching aspiration with execution is an important ingredient for success, especially for
companies playing in the global market. And to execute well, visibility into operations is a pre
-requisite. As printing industries figured, a robust system can provide this much needed
visibility.
So the company has adopted his own system software for maintaining the records of cash and
inventory.
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PROGRESS OF THE PROJECT
It was one of the happiest days of my first entry in Canvera Digital Technologies Pvt.
Ltd. I was found myself what I have way selected and what I want to really wanted to
The project assigned to me is to study the Cash and Inventory Management system of the
company. The complex part of the assignment is to find out up to what extent this
management system would affect the company i.e.Canvera Digital Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
STAGE 1- On the outset of the project, my prime objective would be to find out the ins
and outs of the organization. For this I had to find out systematic and detailed information
I would require complete information about the company to study impact of Cash and
about the company than I can carry out an in-depth study on the impact of this system.
I started with finding out the top-level management of the organization. By this way I can
have vague picture of the organizational structure of the company. Accordingly I went
further to find out the different departments of the organization and their role in the
organization.
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Then I prepare some questionnaire to find out the awareness of the cash and inventory
STAGE 2 – After have a thorough understanding of the working of the system, I was
assigned the work to assist the concerned officer for maintaining the records of cash and
Also I would require a complete study of the accounting system and also assist them in
Conclusion:-
In spite of various difficulties the work that carried out is going on smoothly and I am
learning a lot about working in the office. The project is mainly about intensive case study. The
analysis is yet to be done. Once the procedure is complete the analysis part would start.
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DATA ANALYSIS
First Analysis is done to know about the awareness of the system in the organization. For this the
following questionnaire is prepared which was filled by the the company officials. The following
Interpretation:
The awareness level among the company officials regarding the existence, functioning and
applicability of cash and inventory management system is high that is 75 per cent, as per the
Interpretation:
The company officials are aware about their company having a Cash and inventory management
system. 72 per cent of the respondents do have this awareness as against 20 per cent, 08 per cent
of the respondents who are either not aware or not able to provide any information in this regard.
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3) Do you agree that there should be a proper cash and inventory management system in
Interpretation:
According to the response to the above question, it appears that every company/organization
should have a system or mechanism in place for managing their cash and inventory.
4) For what reasons do you feel that there should be a cash and inventory management
system?
Interpretation:
To everyone’s surprise, 30 per cent of the respondents feel that it is for accountability and
transparency purpose that cash and inventory records are maintained and hence the need for an
cash and inventory management system. This is followed by the need for saving time and the
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5) Do you agree that the cash and inventory management system in your company has
Interpretation:
From the above response, it appears that the cash and inventory management system has more or
less achieved its objectives for which it was in place. This is evident from the 67 per cent of the
respondents’ opinion who have either agreed or strongly agreed in favour of this proposition.
However the response of 22 per cent of the respondents who think otherwise also speaks
something.
6) What according to you is the major benefit of going for cash and inventory management
It has made storage and retrieval of cash and material easier --------- 37 per cent
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Interpretation:
As regards the benefits of having a cash and inventory management system by the company, the
respondents are of the opinion that the major benefit lies in relaxation in terms of storage and
retrieval of material and proper Cash records. This is followed by increasing sales effectiveness
and reduction in operational cost. However, all these benefits are interlinked and the separation
7) Do you have skilled professionals in your company for cash and inventory management?
Interpretation:
Recruitment of skilled professionals well vested with latest cash and inventory management
technology.
8) What category of professionals are managing your company cash and inventory?
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Interpretation:
As already stated above in the earlier question, availability of trained and skilled professionals
for cash and inventory management needs serious attention of the company.
9) Do you agree that your company gives more emphasis on software than skilled
Interpretation:
The above response gives an impression that the company puts greater emphasis on software
10) Do you think that the software used by your company is according to the design and
Interpretation:
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The company appears to be using the software according to the system requirement and design
SWOT ANALYSIS
potential. It is a powerful tool for analyzing both complex qualitative and quantitative facts of an
investment decision.
The SWOT analysis identifies strength and weakness and relates them with forward-looking
opportunities and threats. This helps to identify company and industry specific critical drivers
and catalysts.
Strength
There are simple thing that the company has done that needs mention – with each and
every product, they ship Quality Certificate ensuring the perception of providing
Company does spend substantial effort in building the community and training their own
sales team.
Canvera has changed the image of wedding album, replacing bulky and heavy albums
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Weakness
The mismatch between the advance technology of company and the target client of
canvera who are less computer savvy.
As quality comes with high cost so the company cannot cater the middle class
customers.
Opportunities
Today each and every one is shifting from rolling camera’s to digital SLR’s camera.
With the growth in domestic consumption and Digital Imaging being driven largely
by the wedding market. Canvera thinks that this industry is on a steady growth curve.
Threats
Strong and emerging players in the industry to capture the maximum market share by
Because of its high price, competitors can easily penetrate in the market.
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It’s very difficult to compete with mom and pop shops which are located in every
corner of a street in the country.
JOB DESCRIPTION
Assigning and scheduling work and reviews completed work for accuracy and
completeness.
Providing technical assistance on problems and answers questions from the staff insuring
that all operating objectives of the program area are being met.
Preparing narrative reports with recommendations regarding findings for staff attorneys,
exhibits for court cases, or present evidence before grand or petit juries.
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Answering questions concerning accounting requirements of program, the form and
Determining the relevance and need for certain records and documents.
reports, or resolve problems relating to the area of assignment. Instructs and/or trains
special projects.
facsimile machine, and other routine office equipment to produce reports, work papers,
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Mental: Manages and directs the activities of the assigned area of responsibility,
evaluates the work of subordinates in area of assignment. Prioritizes and assigns work to
subordinates and prioritizes own work. Resolves procedural and operational problems by
analyzing the problem and taking appropriate action. Performs mathematical calculations,
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FINDINGS
Strong and emerging players in the industry to capture the maximum market share by
The company believes in quality and provides quality products and services which
differentiate it from its competitors. There are simple thing that the company has done
that needs mention – with each and every product, they ship Quality Certificate ensuring
Most of the respondents are aware of the software used by the company for the
All the transaction related to cash and inventory are recorded and updated in company’s
own software i.e. in “iConsole” and the data is easily extracted by the company personnel
The company appears to be using the software according to the system requirement and
No credit transactions are done by the company. All transactions (sales) are done on cash
basis.
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The company is tie up with Axis bank for any transactions and has a nationalized account
with it.
Company does spend substantial effort in building the community and training of staff
RECOMMENDATIONS
What new updates of system software will be required? What new skills will be required?
Do existing staff members have these skills? If not, can they be trained in due course of
time? A Regular Survey should be made to answer these questions to make the system
more effective.
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CONCLUSION
On the basis of study conducted by me, I have reached to the conclusion that before starting up
any training, one has to go through following steps:-
Commitment
Internal and external Surveys
Carrying out SWOT analysis
Before reaching to any conclusion I would like to mention some problems that I faced during
my summer training
They are:-
After conducting a full detailed study I found that it is the only company into this field which is
working professionally (All others are mom and pop company). The market share is growing
with a rapid speed and has shown triple X growth in last two years. It has immense system in
which cash and inventory is managed. It has its own software system to manage it. As far as cash
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and inventory is concerned, it is managed by concerned branches only. They have their own
Finally, as the business is increasing swiftly, the whole system of managing the cash and
inventory is being updated time to time, to make it more users friendly and robust.
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ANNEXURE
QUESTIONNAIRE
Yes
No
Yes
No
3) Do you agree that there should be a proper cash and inventory management system in
Agree
Disagree
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Do not know/ Cannot say
4) For what reasons do you feel that there should be a cash and inventory management
system?
To save time
Other reasons
5) Do you agree that the cash and inventory management system in your company has
Strongly Agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
6) What according to you is the major benefit of going for cash and inventory management
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Other Benefits
7) Do you have skilled professionals in your company for cash and inventory management?
Yes
No
8) What category of professionals are managing your company cash and inventory?
Others
9) Do you agree that your company gives more emphasis on software than skilled
Strongly Agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
Yes
No
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books
Search Engines
www.google.com
www.altavista.com
www.linkedIn.com
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