I.

Cultural Analysis

The data suggested in the cultural analysis include information that helps the marketer make market
planning decisions. However, its application extends beyond product and market analysis to being an
important source of information for someone interested in understanding business customs and other
important cultural features of the country.

The information in this analysis must be more than a collection of facts. Whoever is responsible for the
preparation of this material should attempt to interpret the meaning of cultural information. That is,
how does the information help in understanding the effect on the market? For example, the fact that
almost all the populations of Italy and Mexico are Catholic is an interesting statistic but not nearly as
useful as understanding the effect of Catholicism on values, beliefs, and other aspects of market
behavior. Furthermore, even though both countries are predominantly Catholic, the influence of their
individual and unique interpretation and practice of Catholicism can result in important differences in
market behavior.

Guideline

I. Introduction

NIGERIA

II. Brief discussion of the country’s relevant history

Nigeria (pronounced /naɪˈdʒɪəriə/), officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is

a federal constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and its Federal Capital
Territory, Abuja. The three largest and most influential ethnic groups in Nigeria are
the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. In terms of religion Nigeria is roughly split half and half between
Muslims and Christians with a very small minority who practice traditional religion.

The people of Nigeria have an extensive history. Archaeological evidence shows that human

habitation of the area dates back to at least 9000 BC. The area around the Benue and Cross
River is thought to be the original homeland of the Bantu migrants who spread across most
of central and southern Africa in waves between the 1st millennium BC and the 2nd millennium.
The name Nigeria was taken from the Niger River running through the country. This name was
coined by Flora Shaw, the future wife of Baron Lugard, a British colonial administrator, in the
late 19th century.

Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa, the eighth most populous country in the world,
and the most populous country in the world in which the majority of the population is black. It is
listed among the "Next Eleven" economies, and is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.
The economy of Nigeria is one of the fastest growing in the world, with the International
Monetary Fund projecting a growth of 9% in 2008 and 8.3% in 2009. It is the third largest
economy in Africa, it is also the largest exporter of oil in Africa[11] and is a regional power that is
also the hegemon in West Africa.

III. Geographical setting

A. Location

The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic

of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in
the south lies on the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean.

B. Climate

The climate of Nigeria is tropical, so it is hot all year round with two seasons: wet and
dry. The wet season extends from April to October, the wettest month being June and the
wettest area being the east coast. Between November and March the weather is dry and
very hot. The hot Harmattan wind from the Sahara sweeps across the northeastern areas.

C. Topography

The topography of Nigeria consists of plains in the north and south interrupted by plateaus and
hills in the centre of the country. The Sokoto Plains lie in the northwestern corner of the country,
while the Borno Plains in the northeastern corner extend as far as the Lake Chad basin. The Lake
Chad basin and the coastal areas, including the Niger River delta and the western parts of the
Sokoto region in the far northwest, are underlain by soft, geologically young sedimentary rocks.

Gently undulating plains, which become waterlogged during the rainy season, are found in these
areas. The characteristic landforms of the plateaus are high plains with broad, shallow valleys
dotted with numerous hills or isolated mountains, called inselbergs; the underlying rocks are
crystalline, although sandstones appear in river areas. The Jos Plateau rises almost in the centre
of the country; it consists of extensive lava surfaces dotted with numerous extinct volcanoes.

Other eroded surfaces, such as the Udi-Nsukka escarpment (see Udi-Nsukka Plateau), rise
abruptly above the plains at elevations of at least 1,000 feet (300 metres). The most mountainous
area is along the southeastern border with Cameroon, where the Cameroon Highlands rise to the
highest points in the country, Chappal Waddi (7,936 feet [2,419 metres]) in the Gotel Mountains
and Mount Dimlang (6,699 feet [2,042 metres]) in the Shebshi Mountains.

IV. Social institutions

A. Family

Extended families are still the norm and are in fact the backbone of the social system.
Grandparents, cousins, aunts, uncles, sisters, brothers and in-laws all work as a unit through life.

Family relationships are guided by hierarchy and seniority. Social standing and recognition is
achieved through extended families. Similarly a family's honour is influenced by the actions of
its members. Individuals turn to members of the extended family for financial aid and guidance,
and the family is expected to provide for the welfare of every member. Although the role of the
extended family is diminishing somewhat in urban areas, there remains a strong tradition of
mutual caring and responsibility among the members.

 Family is extremely important to most Nigerians.

 The nuclear family in a Nigerian home consists of the father, his wife (or wives in
polygamous homes), and their children. The extended family consists of all the relatives.
 Nigerians believe in having plenty of children, and usually really close together in age.
This is decreasing though because of the economics.
 Most extended Nigerian families are called "uncle, aunt, cousin, mother, father,
grandmother" (depending on age, and gender of course). Some of these terms are very
loosely used. Your mom's brother, her cousin, her second cousin, their cousin, would all
be called your 'uncle'.
 In most families, there is a strong family bond, and the phrase "blood is thicker than
water" has a deep meaning.
 In the Yoruba culture, women are usually known by the name of their firstborn child. So,
most people would call my mother "mama-Bunmi".
 In many cultures, for a variety of reasons, a child is named on the 8th day (the birth-day
is the 1st day, so the 8th day is exactly a week later) of their life. A whole 'naming
ceremony' usually accompanies this.
 Though this is also changing, most men are raised with the expectation that someday they
will have a wife (or wives) to take care of them, and most women are raised with the
expectation that someday they will have a husband and children to take care of. So, the
standards for raising them can differ in some households.
  In most neighborhoods, the neighbors take a part in taking care of a child. A lot of people
feel like they were 'raised by the neighborhood'.

B.Education
Primary Education
Primary education begins at the age of six for the majority of Nigerians. Students spend six years
in primary school and graduate with a school-leaving certificate. Subjects taught at the primary
level include mathematics, English language, Islamic knowledge studies, Bible knowledge,
science and one of the three main native ethnic groups (Hausa-Fulani, Yoruba, and Igbo). Private
schools would also offer computer, science, French, and art. Primary school students are required
to take a Common Entrance Examination to qualify for admission into the Federal and State
Government schools. The UBE came as a replacement for Nigeria’s universal primary education
scheme of the 6-3-3-4 system of primary education. The 9-3-4 system of education was designed
in conformity with the MDGs and education for all (EFA) (Kayode, 2006). The UBE involves 6
years of primary School and 3 years of junior secondary school, culminating in 9 years of
uninterrupted schooling, and transition from one class to another is automatic but assessed
through continuous assessment. This scheme is monitored by the universal basic education
commission (UBEC), and has made it free and a right of every child. Therefore, the UBEC law
section 15 defines UBE as early childhood care and education. The law stipulates a 9-year formal
schooling, adult literacy and non-formal education, skill acquisition programmes and the
education of special groups such as nomads and migrants, girl child and women, Al-majiri, street
children and disabled group (Aderinoye, 2007).
Secondary education
Students spend six years in Secondary School that is 3 years of JSS(Junior Secondary School),
and 3 years of SSS(Senior Secondary School). By Senior Secondary School Class 2 (SS2),
students are taking the GCE O’Levels exam, which is not mandatory, but most students take it to
prepare for the Senior Secondary School Exam. The Senior Secondary School Exam is taken in
the last year of high school (SS3). Private organizations, the State government or the Federal
government manages secondary schools in Nigeria.

The Federal Republic of Nigeria is made up of thirty-six States and the Federal Capital Territory.
There are about two Federal Government Colleges in each state. These schools are funded and
managed directly by the Federal Government through the Ministry of Education. Teachers and
staff are Federal Government employees. Teachers at the Federal Government schools possess a
Bachelors degree in Education or in a particular subject area, such as, Mathematics, Physics etc.
These schools are supposed to be model schools carrying and maintaining the ideals of
secondary education for Nigerian students. Admission is based on merit, determined by the
National Common Entrance Examination taken by all final year elementary school pupils.
Tuition and fees are very low, approximately one hundred dollars ($100.00), because funding
comes from the Federal Government.

State owned secondary schools are funded by each state government and are not comparable to
the Federal government colleges. Although education is supposed to be free in the majority of
the state owned institutions, students are required to purchase books and uniforms costing them
an average of two hundred dollars ($200.00). Teachers in State owned institutions usually have a
National Certificate of Education or a Bachelors Degree. Often these schools are understaffed
due to low state budgets, lack of incentives and irregularities in payment of staff salaries.

Private secondary schools in Nigeria tend to be quite expensive with average annual fees
averaging from One to Two thousand dollars ($1000.00 - $2000.00). These schools have smaller
classes (approximately ten to fifteen students per class), modern equipment and a better
environment. Teachers in these institutions all possess at least a Bachelors in a specific course
area and are sent for workshops or short term programs on a regular basis.
Promotional examinations
With the introduction of 9-3-4 system of education in Nigeria, students are required to enter
secondary school after spending a minimum of nine years of Primary Education and passed a
prescribed National Entrance Examination. The students must spend a minimum period of six
years in Secondary School. During this period, students are expected to spend three years in
Junior Secondary School and three year in Senior Secondary School.

The General Certificate of Education Examination (GCE) was replaced by the Senior Secondary
Certificate Examination (SSCE). The SSCE is conducted at the end of the Secondary School
studies in May/June. The GCE is conducted in October/November as a supplement for those
students who did not get the required credits from their SSCE results. The standards of the two
examinations are basically the same. A body called West African Examination Council (WAEC)
conducts both the SSCE and GCE. A maximum of nine and a minimum of seven subjects are
registered for the examination by each student with Mathematics and English Language taking as
compulsory.[1]

A maximum of nine grades are assigned to each subject from: A1, A2, A3 or A1, B2, B3, B4,
(Equivalent to Distinctions Grade); C4, C5, C6, or B4, B5, B6, (Equivalent to Credit Grade); P7,
P8 or D7, D8, E (Just Pass Grade); F9 (Fail Grade). Credit grades and above is considered
academically adequate for entry into any University in Nigeria. In some study programs, many of
the universities may require higher grades to get admission.[1]
The Federal Government policy on education is adhered to by all secondary schools in Nigeria.
Six years of elementary school is followed by six years of secondary school. Senior Secondary
school consists of the SS I, SS 2, and SS 3 which is equivalent to the 10th, 11th and 12th Grade.
The Senior Secondary School Examination (SSCE) is taken at the end of the SS 3. The West
African Examination Council (WAEC) administers both exams. Three to six months after a
student has taken the SSCE examination, they are issued an Official transcript from their
institution. This transcript is valid for one year, after which an Official transcript from the West
African Examination Council is issued. National Examination Council is another examination
body in Nigeria Senior Secondary School Examination (SSCE)in June/July. The body also
administer General Certificate of Education Examination (GCE)in December/January. The
students often take both WAEC and NECO examinations in SSS 3.
Higher education
The government has majority control of university education. The Federal Government of
Nigeria has adopted education as an instrument for national development.

In addition to the number of universities, there are 13 Federal and 14 State owned Polytechnic
Colleges respectively. These were established to train technical, middle-level manpower. Some
of the colleges are beginning to award degrees.

English Language is the medium of instruction. The Academic Year is from October to
September.

First year entry requirements into most universities in Nigeria include: Minimum of SSCE/GCE
Ordinary Level Credits at maximum of two sittings; Minimum cut-off marks in Joint Admission
and Matriculation Board Entrance Examination (JAMB) of 200 and above out of a maximum of
400 marks are required. Candidates with minimum of Merit Pass in National Certificate of
Education (NCE), National Diploma (ND) and other Advanced Level Certificates minimum
qualifications with minimum of 5 O/L Credits are given direct entry admission into the
appropriate undergraduate degree programs.

Duration of undergraduate programs in Nigerian Universities depends largely on the program of

study. For example: Social Sciences /Humanity related courses 4 Years (two semester sessions
per year), Engineering/Technology related courses 5 Years (two semester sessions per year),
Pharmacy 5 Years (two semester sessions per year), Medicine (Vet/ Human) 6 Years (Have
longer sessions), Law 5 Years (two semester sessions per year).

Nigeria Universities are generally grouped into:

First Generation Universities
Five of these Universities were established between 1948 and 1965, following the
recommendation of Ashby Commission set up by the British Colonial Government to study the
needs for university education for Nigeria. These universities are fully funded by the Federal
Government. They were established primarily to meet the manpower needs of Nigeria and set
basic standards for university education in the country. These universities have continued to play
their roles for manpower developments and provisions of standards, which have helped to guide
the subsequent establishments of other generations and states universities in Nigeria.
Second Generation Universities
With the increasing population of qualified students for university education in Nigeria and the
growing needs for scientific and technological developments, setting up more universities
became imperative. Between 1970 and 1985, 12 additional universities were established and
located in various parts of the country.
Third Generation Universities
The need to establish Universities to address special areas of Technological and Agricultural
demand prompted the setting up of 10 additional Universities between 1985 and 1999.
State Universities
Pressures from qualified students from each state who could not readily get admissions to any of
the Federal Universities continue to mount on States Governments. It became imperative and
urgent for some State Governments to invest in the establishments of Universities.
Private Universities
In recognition of the need to encourage private participation in the provision of university
education, the Federal Government established a law 1993, allowing private sectors to establish
universities following guidelines prescribed by the Government.
2. Literacy rates

Nigeria’s Literacy rate is 57.1% of total population 110,532,242 (Males:67.3%,

Females:47.3%)

B. Political system

A Brief Historical Background of Nigeria---

Historical evidences indicate that during 11th century, the vast land of Nigeria was inhabited by
different tribesman and later this diversification culminated into the formation and rise of
popular kingdoms. Most importantly, the northeastern part of Nigeria was ruled over by Borno,
the Hausa city-state kingdoms of Katsina, Kano, Zaria, and Gobir in the northern-central Nigeria,
the Yoruba city-states/kingdoms of Ife, Oyo, and Ijebu in southwestern Nigeria, the southern
kingdom of Benin, and the Igbo communities of eastern Nigeria were all placed under different
reigns at different times. From the second half of 19th century to 20th century the British took
over the administrative, political and military charges of the country thereby leading to great
political upheaval. Finally, after years of hard struggle the country achieved independence in the
year 1st October 1960.

 Nigeria in present day is a Federal Republic modelled after the United States, with executive
power exercised by the president and with influences from the Westminster System model in the
composition and management of the upper and lower houses of the bicameral legislature.
However, the President of Nigeria is both head of state and head of government, and of a multi-
party system. Nigerian politics takes place within a framework of a federal,
presidential, representative democratic republic, whereby Executive power is exercised by the
government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of the
legislature, the House of Representatives and the Senate. Together the two chambers make up the
law-making body in Nigeria called the National Assembly. The highest judiciary arm of
government in Nigeria is the Supreme Court of Nigeria. Nigeria also practices Baron de
Montesquieu's theory of the separation of powers. The National Assembly serves as a watchdog
to the excesses of the executive arm of government.
LEGAL SYSTEM

The law of Nigeria is based on the rule of law and the independence of the Judiciary, and also on
the British common law system—because of the long history of British colonial influence. The
legal system is therefore similar to the common law systems used in England and Wales and in
other Commonwealth countries. The constitutional framework for the legal system is provided
by the Constitution of Nigeria.

There are however, four distinct systems of law in Nigeria:

English Law, which is derived from its colonial past with Britain;

Common law, (case law development since colonial independence);

Customary law, which is derived from indigenous traditional norms and practices;

and Sharia law, used only in the predominantly Hausa and Muslim north of the country.

Like the United States, there is a Judicial branch with a Supreme Court which is regarded as the
highest court of the land.

EXECUTIVE BRANCH

The president is elected by the people. He is both the chief of state and head of government and
heads the Federal Executive Council, or cabinet.The executive branch is divided into Federal
Ministries, headed by a minister appointed by the President, who must include at least one
member of each of the 36 states in his cabinet. The President's appointments are confirmed by
the Senate of Nigeria. In some cases a Federal minister is responsible for more than one ministry
(e.g. Environment and Housing may be combined), and a minister may be assisted by one or
more ministers of State. Each ministry also has a Permanent Secretary, who is a senior civil
servant.

The ministries are responsible for various parastatals (government-owned corporations) such as

universities (Education), National Broadcasting Commission (Information) and Nigerian
National Petroleum Corp (Petroleum). Other parastatals are the responsibility of the Office of the
Presidency, such as the Independent National Electoral Commission, the Economic and
Financial Crimes Commission and the Federal Civil Service Commission.
Personal Income Tax Rates

Cummulative Cummulative
Chargeable Profit    % Tax on Band
Charge Profit  Tax
First 30,000.00 5.00% 1,500.00 30,000.00 1,500.00
Next 30,000.00 10.00% 3,000.00 60,000.00 4,500.00
Next 50,000.00 15.00% 7,500.00 110,000.00 12,000.00
Next 50,000.00 20.00% 10,000.00 160,000.00 22,000.00
Over 160,000.00 25.00%      
Minimum Tax
The Employment Income on which minimum tax is due is still N30,000.00

Personal Relief’s (S.33)

Personal Allowance N5,000 plus 20% Earned income

Children Allowance N2,500 per child (Limited to 4 children)
Dependent Relative Allowance N2,000(max for 2)
Life Assurance Relief (LAR) Allowances are given in respect of premium paid by the
taxpayer on policies taken out of the life taxpayer.

Business customs and practices

Nigeria has a slightly laid-back business culture and it pays to be patient and take prior
appointments. Nigerians expect to have close relationships with trading partners and so it is
important not to rush or push things. Business visitors should be well dressed and a tie (for men!)
is a must. If you are visiting government officials, (and you'll have to sooner or later since they
are everywhere) a formal suit is de rigueur. Casual attire is considered synonymous with a
similar attitude, so remember you intend doing serious business here! Both men and women are
advised to wear conservative, but lightweight (think summer heat!) business suits. It even helps
to carry an umbrella to avoid getting caught in the usually `unexpected' but frequent showers.
The umbrella also helps to ward off the passing assailant/rogue that abound in certain localities!

English is the official language of Nigeria and most Nigerians are comfortable with it but do
avoid using slang or idioms that are not suited to the culture there. Be clear and make yourself
understood. Greet people graciously. Handshakes are the most appropriate way and remember to
address Nigerians by their titles and honorifics. Nigerians love being greeted and would honour
you if you offer respectful greetings. It is an offence in their society to pass an elderly person
without greeting them. When you are in Nigeria be your polite best!
Early breakfast meets are out. Business starts here only after breakfast. Do not use telephones to
discuss details. Once you get here, make local appointments in person or use hand delivered
notes. Be punctual, even though they lack this quality themselves, they will respect you for it.
Besides, the insane traffic and teeming and indisciplined pedestrian crowd in Lagos will certainly
delay you. Do inform your Nigerian counterpart what time you expect to reach him and if he's
coming in to meet you tell him till when you will be available. He will generally arrive just as
you've given up hope of seeing him. In Nigeria, important business is conducted at face-to-face
meetings. On the first meeting with a business contact, be patient and expect almost interminable
greetings. The conversation might veer to the personal, as Nigerians like to know with whom
they are doing business. Make sure you bring several packs of business cards as you'll find
people, to whom you have given cards, queuing up to get another one because they'd have lost
the first one. If you need to write, a block of company letterheads is advisable because, like us,
they were a British colony and they like to get everything down on paper after a meeting. Be
prepared for several follow up meetings. To close important deals you must contact top
management, lower management might like to give you the impression that they can take
momentous decisions. They can't.

It's a good idea to stock up on money as banks take ages to convert traveller's cheques. Credit
cards can be used only at a few places, notably hotels and some of the better restaurants. On the
other hand since the majority of business travellers do this they are a natural prey for the friendly
neighbourhood mugger. If you are `doing' lunch with a business acquaintance, make sure you
always use your right hand (or both hands) to pass and accept dishes. The left hand is taboo, and
is rarely used for interpersonal transaction. Left-handers are especially advised to practice the use
of the `right' hand. Check out objection to drinking and smoking before you light up or tip a
glass. Foreigners do get away with most things but it makes good business sense to be discreet.
Remember to tip 10-15% at restaurants and parking lots.

Religion and aesthetics

Several religions in Nigeria exist, helping to accentuate regional and ethnic distinctions.

All religions represented in Nigeria were practiced in every major city in 1990. However, Islam
dominated the north and held strong numbers in the South Western, Yoruba part of the
country. Protestantism and local syncretic Christianity are also in evidence in Yoruba areas,
while Catholicism dominates the Igbo and closely related areas. Both Protestantism and
Catholicism dominated in the Ibibio, Annang, and the Efik kiosa lands. The 1963 census
indicated that 47 percent of Nigerians were Muslim, 35 percent Christian, and 18 percent
members of local indigenous congregations. If accurate, this indicated a sharp increase since
1953 in the number of Christians (up 13 percent); a slight decline among those professing
indigenous beliefs, compared with 20 percent; and only a modest (4 percent) rise of Muslims.
There has been growth in the Christ Apostolic Church (the first Aladura Movement in Nigeria)
and the Aladura Church, an indigenous Christian sect that was especially strong in the Yoruba
areas, and of evangelical churches in general, spilling over into adjacent and southern areas of
the middle belt.

In general, however, the country should be seen as having a dominant Muslim north, a mixed
Christian and Muslim Southwest and Middle belt, a non-Muslim, primarily Christian South East
and South-South, with each as a minority faith in the other's region. In terms of Nigeria`s major
ethnic groups religious affiliations,the Hausa ethnic group in the North is 95% Muslims and 5%
Christians,the West which is the Yoruba tribe is 60% Christians and 30% Muslim with 10%
going to adherents of other African religions while the Igbos in the East and the Ijaws in the
South are 99% Christians(Catholics). The Middle Belt of Nigeria contains the largest number of
minority ethnic groups in Nigeria and they are mostly Christians and members of traditional
religions with few Muslim converts.

Islam is one of the religions practiced in West Africa. Nigeria has one of the
largest Muslim populations in West Africa,50.4% of Nigeria's population [18]. Islam was
introduced to northern Nigeria as early as the eleventh century and was well established in the
major capitals of the region by the sixteenth century, spreading into the countryside and toward
the middle belt uplands. Shehu Usman dan Fodio established a government in Northern Nigeria
based on Islam before the advent of Colonialism. The British Colonial Government therefore
established indirect rule in Northern Nigeria based on the structure of this
government. Islam also came to South Western Yoruba-speaking areas during the time of Mansa
Musa's Mali Empire. The Yoruba colloquially referred to Islam as "Esin-Mali" or some will say
"Esin-Mole", which means religion from Mali. Muslims in Nigerian practice the Maliki school
of jurisprudence and are mostly Sunni Muslims, The Shia Muslims of Nigeria are primarily
located in the Sokoto State.[19][20]

Nigerian Islam has become heterogenous with the springing up of many islamic sects.The
notable examples are the Izala movement,[21][22] the Shiite movement and many local Islamic
sects that have limited expansion.This new sects are opposed to the traditional Nigerian Islamic
teachings of the Sufi brotherhood and are gradually alienating themselves from the main Islamic
body.
c.Aesthetics

The music of Nigeria includes many kinds of Folk and popular music, some of which are known
worldwide. Styles of folk music are related to the multitudes of ethnic groups in the country,
each with their own techniques, instruments, and songs. Little is known about the country's
music history prior to European contact, although bronze carvings dating back to the 16th and
17th centuries have been found depicting musicians and their instruments. Nigeria has been
called "the heart of African music" because of its role in the development of West
African highlife and palm-wine music, which fuses native rhythms with techniques imported
from the Congo for the development of several popular styles that were unique to Nigeria,
like apala, fuji, jùjú, highlife, and Yo-pop. Subsequently, Nigerian musicians created their own
styles of United States hip hop musicand Jamaican reggae. Nigeria's musical output has achieved
international acclaim not only in the fields of folk and popular music, [2] but alsoWestern art
music written by composers such as Fela Sowande. Polyrhythms, in which two or more separate
beats are played simultaneously, are a part of much of traditional African music; [3] Nigeria is no
exception. The African hemiola style, based on the asymmetric rhythm pattern[4] is an important
rhythmic technique throughout the continent. Nigerian music also uses ostinato rhythms, in
which a rhythmic pattern is repeated despite changes in metre. Nigeria has some of the most
advanced recording studio technology in Africa, and provides robust commercial opportunities
for music performers. Ronnie Graham, an historian who specialises in West Africa, has
attributed the success of the Nigerian music industry to the country's culture—its "thirst for
aesthetic and material success and a voracious appetite for life, love and music, [and] a huge
domestic market, big enough to sustain artists who sing in regional languages and experiment
with indigenous styles". However, political corruption and rampant music piracy in Nigeria has
hampered the industry's growth.

Traditional instruments
Although percussion instruments are omnipresent, Nigeria's traditional music uses a number of
diverse instruments. Many, such as the xylophone, are an integral part of music acrossWest
Africa, while others are imports from the Muslims of the Maghreb, or from Southern or East
Africa; other instruments have arrived from Europe or the Americas. Brass instruments and
woodwinds were early imports that played a vital role in the development of Nigerian music,
while the later importation of electric guitars spurred the popularisation of jùjú music. Apart
from all the mentioned above the other various types of music are theatrical music, children’s
music, Yoruba, Igbo, Housa, Folk music and many more.
 Living conditions
Nigeria leisure and sport bespeaks a very important part of the Nigeria culture. The various
sports and activities practiced in Nigeria have promoted it to make a mark in the international
field. Among the Nigeria sports, soccer is widely played. Besides tennis, baseball, basketball and
chess are also played along with other sports. 

Nigeria Sports and Activities

 Some of the sports played in Nigeria are football, boxing, baseball, basketball, cricket, golf,
volleyball, shooting, swimming. Even cycling, weight lifting, wrestling, rowing, lawn tennis,
badminton and athletics are also practiced. The Nigeria soccer is world renowned and is counted
among the ten best soccer teams of the world. The Nigeria soccer team is Africa's best soccer
team. Nigeria has won the World Cup in 1985 in China and ranked second in Canada in the
year1987. On other occasions, the Nigeria soccer team brought home a bronze medal winning
the Junior World Cup competition in 1985, held in Soviet Union. 

In boxing, Nigeria has proved its excellence time and again. The three boxing world champions
are Bash Ali, Dick Tiger and Hogan Kid Bassey. In athletics, Nigeria earned Olympic medals in
various field events, long jump and track events. Nigeria has been persistently showing its skills
in mastering the global sports. watching, going for safari rides are some of the leisure activities
in Nigeria. The national parks are an abode of varied wildlife, which are worth visiting. 

Movies in Nigeria

The Nigerian movie industry, also known as Nollywood, is the 2nd largest film industry in the
world. They have produced unforgettable classics such as Osuofia in London (1 and 2), One
Dollar, and The Master, to name a few. Though this is a $250 million industry that is rapidly
expanding and renowned, the quality of these movies, for the most part, has remained the same.
Despite the VCD format (not DVD, but VCD, which is basically a CD with video files on it),
over-exaggerative acting, and predictable plots, we can’t get enough of “Naija home videos”. If
you’ve never watched one before, the following will show you what you should expect.
So you go to your local African Food Mart, (or if you’re in Nigeria, any market, salon, street
corner, cyber cafe, etc.) to purchase home videos. How do you decide which one to get? Do you
rely on the synopsis of the movie on the back cover? Yeah right! The title might help you, but all
that you will find on the cover of a Nigerian movie are pictures of the major characters with their
best (or worst) expressions from the movie.
1. Anyway, you buy the VCD—but wait!! Make sure you inquire about parts 2 and 3.
Nigerian movies CANNOT fit in 2 VCDs. Mind you, these are not sequels to Part 1. They are
the same movie, just broken up into 6 VCDs. If you don’t ask for the other parts, you will be
 highly pissed when the movie ends in mid-sentence and a screen pops up saying “TO GOD BE
THE GLORY”!
1. Right when you pop in the VCD, you might just want to turn your volume way down for
the first, say 15 minutes, of the video. Why? Previews. For some reason, the previews to other
movies are the LOUDEST part of the VCD. Be prepared to hear the fastest-talking Nigerian in
the world screaming over annoying 80s computer-generated sounds, fake guns and bombs
blasting, car crashes, and other random scenes from the movies. When the previews are over,
make sure you turn your volume up, no, WAY UP, because you won’t be able to hear any of the
conversations in the movie if you don’t. Be prepared to adjust your volume accordingly
THROUGHOUT the movie, too.
2. If you get lost during the movie, don’t worry. All the lyrics to the background music
explain what is going on: “She is in love with 2 men; Obinna and Mahmoud. She’s Torn
Between Two Loves (this happens to be the title of the movie too); she doesn’t know what to
do.”
3. If there is a main character, 9 times out of 10, he is always talking about shipping
containers or going overseas for business. However, by the end of the movie, you still don’t
know exactly what he did or what he was even shipping.
4. If there is a hospital scene, you will only see one nurse, one doctor, and the person in a
regular bed (no hospital bed with rails) and one IV (drip). The person could have been in a
serious car wreck or shot up 50 times and will still manage to survive on that one drip!
5. Nigerian movie makers fail to maintain a sense of consistency when it comes to the hair
and make-up department.  As the movie begins, the main character “Ife” will have long, black,
silky hair.  The next morning, however, Ife will have a full head of micro-braids.  Later that
evening, her braids have magically disappeared and Ife is now sporting a short, maroon bob.
The more i dey age, the more i dey love my native nollywood movies. No be because the thing
dey entertain, but na cus this thing just no dey move with time, dem just dey do dez 80’s kine
things. This the kin movie wer i fit act for, if peson go collect naira pass, i fit come chop my own
dolla

Crime

Nigeria is home to a substantial network of organized crime, active especially in drug trafficking. Nigerian
criminal groups are heavily involved in drug trafficking, shipping heroin from Asian countries to Europe
and America; and cocaine from South America to Europe and South Africa. The various
Nigerian Confraternities or "campus cults" are active in both organized crime and in political violence as
well as providing a network of corruption within Nigeria. As confraternities have extensive connections
with political and military figures, they offer excellent alumni networking opportunities. The Supreme
Vikings Confraternity, for example, boasts that twelve members of the Rivers State House of
Assembly are cult members.[106] On lower levels of society, there are the "area boys", organized gangs
mostly active in Lagos who specialize in mugging and small-scale drug dealing. According to official
statistics, gang violence in Lagos resulted in 273 civilians and 84 policemen killed in the period of August
2000 to May 2001. Internationally, Nigeria is infamous for a crime dubbed 419, a type of advance fee
fraud (named after Section 419 of the Nigerian Penal Code) along with the "Nigerian scam", a form of
confidence trick practiced by individuals and criminal syndicates. In 2003, the Nigerian Economic and
Financial Crimes Commission (or EFCC) was created to combat this and other forms of organized
financial crime.

Healthcare

Nigeria has been reorganizing its health system since the Bamako Initiative of 1987 formally
promoted community-based methods of increasing accessibility of drugs and health care services
to the population, in part by implementing user fees. The new strategy dramatically increased
accessibility through community-based healthcare reform, resulting in more efficient and
equitable provision of services. A comprehensive approach strategy was extended to all areas of
health care, with subsequent improvement in the health care indicators and improvement in
health care efficiency and cost.

The Nigerian health care system is continuously faced with a shortage of doctors known as 'brain
drain' due to the fact that many highly skilled Nigerian doctors emigrate to North America and
Europe. In 1995, it was estimated that 21,000 Nigerian doctors were practicing in the United
States alone, which about the same as the number of doctors working in the Nigerian public
service. Retaining these expensively trained professionals has been identified as one of the goals
of the government

Language

The number of languages currently estimated and catalogued in Nigeria is 521. This number
includes 510 living languages, two second languages without native speakers and nine extinct
languages. In some areas of Nigeria, ethnic groups speak more than one language. The official
language of Nigeria, English, was chosen to facilitate the cultural and linguistic unity of the
country. The choice of English as the official language was partially related to the fact that a part
of the Nigerian population spoke English as a result of British colonizationthat ended in 1960.

The major languages spoken in Nigeria represent three major families of African languages – the
majority areNiger-Congo languages, such as Yoruba, Igbo, the Hausa language is Afro-Asiatic;
and Kanuri, spoken in the northeast, primarily Borno State, is a member of the Nilo-Saharan
family. Even though most ethnic groups prefer to communicate in their own languages, English,
being the official language, is widely used for education, business transactions and for official
purposes. English as a first language, however, remains an exclusive preserve of a small minority
of the country's urban elite, and it is not spoken at all in some rural areas. With the majority of
Nigeria's populace in the rural areas, the major languages of communication in the country
remain indigenous languages. Some of the largest of these, notably Yoruba and Igbo, have
derived standardized languages from a number of different dialects and are widely spoken by
those ethnic groups. Nigerian Pidgin English, often known simply as 'Pidgin' or 'Broken' (Broken
English), is also a popular lingua franca, though with varying regional influences on dialect
and slang. The pidgin English or Nigerian English is widely spoken within the Niger
Delta Regions, predominately in Warri, Sapele, Port Harcourt, Agenebode, Ewu, and Benin City

VIII. Executive summary

After completing all of the other sections, prepare a two-page (maximum length) summary
of the major points and place it at the front of the report. The purpose of an executive summary is to
give the reader a brief glance at the critical points of your report. Those aspects of the culture a reader
should know to do business in the country but would not be expected to know or would find different
based on his or her SRC should be included in this summary.

IX. Sources of information

www.Wikipedia.com

www.stuffnigeriapeoplelike.com

X. Appendixes
II. Economic Analysis

The reader may find the data collected for the economic analysis guideline are more straightforward
than for the cultural analysis guideline. There are two broad categories of information in this guideline:
general economic data that serve as a basis for an evaluation of the economic soundness of a country,
and information on channels of distribution and media availability. As mentioned earlier, the guideline
focuses only on broad categories of data and must be adapted to particular company and product
needs.

Population

Nigeria Is the most populous country in Africa and the tenth in the world. These include the
major demographic features as obtained from two major sources, viz.: the 1991 census and the
PRB's Worfd Population Data Sheet. Obviously, tile population of Nigeria is large, which makes
it a "giant" relative to the other African countries. The large population implies a large market for
goods and. services as well as a large pool of human resources for development. However, the
impact of population on development depends not only on the absolute size but also on its
quality. Population growth rate is influenced by the interplay of the three main demographic
processes of fertility, mortality and migration. The relatively low mortality of about 13 to 14 per
1000 (crude death rate) and a declining infant mortality rate, as well as the increasing life
expectancy in tile population, all suggest higher survival chances and therefore, a swell in the
size of future population. The major factor responsible for the rapid increase in the population of
the country is the relatively high fertility level as portrayed by a total fertility rate of about 6.0
live-births per woman in the1990s.The approximate population of Nigeria as on june 2010 is
154,729,000.

Distribution of population

Mitigations

There is a large volume of internal migration in the country induced by scarcity of land,
impoverished soil, declining crop yields, poor harvests and soilf erosion, among others. The
acquisition of some level of education or skill is also an important factor that prompts migration.
Internal migration takes different fomis and patterns, but the most sig nificant is the movement
from rural areas to urban centres. Rural-urban migration is responsible for the depopulation of
some rural area's and the influx of people into towns and cities. In the face of biting economic
crunch and polit ical uncertainty, Nigeria has also, in the last one decade or so, witnessed
increased level of emigra tion. This is responsible for the rather worrisome phenomenon of
"brain-drain" for which the country has come to be associated with. International migration,
particularly in the West African region, has also become intensified in the context of the
emerging Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). The rapid rate of increase
in the population of large urban centres through migration has been of great concern to
successive governments in the country since the second half of the 1950s.

The urban centres of Lagos, Port Harcourt, Warri, Jos, Kaduna and Kano have grown very fast.
Abuja, the Federal Capital City and some of the new State capitals have also. experienced
phenomenal growth as aresult of migration. Rapid urban growth has resulted in problems of
urban congestion or over crowding, poor housing, poor environmental sanita tion,
unemployment, crimes and other social vices which have come to characterise Nigeria's large
urban centres. The western part of the country, inhabited by the Yoruba who have established the
cultural tradition of living in large population concentrations, is more urbanised than other parts
of the country. However, their large cities such as lbadan, Oshogbo, Ondo, Abeokuta and llorin
are largely traditional and pre industrial in features with, at best, a mixture of the modern and the
old.

Ethnic groups

Nigeria has more than 250 ethnic groups, with varying languages and customs, creating a
country of rich ethnic diversity. The largest ethnic groups are the Fulani/Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo,
accounting for 68% of population,(Quote Source) while theEdo, Ijaw, Kanuri, Ibibio,
Ebira Nupe and Tiv comprise 27%; (Quote Source?) other minorities make up the remaining 7
percent. The middle belt of Nigeria is known for its diversity of ethnic groups, including the
Pyem, Goemai, and Kofyar. The official population count of each of Nigeria's ethnicities has
always remained controversial and disputed as members of different ethnic groups believe the
census is rigged to give a particular group (usually believed to be northern groups) numerical
superiority.

There are small minorities of British, American, East Indian, Chinese (est. 50,000),

white Zimbabwean, Japanese, Greek, Syrian and Lebanese immigrants in Nigeria. Immigrants
also include those from other West African or East Africannations. These minorities mostly
reside in major cities such as Lagos and Abuja, or in the Niger Delta as employees for the major
oil companies. A number of Cubans settled in Nigeria as political refugees following the Cuban
Revolution.

In the middle of the nineteenth century, a number of ex-slaves of Afro-Cuban and Afro-

Brazilian descent and emigrants from Sierra Leone established communities in Lagos and other
regions of Nigeria. Many ex-slaves came to Nigeria following the emancipation of slaves in
the Americas. Many of the immigrants, sometimes called Saros (immigrants from Sierra Leone)
and Amaro (ex-slaves from Brazil), later became prominent merchants and missionaries in these
cities.

Economic statistics and activity (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-

factbook/geos/ni.html)

Oil-rich Nigeria, long hobbled by political instability, corruption, inadequate

infrastructure, and poor macroeconomic management, has undertaken several
reforms over the past decade. Nigeria's former military rulers failed to diversify the
economy away from its overdependence on the capital-intensive oil sector, which
provides 95% of foreign exchange earnings and about 80% of budgetary revenues.
Following the signing of an IMF stand-by agreement in August 2000, Nigeria
received a debt-restructuring deal from the Paris Club and a $1 billion credit from
the IMF, both contingent on economic reforms. Nigeria pulled out of its IMF
program in April 2002, after failing to meet spending and exchange rate targets,
making it ineligible for additional debt forgiveness from the Paris Club. Since 2008
the government has begun showing the political will to implement the market-
oriented reforms urged by the IMF, such as to modernize the banking system, to
curb inflation by blocking excessive wage demands, and to resolve regional disputes
over the distribution of earnings from the oil industry. In 2003, the government
began deregulating fuel prices, announced the privatization of the country's four oil
refineries, and instituted the National Economic Empowerment Development
Strategy, a domestically designed and run program modeled on the IMF's Poverty
Reduction and Growth Facility for fiscal and monetary management. In November
2005, Abuja won Paris Club approval for a debt-relief deal that eliminated $18
billion of debt in exchange for $12 billion in payments - a total package worth $30
billion of Nigeria's total $37 billion external debt. The deal subjects Nigeria to
stringent IMF reviews. Based largely on increased oil exports and high global crude
prices, GDP rose strongly in 2007-09. President YAR'ADUA has pledged to
continue the economic reforms of his predecessor with emphasis on infrastructure
improvements. Infrastructure is the main impediment to growth. The government is
working toward developing stronger public-private partnerships for electricity and
roads.

Gross domestic product (GNP or GDP)

$2,300 (2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 182

$2,200 (2008 est.), $2,100 (2007 est.)
note: data are in 2009 US dollars

GDP composite by sector

Agriculture: 33.1%
Industry: 33.8%
Services: 33.1% (2009 est.)

2. Rate of growth (real GNP or GDP)

6.1% (2009 est.), country comparison to the world: 17

5.3% (2008 est.)
6.4% (2007 est.)

Labor force by occupation

Agriculture: 70%
Industry: 10%
Services: 20% (1999 est.)

Minerals and resources

The country is one of the one of the world’s richest in minerals. The marble ,clay , tantalite,
Clay,   Tentalite, Cassiterite Gold (partially investigated), Lead /Zinc (Traces), Dolomite,
Kaolin, Bentonite, Gypsium,  Magnesite etc are few examples of rich minerals found in Nigeria.
Surface transportation

Decaying infrastructure is one of the deficiencies that nigeria’s National Economic

Empowerment Development Strategy (NEEDS) seeks to address. The government has begun to
repair the country’s poorly maintained road network. Because Nigeria’s railways are in a parlous
condition, the government is trying to rectify the situation by privatizing the Nigerian Railway
Corporation. Similarly, the government is pursuing a strategy of partial port privatization by
granting concessions to private port operators so that they can improve the quality of port
facilities and operations. Railways in Nigeria are operated by Nigeria railway corporation.
Nigeria has the largest road network in West Africa and the second largest south of the Sahara,
with roughly 108,000 km of surfaced roads in 1990. However they are poorly maintained and are
often cited as a cause for the country’s high rate of traffic fatalities. In 2004 Nigeria’s Federal
Roads Maintenance Agency (FERMA) began to patch the 32,000-kilometre federal roads
network, and in 2005 FERMA initiated a more substantial rehabilitation. The rainy season and
poor equipment pose challenges to road maintenance

Principal industries

Since oil was discovered in the wilderness of Nigeria, it became one of the biggest oil exporters
in the World. Nigeria witnessed an oil boom in the 1970's. The country is also very rich in
biodiversity. Mostly the major industries are all located in the populous cities of Nigeria which
are Lagos, kano, Ibadan, kaduna and Abuja which is also the capital of Nigeria. The rich oil
reserves have given a chance for the oil and petroleum industry in the country to flourish and this
industry was the main reason because of which Nigeria was able to pay off its debts to the Paris
Club otherwise Nigeria would have remained engulfed in poverty.

The Agriculture industry is also highly prominent in Nigeria as most of its people are
traditionally farmers. Crops such as corn and maize are often cultivated here. Groundnut,
Sugarcane, coconut and other citrus fruits are also grown here. But the Agriculture Industry
received stiff competition from the oil and petroleum industry and hence wasn't doing well
recently. Thus, the country which used to export a lot of food started importing food to make
ends meet. Now, the Government has made reforms to rejuvenate the Agriculture Industry in
Nigeria.
The cities of Lagos, kano and Onitsha are the homes of several industries like the Cotton,
Textile, Garment manufacturing as well as the Leather industry which thrive in these cities. It is
also the home to the manufacturing units of some of the big names in the Car manufacturing
industry like Peugeot and General Motors. Apart from being a major manufacturing sector,
Nigeria also is home to making T shirts and processing food.

Foreign investment

Nigeria is West Africa's most populous country, and one of the most developed. Investment in
the petroleum industry was carried out on a very large scale in the 1970s, including funds
devoted to production, refining, and petrochemicals. The petroleum industry was largely
nationalized during that period. Upstream operations are dominated by the Shell Petroleum
Development Company of Nigeria. The company has been involved in conflict with local
groups, particularly the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOPOS), which accuse
Shell of causing life-threatening environmental damage, while the company contends that the
damage is caused by interference with its operations. Downstream, two consortiums with foreign
participation control about 30% of the market: Total Finalf Nigeria Plc and Unipetrol/Agip.

In December 1989, a new Nigerian Enterprises Decree permitted 100% foreign ownership in any
new venture except those in banking, oil, insurance, and mining. The government uses an open
tender system for awarding government contracts. However, a patronage system exerts powerful
influence over the awarding of such contracts. Government scandals, political instability, and
endemic corruption (Nigeria is regularly ranked among the most corrupt countries in the world,
often at the top of the list) have inhibited foreign investment.

In 1992, the Nigerian Free Zone Act was passed establishing the Nigerian Export Processing
Zone Authority (NEPZA). Free trade zones (FTZ), so renamed in 2001, are expanses of land
with improved ports and/or transportation, warehousing facilities, uninterrupted electricity and
water supplies, advanced telecommunications services and other amenities to accommodate
business operations. Under the free zone system, as long as end products are exported (although
25% can be sold in the domestic market), enterprises are exempt from customs duties, local
taxes, and foreign exchange restrictions, and qualify for incentives—tax holidays, rent-free land,
no strikes or lockouts, no quotas in EU and US markets, and, under the 2000 African Growth and
Opportunity Act (AGOA), preferential tariffs in the US market until 2008. When fully
developed, free zones are to encompass industrial production, offshore banking, insurance and
reinsurance, international stock, commodities, and mercantile exchanges, agro-allied industry,
mineral processing, and international tourist facilities.

K. International trade statistics

1. Major exports

a. Dollar value

b. Trends

2. Major imports

a. Dollar value

b. Trends

3. Balance-of-payments situation

a. Surplus or deficit?

b. Recent trends

4. Exchange rates

a. Single or multiple exchange rates?

b. Current rate of exchange

c. Trends

L. Trade restrictions

1. Embargoes

2. Quotas

3. Import taxes

4. Tariffs

5. Licensing
 6. Customs duties

M. Extent of economic activity not included in cash income activities

1. Countertrades

a. Products generally offered for countertrading

b. Types of countertrades requested (i.e., barter, counterpurchase, etc.)

2. Foreign aid received

N. Labor force

1. Size

2. Unemployment rates

O. Inflation rates

Developments in science and technology

Nigeria is one of the countries which is getting advanced in technology. It uses many kinds of modern
and recent technologies used worldwide. Also, Nigeria has launched three satellites into space. The
first satellite, the Nigeriasat-1, was launched from Russia on 27 September 2003. Nigeriasat-1 is
part of the world-wide Disaster Monitoring Constellation System. The primary objectives of the
Nigeriasat-1 are:

 To give early warning signals of environmental disaster.

 To help control desertification in the northern part of Nigeria.
 To assist in demographic planning.
 To establish the relationship between malaria vectors and the environment that breeds
malaria and to give early warning signals on future outbreaks of meningitis using remote
sensing technology.
 To provide the technology needed to bring education to all parts of the country through
distant learning.
 To aid in conflict resolution and border disputes by mapping out state and International
borders.
Nigeriasat-2
Nigeriasat-2, Nigeria's second satellite, is a high-resolution earth satellite built by a United
Kingdom-based satellite technology company, Surrey Space Technology Limited.
Nigeriasat-2 has 2.5 metres resolution panchromatic (very high resolution), 5 metres
multispectral (high resolution, NIR red, green & red bands) and 32 metres multispectral (medium
resolution, NIR red, green & red bands) with ground receiving station in Abuja. The NigeriaSat-
2 spacecraft alone was build at a cost of over £35 million. [66] This satellite was launched
into orbit from a military base in China.

NigComSat-1 a Nigerian Satellite build in 2004 is Nigeria's third satellite and Africa's first
communication satellite. It was launched on 13 May 2007, aboard a Chinese Long March
3Bcarrier rocket, from the Xichang Satellite Launch Centre in China. The spacecraft was
operated by NigComSat and the Nigerian Space Agency, NASRDA. On November 11,
2008,NigComSat-1 failed in orbit after running out of power due to an anomaly in its solar array.
Specifications
It was based on the Chinese DFH-4 satellite bus, and carries a variety of transponders:

 4 C-band
 14 Ku-band
 8 Ka-band
 2 L-band
It was designed to provide coverage to many parts of Africa, and the Ka-band transponders
would also cover Italy.

On 10 November 2008 (0900 GMT), the satellite was reportedly switched off for analysis and to
avoid a possible collision with other satellites. According to Nigerian Communications Satellite
Limited, it was put into "emergency mode operation in order to effect mitigation and
repairs". The satellite eventually failed after losing power on 11 November 2008.

On March 24, 2009, the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Science and Technology, NigComSat Ltd.
and CGWIC signed a further contract for the in-orbit delivery of the NigComSat-1R satellite.
NigComSat-1R is also a DFH-4 satellite, and is expected to be delivered in the fourth quarter of
2011 as a replacement for the failed NigComSat-1

Channels of distribution (macro analysis)

This section reports data on all channel middlemen available within the market. Later, you will select a
specific channel as part of your distribution strategy.

A. Retailers
 1. Number of retailers

2. Typical size of retail outlets

3. Customary markup for various classes of goods

4. Methods of operation (cash/credit)

5. Scale of operation (large/small)

6. Role of chain stores, department stores, and specialty shops

B. Wholesale middlemen

1. Number and size

2. Customary markup for various classes of goods

3. Method of operation (cash/credit)

C. Import/export agents

D. Warehousing

E. Penetration of urban and rural markets

Media Habits of Nigeria

Press

Historically, Nigeria has boasted the most free and outspoken press of any African country, but
also one which has consistently been the target of harassment by the past military dictatorships
and now under the governance of Nigeria's current civilian president, Umaru Musa Yar'adua.
Many agents of Nigeria's press have been imprisoned, exiled, tortured, or murdered as a result,
among them being Ogoni activist and television producer Ken Saro-Wiwa, who was executed for
treason by order of the Sani Abacha dictatorship in 1995 (resulting in the expulsion of Nigeria
from the Commonwealth of Nations and sanctions from abroad).

Even under the somewhat less-oppressive current civilian government, journalists have
continued to come under fire, be it from the government (as with the June 2006 arrest of Gbenga
Aruleba and Rotimi Durojaiye of African Independent Television under charges of sedition) or
from other popular establishments (such as the self-imposed exile of Thisday's Isioma
Danielfollowing the riots in Northern Nigeria over "sensitive comments" which she had made in
an article regarding Muhammad and the 2002 Miss World pageant; a fatwa calling for her
beheading was issued by the mullahs of northern Nigeria, but was declared null and void by the
relevant religious authorities in Saudi Arabia, and the Obasanjo faced an international public
relations smearing [especially within journalistic circles) in the aftermath, which was not helped
by the Amina Lawal controversy which had occurred prior to the riots, which had seen over 200
dead). However, as with most other countries, blogging has increasingly become a much safer,
and much easier, conduit for Nigeria's growing Internet-enabled minority to express their
dissatisfactions with the current state of affairs in Nigeria.

Radio and Television

On the other hand, while newspapers (and, most recently, blogging) have long thrived through
both thick and thin in Nigeria, radio and television has not received as much recognition, due to
limited resources and press restrictions which beset the establishment of radio or television
services in Nigeria. However, such limitations are being worked around in order to reach larger
audiences both within and without Nigeria, such as with the growth of satellite television (which
has long been preferred throughout the African continent due to the infavourability, geologically
and financially, of laying ground cables). The BBC World Service as well as the Voice of
America and the German broadcasting organization Deutsche Welle (DW) also
provide shortwave radio in the Hausa language.

Internet sites

Virtually all Nigerian newspapers have an internet presence; in addition, there are several
websites which are dedicated to allowing Nigerians to air their opinions on a variety of topics.
However, the current low penetration of the internet in Nigeria means that radio and newspapers
remain the primary means of consuming information in the country.

VII. Executive summary

After completing the research for this report, prepare a two-page (maximum) summary of
the major economic points and place it at the front

VIII. Sources of information

hmnet.com/Africa/Nigeria

(http://www.hmnet.com/africa/nigeria/nigeria.html)
IX. Appendixes