Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Co. - Subsea Pipelines Collaboration Cluster CISRO
Co. - Subsea Pipelines Collaboration Cluster CISRO
www.csiro.au
Subsea Pipelines
Collaboration Cluster
Advancing our knowledge of subsea pipeline technology
to support the oil and gas industry
Final report
2
Executive summary 17
Putting the Cluster’s
research into practice
4
Introduction to the
Subsea Pipelines Cluster 21
Commissioning
experimental equipment
6
Training the offshore for ongoing pipeline
pipeline engineers testing in Australia
of the future
28
Publications and
10
Scientific and dissemination
engineering challenges
34
Key papers
12
Scientific outcomes
of the Flagship 46
Awards
Collaborative Cluster
48
Keynote presentations,
invited lectures and papers
49
Hosting international
conference ISFOG
50
The Partners
51
Flagship Collaboration
fund
1
Executive summary
Offshore subsea pipelines are used to export oil and gas from the field to platform and
then from the platform to the mainland. As they are the sole conduit for the hydrocarbons
their stability and integrity are of critical economic and environmental importance.
3
Introduction to the Subsea Pipelines Cluster
Building a pipeline system to link an offshore oil and gas field to the mainland
represents a huge capital investment. For example, in Australia the construction of the
42 inch 135 km pipeline for the Trunkline System Expansion Project (TSEP) on the North
West Shelf in 2003/04 cost approximately A$800 million. Today, the cost per kilometre
of current pipeline projects, including the Gorgon (water depth: 1350 m length: 65
and 140 km), Scarborough (depth: 900m length: 280km), Pluto (depth: 830m length:
180km) and Browse (depth: 600m length: 5, 24 and 400km) is estimated to exceed
$4.5 million per kilometre. With over 2000km of pipelines under design in Australia,
capital expenditure is expected to exceed $10 billion.
With more than 80 per cent of resources which are considered CSIRO, Australian universities and other
Australia’s gas resources exist in deep, stranded off our coast in deep water publicly funded research agencies.
remote, offshore areas, our ability and at long distances to land. Under
The Subsea Pipeline Collaboration
to realise their full potential relies these conditions subsea pipelines are
Cluster was initiated by the Wealth
on the development of economically required to transport the gas over
from Oceans Flagship to bring
viable solutions to transport them. long distances to shore. Transporting
together a diverse range of research
hydrocarbons in extra long offshore
Such technology is vital to Australia capabilities to deliver an in-depth
pipelines poses many challenges that
achieving the vision of Platform Free scientific understanding of the
must be considered when designing
Fields, a CSIRO Wealth from Oceans key parameters involved in subsea
pipelines. These include stability of
Flagship program. This research pipeline design, construction, long-
pipeline structures over decades in
investigates ways to replace traditional term operation and monitoring.
strong currents, a shifting seabed and
oil and gas platforms with subsea
on steep seabed slopes. Assessment The three year program contributed
technologies for production of gas
and mitigation of potential geohazards, to CSIRO’s research program that aims
such as submarine landslides, is also to work with industry to develop the
critical for the safe routing of pipelines. science and technology to unlock new
opportunities in the exploration and
The Subsea Pipelines Collaboration
development of Australia’s offshore
Cluster was established to meet
hydrocarbon resources. The $7.4
these challenges and to deliver
million Cluster included $3.6 million
science-based engineering solutions
from the Flagship Collaboration Fund
for the safe and economic design
and $3.8 million in-kind contributions
and operation of subsea pipelines
from the participating universities.
in Australia’s deepwater frontiers.
Research has focused on ultralong The Subsea Pipeline Collaboration
pipelines from deepwater to shore, a Cluster combined the research
critical goal of Platform Free Fields. capabilities of The University of
Western Australia, Curtin University
The CSIRO Flagship Collaboration
of Technology, The University of
Fund enables the skills of the wider
Queensland, Monash University, The
Australian research community to
University of Sydney, Flinders University
be applied to the major national
and CSIRO through the Wealth from
challenges targeted by CSIRO’s National
Oceans National Research Flagship.
Research Flagship Program. As part of
From a start of 17 Chief Investigators the
the $480 million provided over seven
cluster grew to eventually encompass
years by the Australian Government
31 academic researchers and another
to the National Research Flagships,
27 PhD and Masters students.
$115 million was allocated specifically
to enhance collaboration between
5
Training the offshore pipeline
engineers of the future
The Subsea Pipeline Collaboration Cluster is not only devising tomorrow’s subsea pipeline
technology, it is providing significant research training for Australia’s future pipeline engineers.
In all, 27 PhD students and 14 research associates undertook pipeline research within the cluster.
The University of Western Australia The University The University Curtin University
of Sydney of Queensland of Technology
Monash
University
Flinders
Xiao-Ling Zhao University
Andrew Woods
Fangpo He
Jayantha Kodikara
Jimmy Li
Karl Sammut
7
CSIRO Cluster Postdoctoral Research Associates
Name Institution Project Where they are now?
Matthew Hodder UWA Geotechnical analysis of offshore pipelines and steel catenary risers Structural Integrity
Di Wu UWA Experimental and numerical modelling of natural backfill Seabed Morphology
of navigation channels and pipeline trenches
Grant Pusey Curtin Characterisation of long-range horizontal performance Pipeline Monitoring
of underwater acoustic communication
Siti Fatin Mohd Razali UWA Wake characteristics of yawed circular cylinders and suppression Seabed Morphology
of vortex-induced vibration using helical strakes
Xuelin Peng UWA Condition monitoring of offshore pipelines using vibration based method Pipeline Monitoring
Jaya Kumar Seelam UQ Tsunami induced bed shear stresses- project 4 Pipeline Hazards
Benham Shabani UQ Ben contributing to the modelling of Jaya's but PhD otherwise unrelated Pipeline Hazards
Andrew Lammas Flinders 6 Degree of Freedom Navigation Systems for Pipeline Monitoring
Autonomous Underwater Vehicles
Matthew Kokegei Flinders Fully Coupled 6 Degree of Freedom Control Systems Pipeline Monitoring
for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles
Yan Yue UWA Novel methods for characterising pipe-soil Seabed characterisation
interaction forces in-situ in deep water
Bassem Youssef UWA Use of probability models in the integrated analysis in offshore pipelines Structural Integrity
Zhihui Ye UWA Erosion threshold and erosion rate of seabed sediments Seabed Characterisation
Santiram Chatterjee UWA Modelling of pipeline seabed interactions Seabed Characterisation
David Roberts Flinders Pipeline Tracking Using Scanning Sonar Imaging Pipeline Monitoring
Tae-hwan Joung Flinders Computational Fluid Dynamics Modelling Techniques for Pipeline Monitoring
Analysing the Performance of a AUV Thruster
Lyndon Whaite Flinders Mesh Free Methods for Probabilistic Optimal Control and Pipeline Monitoring
Estimation of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles
Fauzan Sahdi UWA Modelling of submarine slides and their impact on pipelines Pipeline Hazards
Amin Rismanchian UWA Three dimensional modelling of pipeline buckling on soft clay Seabed Characterisation
Senthilkumar Monash Offshore pipe clay seabed interaction in axial direction Structural Integrity
Muthukrishnan
Chunxiao Bao UWA Vibration based structural health monitoring Pipeline Reliability
of onshore and offshore structures
Indranil Guha UWA Structural analysis of submarine pipelines under Pipeline Hazards
submarine slide and thermal loading
Hossein Khalilpasha UQ Propagation buckling of deep subsea pipelines Structural Integrity
Hamed Mahmoodzadeh UWA Interpretation of partially drained penetrometer tests with Seabed Characterisation
Poornaki applications to the design of spudcan foundation
Hassan Karampour UQ Coupled upheaval/lateral and propagation buckling of ultra-deep pipelines Structural Integrity
9
Scientific and engineering challenges
The Subsea Pipeline Collaboration Cluster investigated and developed scientific
solutions to overcome the challenges of constructing pipelines from oil and gas
reserves in water depths exceeding 1000 metres.
For safe and economic developments ◆◆design for future pipeline design projects,
such pipelines are required to ◆◆construction with particular relevance to remote
maintain their structural integrity and offshore locations around Australia.
continuously supply hydrocarbons
◆◆long-term operation
◆◆real-time monitoring. There were six research streams
across hundreds of kilometres of
which mimicked the life cycle of a
rugged, often shifting, seabed to The aim of the program was to provide
pipeline, from characterising the
bring the hydrocarbons to shore. a technical basis for the design of
design environment to monitoring
pipelines for any new offshore field,
The Cluster brought together a diverse any risk of failure during operation.
which contrasts with the current
range of research capabilities to deliver
case-by-case approach, significantly These streams were:
an in-depth scientific understanding
reducing costs and uncertainties
of subsea pipelines in the areas of:
11
Scientific outcomes
The following are the major scientific outcomes
of the Subsea Pipeline Collaboration Cluster
Depth (m)
(b) u/D = 0.5
12
16
u0
20
(c) u/D = 1 Bq and Bumball
Softening 0 0.2 0.4 0.6
factor 0
1.00
0.95
0.90
0.85 4
0.80
0.75
(d) u/D = 7 0.71
0.66 8
Depth (m)
0.61
0.56
0.51 12
0.46
0.14
0.36
0.31 16
20
Profiles of (a) u2 and umball (b) Bq and Bmball
13
(a) (b)
Example of video footage images of (a) a pipeline crossing a sleeper and (b) an as-laid survey in silt
15
16 Subsea Pipeline Collaboration Cluster – final report
Putting the Cluster’s research into practice
The Collaboration Cluster’s work has revolutionised subsea pipeline technology and
its findings have already been implemented in oil and gas projects off Australia and
elsewhere in the world.
Meanwhile, four other long-distance Key aspects of the Cluster’s innovative models for pipe-soil interaction, leading
pipelines – Gorgon, Wheatstone, Ichthys contributions to pipeline technology to reduced design uncertainty. New
and Browse – are at an advanced stage include experimental techniques were developed
of design, and many shorter pipelines are at UWA during the Cluster project, and
being designed. These new pipelines are Industry Impact through these have resulted in more realistic
technically very challenging: some will Geotechnical Centrifuge Testing simulations of pipeline behaviour. Using
extend into deeper waters, well beyond these techniques, centrifuge testing
the shelf break, and some – notably Two critical components of pipeline has been performed over the past four
those to the Ichthys and Browse fields design are the assessment of on-bottom years, using natural soil samples gathered
– will be located north of Broome, in stability under severe hydrodynamic from offshore and providing results
different oceanographic and geotechnical loading – from storms or tides – and that have had direct impact the design
conditions compared to the existing the overall response of the pipeline of offshore field pipelines. The specific
experience in the Carnarvon basin. to internal temperature and pressure. projects, operators and pipe details are
Under both conditions, the pipe may be provided in the table on following page.
The new challenges of new regions, permitted to move significant distances
greater pipeline lengths, deeper water and back and forth across the seabed, but
new geohazards, have all been tackled these movements must not be excessive
within the Cluster, and the research and the pipe must not be over-strained.
techniques and outcomes spearheaded by
the Cluster have already been applied to A critical input to assessment of pipeline
the design of Australia’s new pipelines. stability under these movements is the
interaction forces between the pipe and
These same technologies have also been the seabed. Centrifuge model testing,
applied to projects elsewhere in the using offshore soil samples and accurate
world, such as for BP’s PSVM field off simulation of the pipeline weight and Industry collaborator Paul Brunning of
Angola, West Nile Delta offshore Egypt movements, provides observations Acergy presenting at the 2009 CSIRO
and Shah Deniz in the Caspian Sea. This is that can be used to refine and validate Flagship Cluster on Pipelines workshop
recognising Australia’s technical leadership
in pipeline engineering and the pivotal
role this Cluster has played in developing
testing facilities and design practises. Existing pipeline Ichthys
The Cluster’s research programs resulted Proposed pipeline
in several industry advances such as:
17
operator project year pipeline length main testing focus These centrifuge studies used new
modelling technology that permits
Woodside Pluto 2007 200km Lateral buckling
arbitrary patterns of load and
BP PSVM 2008 170km Lateral buckling displacement to be imposed on a model
Chevron Gorgon 2008 65km & 150km As-laid embedment pipeline. This allowed the effects of
Chevron Gorgon 2009 150km Storm stability dynamic laying, thermal start-up and
shutdown cycles and hydrodynamic
Chevron Gorgon 2009 150km Free span stability
storm loading to be simulated. In some
Chevron Wheatstone 2010 225km Buckling, storm stability cases, stochastic storm simulations to
BP B31SE 2010 50km Lateral buckling assess the pipe-soil response during
1000-year and 10000-year return
Inpex Ichthys (infield) 2010 50km Lateral buckling
period design events were devised. The
Woodside Browse 2011 400km Buckling, storm stability underlying technology is described later
Inpex Ichthys (export) 2011 850km Lateral buckling in this report (also refer to centrifuge
BP West Nile Delta 2011 100km Lateral buckling modelling technology section).
BP Shah Deniz 2011 25km Lateral buckling
Industry impact through
Summary of centrifuge tests conducted for industry during the Cluster numerical modelling
Numerical pipe-soil models were
incorporated into the industry stability
analysis package ABAQUS/SimStab
for use in the Gorgon Upstream
Joint Venture (GUJV) project. Cluster
researchers collaborated with GUJV
engineers in initially running the
plasticity UWAPIPE models under
Gorgon storm conditions, before
incorporating the models into the
SimStab software for GUJV engineers
to use. The new soil models are
now being used in the stability
analysis of the Gorgon pipeline on
the North West Shelf of Australia.
z (m)
20 0.95
0.85
approach, and a continuum-based large 0.75
techniques to characterise and 0.65
deformation finite element method. 10
0.55
z (m)
20 1.8
1.5
characterised submarine slides, as well 1.2
A further significant part of the 0.9
as a database of slide-pipe interaction 10
0.6
0.3
project was the development of a new 0
force measurements. These results were
geotechnically-based framework to
used to validate numerical run-out 0
characterise the strength of soft seabed Velocity (m/s)
computations that were performed 30 0.12
deposits, based on extensive laboratory 0.11
0.1
measurements using different soil 0.09
0.08
t = 15 s
z (m)
20 0.07
types. This framework spans the solid- 0.06
0.05
0.04
fluid boundary that is crossed within 0.03
10 0.02
the slide material as it evolves into a 0.01
0.07
20 0.06
0.05
and pipelines, and these were distilled 0.04
0.03
0.02
10
into simple design recommendations. 0.01
0
110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190
x (m)
Velocity distributions on
deformed softening material
Developing slide experiments
at the UWA drum centrifuge
19
20 Subsea Pipeline Collaboration Cluster – final report
Commissioning experimental equipment
for ongoing pipeline testing in Australia
Major equipment development:
21
UWA’s geotechnical centrifuges
Both the beam (Figure a) and the drum centrifuges at the Centre for Offshore Foundation
Systems have had continuous technical upgrades to face the challenges associated with
the buckling of pipelines and the impact of submarine slides on pipelines.
These include: at various velocities through a soil ◆◆The establishment of optic fibre
sample contained within the drum data transmission on both the beam
◆◆An improved motion control system centrifuge channel, simulating a pipe and the drum centrifuge improving
enabling the modelling of pipeline
engulfed within a submarine slide. By the transfer rate, increasing the
dynamic installation with complex
using a soil sample which was initially quality of the experimental data
horizontal and vertical motion
unconsolidated, the model pipe and enabling high definition videos
interaction and the modelling of
tests were performed after different to taken during experiments.
pipeline buckling (Figure b) up to 600
degrees of consolidation leading to
cycles. This is a major improvement
varying sample properties (density
compared to the previous modelling
ρ and undrained shear strength su).
capability (limited to about 100
Pipe translation tests were performed
cycles), which revealed specific
using different model pipes with
features of pipe soil interaction
varying length to diameter ratios
related to the development of
in order to determine the optimum
berms and pipe embedment
pipe geometry that would minimise
over a large number of cycles.
potential end effects. Once the test
◆◆The establishment of a new driving technique was established the main
system for the tool table of the drum program of testing was undertaken.
centrifuge and a new experimental This involved a total of 37 model pipe
pipe apparatus. This upgrade was translation tests spanning a wide
triggered by the necessity to allow a range of velocities and soil strengths.
buried model pipeline to be translated Christophe Gaudin and Yinghui Tian with
the beam centrifuge
Model pipeline during horizontal buckling Buried model pipeline translated through clay of various strengths
The large o-tube, assembled at the UWA Shenton Park field station
23
Propagation buckling
A subsea pipeline can experience a number of structural instabilities, such as lateral
(snaking) buckling, upheaval buckling, span formation and propagation buckling.
Among these, propagation buckling increase in material and installation cost solution for propagation buckling was
is the most critical one, particularly in of the pipeline, since design is therefore proposed and a finite element model
deep water, and can quickly damage governed by propagation pressure. was established and verified with
many kilometres of pipeline. the experimental results. Based on
A hyperbaric chamber was constructed for
these findings, a new pipe topology is
A local buckle, ovalisation, dent or the simulation of propagation buckling
proposed. Finite element analysis of the
corrosion in the pipe wall can quickly in ultra-deep subsea pipelines. The
new pipe, a faceted cylinder, shows a
transform the pipe cross-section into pressurised testing vessel is 4 m long with
substantial increase in buckling capacity
a dumb-bell (or dog bone) shape that an internal diameter of 173mm and is rated
for the same diameter/thickness ratio.
travels along the pipeline as long as the for 20 MPa (2000 m water depth). A testing
external pressure is high enough to sustain protocol was successfully established and The coupling of upheaval and lateral
propagation. The lowest pressure that numerous tests were conducted on 3m buckling with propagation buckling
maintains propagation is the propagation long steel and aluminium pipes. A simple is being investigated together with
pressure that is only a small fraction testing procedure using a ring segment exploring the possible modification
of the elastic collapse pressure of the of the pipeline was also established as of the hyperbaric chamber to simulate
intact pipe. This results in a substantial a preliminary test. A modified analytical this form of coupled buckling.
A sophisticated 2D electrical actuator with displacement controlled cycles can be Second, the test pipe is allowed to settle
a precision of 0.01 mm/sec (to account performed at different rates depicting on the model seabed. Third, the test pipe
for the slow axial walking process) was both undrained and drained conditions. is subjected to cyclic axial displacements
devised to simulate the pipe motion The system is suitable for element testing using the horizontal actuator. On the
on a laboratory-made clay seabed. A of typical prototype pipe diameters. basis of instrumentation provided, the
horizontal linear motor capable of driving axial on the test pipe section, pore
Dummy sections at the ends of the test
the shaft with a drive force between water pressure at pre-determined
pipe section are provided to reduce
300 to 500 N for a stroke length of 200 locations and vertical settlement of
boundary effects in simulation of a long
mm is provided. The vertical motion is pipe are measured. The test results
pipe. The following steps are used in a
controlled by a motor providing 200 produce the shear stress-displacement
typical experiment. First, a model seabed is
to 300 N drive force to an expected characteristics of the pipe-soil interface
prepared and characterised using a T bar.
stroke length of 200 mm. Both load and applicable to axial walking problems.
The shear cell consists of a 100 mm long, a physical model test for a solitary wave Numerical modelling of tsunami sources
250 mm wide and 1.21 mm thick smooth is shown below. Numerical modelling along the Sunda Arc has shown the
plate supported on thin tubular sway of the laboratory experiments has been locations of principal hazard on the
legs, with displacement measured by an performed and used to calibrate and test WA continental slope and shelf, together
eddy-current sensor which resolves plate a tsunami model for prediction of seabed with hotspots of high bed shear stress,
movement to 0.001 mm. The wave flume shear stresses in the field. both of which can be utilised in pipeline
was equipped with a computer-controlled routing studies.
piston wave-maker having a maximum
stroke length of 1.2 m and capable of
generating most types of waves including
solitary waves and bores. The experimental
model was set up to represent a
continental slope and shelf region, with
measurements made on the slope and
horizontal sections. Measurements were
made over both a smooth bed and a rough
bed. Both non-breaking and breaking
(bores) were investigated. Microsonic®
ultrasonic wave gauges were used to
measure the wave heights and a SONTEK®
2D Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter was used
to measure the flow velocities. A photo of
25
Acoustic modems
The capability to perform at-sea evaluations of underwater acoustic communication
links has been enhanced by the development of equipment to allow the unattended,
autonomous operation and monitoring of such links for extended periods of time.
Experimental setup for the long-term trial showing all equipment used in the deployment.
Two sets of equipment were deployed which periodically communicated with one another
while recording information including ambient noise levels and a temperature profile for the
bottom 50 m of the water column.
The developed algorithms must, position while deploying instruments build 3D relief maps of the seabed and
however, be physically validated into the seabed, and turn tightly while track pipelines and obstacles. It also has
using a real vehicle equipped with the manoeuvring close to obstacles. The doppler velocity sensors and IMUs for
necessary sensors and actuators. AUV is equipped with forward looking navigation, as well other instruments
and bathymetry plus side scan sonar to for acoustic and radio communications.
The majority of AUVs currently available
from vendors are either closed
architecture which would prevent
alternative algorithms from being used
on the vehicle, or are too expensive,
or too small to be useful. The decision
was therefore taken to custom build a
modular vehicle that can satisfactorily
validate the developed algorithms
and with enough flexibility to meet
the range of survey/intervention
requirements posed by the offshore
oil and gas. This vehicle is currently
being built in collaboration with the
Australian Maritime College. The
vehicle is equipped with four lateral
thrusters as well as one propulsion
thruster permitting it to hover and hold
CAD image of an AUV
27
profile Publications and dissemination
Postgraduate
28. Cassidy, M.J. and Y. Tian (2008), 41. Hodder, M. S., D. J. White, et al. (2010), An underwater acoustic communication
Technical note on implementation of Analysis of strength degradation during simulator was also developed
UWAPIPE into ABAQUS, GEO:07421. episodes of cyclic loading, illustrated by and the results compared to the
the T-bar penetration test, International
29. Chatterjee, S., D.J. White, D. Wang experiments. This thesis investigates
Journal of Geomechanics, 10(3): 117-123.
and M.F. Randolph (2010), Large the environmental dependency of
deformation finite element analysis of 42. Jaeger, R. A., J.T. DeJong, R.W. Boulanger, communication performance and the
vertical penetration of pipelines into the H.E Low and Randolph, M.F. (2010),
feasibility of using the technology
seabed, 2nd International Conference in Variable penetration rate CPT in an
Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics (ISFOG intermediate soil, 2nd International in place of cabled telemetry.
2010), Perth, Australia, n/a:785-790. Symposium on Cone Penetration Testing,
CPT10, Huntington Beach, California.
30. Cheng, L., K. Yeow, Z. Zang and B.
Teng (2009), Three-dimensional scour 43. Khalilpasha, H. (2010). Buckling propagation
below pipelines in steady currents, of subsea pipelines. EAIT Postragraduate
Coastal Engineering, 56(5-6): 577-590. Student Conference, Queensland, Australia.
31. Davies, M. C. R., E.T. Bowman and D.J. 44. Khalilpasha, H. (2011). Nonlinear
White (2010), Physical modelling of numerical investigation of buckle
natural hazards - a keynote lecture, 7th propagation in subsea pipelines. The 1st
International Conference on Physical International Postgraduate Conference on
Modelling in Geotechnics (ICPMG 2010) Engineering, Designing and Developing
Zurich, Switzerland, CD:3-22. the Built Environment for Sustainable
Wellbeing, Brisbane, Australia.
32. DeJong, J., N. Yafrate, D. DeGroot, H.E. Low
and M.F. Randolph (2010), Recommended 45. Khalilpasha, H. and F. Albermani (2011).
practice for full flow penetrometer On the propagation buckling and effects
testing and analysis, ASTM Geotechnical in ultra-long deep subsea pipelines.
Testing Journal, 33(2): 13 pages. 30th International Conference on Ocean,
Offshore and Arctic Engineering (OMAE
33. DeJong, J. and M. F. Randolph (2012),
2011), Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Influence of partial consolidation
during cone penetration on estimated 46. Kodikara, J. K. (2008). Study of the axial
soil behaviour type and pore pressure response and its coupling of the general
dissipation measurements, Journal pipe-soil interaction of seabed pipelines.
of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental
47. Kokegei, M., F. He and K. Sammut (2008),
Engineering, 138(7): 777-788.
Fully-coupled 6 degress-of-freedom control
34. DeJong, J. T., N.J. Yafrate and M.F. of autonomous underwater vehicles,
Randolph (2008), Use of pore pressure IEEE Oceans 2008, submitted July 2008.
measurements in a ball full-flow
48. Kokegei, M., F. He and K. Sammut (2009),
penetrometer, 3rd International Conference
Nonlinear fully-coupled control of AUVs,
on Site Characterization, Taiwan, 1269-1275.
1st Annual Society for Underwater Society
35. Gaudin, C., D.J. White, N. Boylan, J. Subsea Technical Conference (SUT), Perth.
Breen, T.A. Brown, S. De Catania and P.
49. Kokegei, M., He, F. and Sammut, K.
Hortin (2009), A wireless high speed data
(2011). Fully coupled 6 DoF control of an
acquistion for geotechnical centrifuge
over-actuated autonomous underwater
model testing, Measurement Science
vehicle. Underwater Vehicles, InTech.
and Technology, 20(9): 11 pages.
29
profile
Postgraduate 50. Lammas, A., K. Sammut and He,
F. (2008), Improving navigational
63. Liu, H.B, and X.L. Zhao (2012), Fatigue
Behaviour of Welded Steel Connections
accuracy for AUVs using the MAPR under Combined Actions, Advances
particle filter, IEEE Oceans 2008. in Structural Engineering – An
International Journal, 15(10): 1817-1828.
51. Lammas, A., K. Sammut and He, F.
(2009). 6-DoF navigation systems for 64. Liu, H.B and X.L. Zhao (2013), Prediction
autonomous underwater vehicles. Mobile of fatigue life for CFRP strengthened
31
112. Tian, Y., M.J. Cassidy and C. Gaudin 125. Wang, D., D.J. White and M.F. Randolph 137. Xiao, Z. G. and X. L. Zhao (2007),
(2011). Centrifuge tests of shallowly (2010), Large deformation finite element Frequency analyses of free spanning
embedded pipeline on undrained and analysis of pipe penetration and large- subsea pipelines with finite element
partially drained silt sand. GEO: 11560. amplitude lateral displacement, Canadian method, 5th International Conference on
Geotechnical Journal, 47(8): 842-856. Advances in Steel Structures, 3:645-650.
113. Tian, Y., D. Wang and M.J. Cassidy
(2011). Large deformation finite element 126. Wang, D., M.F. Randolph and D.J. White 138. Xiao, Z. G. and X. L. Zhao (2008), Stress
analysis of offshore geotechnical (2012), A dynamic large deformation finite analyses of free spanning subsea
penetration tests. 2nd International element method and element addition pipelines with finite element method,
Symposium on Computational Mechanics technique, International Journal for 10th International Symposium on Structural
(ComGeo11), Cavtat-Dubrovnik, Croatia. Geomechanics: under review April 2011. Engineering for Young Experts.
114. Tian, Y., M.J. Cassidy and B.S. Youssef 127. Wang, Y., X.Q. Zhu, H. Hao and 139. Xiao, Z. G. and X. L. Zhao (2010),
(2011), Consideration for on-bottom K.Q. Fan (2009), Development and Prediction of Natural Frequency of Free
stability of unburied pipelines using a testing of guided wave techniques Spanning Subsea Pipelines, International
dynamic fluid-structure-soil simulation for pipeline integrity monitoring, Journal of Steel Structures, 10(1): 81-90.
program, International Journal of Offshore 1st Annual Society for Underwater
140. Xiao, Z. G. and X. L. Zhao (2010),
and Polar Engineering: 21(3): 1-8. Society Subsea Technical Conference
Frequency analyses of free spanning
(SUT), Perth, CD:SUT009-WangY.
115. Tian, Y. and M. J. Cassidy (2008), Explicit subsea pipelines, International Journal
and Implicit integration algorithms for 128. Westgate, Z., D.J. White and M.F. Randolph of Steel Structures 10(1): 1598-2531.
an elastoplastic pipe-soil interaction (2009), Video observations of dynamic
141. Yafrate, N. J., J.T. DeJong, D. DeGroot
macroelement model, 27th International embedment during pipelaying, 28th
and M.F. Randolph (2009), Evaluation
Conference on Offshore Mechanics and International Conference on Offshore
of remolded shear strength and
Arctic Engineering, OMAE2008-57237. Mechanics and Arctic Engineering (OMAE
sensitivity of soft clay using full
2009), Honolulu, Hawaii, OMAE2009-79814.
116. Tian, Y. and M. J. Cassidy (2008), Modelling flow penetrometers, Journal of
of pipe-soil interaction and its application 129. Westgate, Z., M.F. Randolph, M.F, D.J. Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental
in numerical simulation, International White and S. Li (2010), The influence Engineering, 135(9): 1179-1189.
Journal of Geomechanics, 8(4): 213-229. of seastate on as laid pipeline
142. Yan, Y., White, D.J. and Randolph, M.F.
embedment: a case study, Applied
117. Tian, Y. and M. J. Cassidy (2008), A practical (2010), Investigation into the toroid
Ocean Research, 32(4): 321-331.
approach to numerical modelling of penetrometer on non-homogeneous clay,
pipe-soil interaction, 18th International 130. Westgate, Z., D.J. White and M.F. 2nd International Symposium on Frontiers
Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Randolph (2010), Pipeline laying and in Offshore Geotechnics (ISFOG2010),
(ISOPE), Vancouver, Canada, 2:533-538. embedment in soft fine-grained soils: field Perth, Western Australia, CD:321-326.
observations and numerical simulations.,
118. Tian, Y. and M. J. Cassidy (2009), Pipe- 143. Yan, Y., D.J. White and M.F. Randolph
Offshore Technology Conference, Houston,
soil interaction analysis with a 3D (2011), Penetration resistance and stiffness
OTC2010:Paper number 20407.
macroelement model, 19th International factors in uniform clay for hemispherical
Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference 131. Westgate, Z. J., M.F. Randolph and D.J. and toroidal penetrometers, International
(ISOPE), Osaka, Japan, 461-468. White (2010), Theoretical, numerical and Journal for Geomechanics: 11(4): 263-275.
field studies of offshore pipeline sleeper
119. Tian, Y. and M. J. Cassidy (2010), The 144. J.T. Yi, S.H. Goh, F.H. Lee and M.F.
crossings, 2nd International Symposium
challenge of numerically implementing Randolph,(2012), A numerical study of
on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics,
numerous force-resultant models cone penetration in fine-grained soils
Perth, Australia, n/a:845-850.
in the stability analysis of long on- allowing for consolidation effects,
bottom pipelines, Computers and 132. White, D. J., C. Gaudin, N. Boylan Géotechnique, 62(8): 707 –719.
Geotechnics, 37(1-2): 216-232. and H. Zhou (2010), Interpretation of
145. Youssef, B. S., M.J. Cassidy and Y. Tian
T-bar penetrometer tests at shallow
120. Tian, Y. and M. J. Cassidy (2010), A pipe-soil (2010), Balanced three-dimensional
embedment and in very soft soils, Canadian
interaction model incorporating large modelling of the fluid-structure-soil
Geotechnical Journal, 47(2): 218-229.
lateral displacements in calcareous sand, interaction of an untrenched pipeline, 20th
Journal of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental 133. White, D. J. and D. N. Cathie (2010). International Offshore and Polar Engineering
Engineering, 137(3): 279-287. Geotechnics for subsea pipelines – a Conference (ISOPE), Beijing, China, 2:123-130.
keynote lecture. 2nd International
121. Tian, Y. and M. J. Cassidy, (2013), 146. Youssef, B. S., Y. Tian and M.J. Cassidy
Symposium on Frontiers in Offshore
Equivalent absolute lateral static (2011). Probabilistic modes application
Geotechnics, Perth, Australia, n/a: 87-123.
stability of on-bottom offshore in the integrated stability analysis of
pipelines, Australian Geomechanics 134. White, D. J. and M. S. Hodder offshore on-bottom pipeline. 30th
Journal, under review November. (2010), A simple model for the effect International Conference on Offshore
on soil strength of remoulding Mechanics and Arctic Engineering
122. Tian, Y. and M. J. Cassidy (2011), (OMAE2011): OMAE50047.
and reconsolidation, Canadian
Incorporating uplift in the analysis
Geotechnical Journal, 47(7): 821-826.
of shallowly embedded pipelines: 147. Zang, Z., L. Cheng, M. Zhao, D. Liang and
Int. Journal of Structural Engineering 135. Wu, D., L. Cheng and M. Zhao (2010), B. Teng (2009), A numerical model for
and Mechanics, 40(1): 29-48. Numerical and experimental study of onset of scour below offshore pipelines,
natural backfill of pipeline in a trench Ocean Engineering, 56: 458-466.
123. Tran, D. S. and V. M. Tran (2010).
under steady currents, International
Propagation of buckle in subsea pipelines, 148. Zang, Z., L. Cheng and M. Zhao (2010),
Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic
BE Thesis, University of Queensland. Onset of scour below pipeline under
Engineering (OMAE2010), Shanghai,
combined waves and current, International
124. Wang, D., D.J. White and M.F. Randolph China, CD:OMAE2010-20325.
Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic
(2009), Numerical simulations of dynamic Engineering (OMAE2010), Shanghai,
136. Xiao, Z. G. and X. L. Zhao (2007), Current
embedment during pipe laying on soft China, CD:OMAE2010-20719.
status of research into subsea pipelines
clay, 28th International Conference on
subjected to fatigue loading, International
Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering,
Institute of Welding Asian Pacific Congress,
Honolulu, Hawaii, OMAE2009-79199.
Stream 1 – Structures/Pipelines:Paper 1.34.
profile
Postgraduate Yue Yan
Novel methods for characterising pipe-soil interaction
forces in situ in deep water
Yue’s thesis focused on establishing under vertical and torsional The ultimate aim of this research is to
a theoretical understanding for the loading appropriate for toroid develop a theoretical understanding of
response of a new class of seabed and ball penetrometer at shallow the behaviour of a shallowly embedded
penetrometers – the toroid and ball embedment depths (b) allow spherical and toroid penetrometer
penetrometers – designed specifically operative soil stiffness to be subjected to vertical and torsional
for pipe-soil interactions without the estimated, or for the penetrometer loading, and to prove through physical
difficulty of end effects. In view of the stiffness to be converted into modelling the concept of this new site
perceived need to improve the pipe pipe-soil stiffness as required. characterisation tool focusing on axial
design guidelines and develop more ◆◆Investigating the drainage of interaction between a pipeline and soil.
reliable procedures for estimating soil during penetration and
the axial interaction between pipe torsional loadings. The key effect
and soil, this study explored toroid is to provide robust dissipation
and ball penetrometer performance solutions specifically for these
on clays through centrifuge model two new penetrometers, which
tests and small strain finite element enables the measured pore
analyses. There was also an emphasis pressure to be interpreted in
on the axial interaction in isolation at terms of the consolidation
shallow embedment ratio, but some characteristic of the soil.
possible way of its incorporation
into a more general interaction ◆◆Develop a testing framework and a
more reliable interpretation method
modelling scheme are examined.
for the near surface seabed soft soil.
The aim of the research was to:
◆◆Provide recommendations on
◆◆Provide an improved quantitative the design of in these in situ
framework to characterise the tools and associated testing
undrained surficial soft sediments procedures which will lead to
which will conclude (a) suggest more reliable and less conservative
undrained resistance factors assessments of axial friction.
33
Key papers
Low, H..E., T. Lunne, K.H. Andersen, M.A. Sjursen, M.A., X. Li and M.F. Randolph. (2010). Estimation of
intact and remoulded undrained shear strength from penetration tests in soft clays. Géotechnique, 60(11),
843-859.
Difficulties in obtaining high quality solutions to evaluate the influence compression. In the correlation
soil samples from deep water sites have of particular soil characteristics. The between the remoulded penetration
necessitated increasing reliance on overall statistics showed similar levels resistance and remoulded strength,
piezocone, T-bar and ball penetration of variability of the resistance factors, the resistance factors for remoulded
tests to determine soil properties for with low coefficients of variation, strength were found higher than those
design purposes. This paper reports the for all three types of penetrometer. for intact strength and with slight
results of an international collaborative However, correlations of the resistance tendency to increase with increasing
project in which a worldwide, factors with specific soil characteristics strength sensitivity but insensitive
high quality database of lightly indicated that the resistance factors for to soil index properties. Based on an
overconsolidated clays was assembled the piezocone were more influenced assessment of the influence of various
and used to evaluate resistance factors by soil stiffness, or rigidity index, soil characteristics, resistance factors
for the estimation of intact and than for the T-bar and ball, while the are recommended for the estimation
remoulded undrained shear strength effect of strength anisotropy was of intact and remoulded undrained
from the penetration resistance of each only apparent in respect of resistance shear strength from the penetration
device. The derived factors were then factors for the T-bar and ball relative resistances of each device for soil with
compared with existing theoretical to shear strengths measured in triaxial strength sensitivity less than six.
5 Burswood 8
Chinguetti ()
Chinguetti ()
10 6
Chinguetti
Onsøy
4 (( )) () ()
15 Ariake () (( ))
Burswood () ()
Chinguetti
Depth (m)
Ariake 2 ()
20 Yafrate and DeJong (2006)
GOG 1
Laminaria GOG 2 0
25 GOG 3
Norwegian Sea 12
GOG 4 Onsøy
30
GOG 5 Burswood
Laminaria GOG 6 10 Norwegian Sea
Laminaria Chinguetti
35 Norwegian Sea Burswood 1g model test
8 GOG 1 1g model test
qball /qball,rem
40 6
(a) (b) (c)
(a) Profiles of qnet (b) profiles of qT-bar (c) profiles of qball
4
2
Yafrate and DeJong (2006)
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
St
(a) Comparison between qT-bar/qT-bar,rem
and strength sensitivity. (b) Comparison
between qball/qball,rem and strength
sensitivity.
Randolph, M. F., D. Seo and D.J. White (2010), Parametric solutions for slide impact on pipelines,
Journal of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental Engineering, 136(7): 940-949.
Pipelines are frequently subjected to the slide is equilibrated by membrane accuracy over a wide parameter range,
active loading from slide events, both on tension in the pipeline in addition to and the net effect of the slide in terms
land and in the offshore environment. the passive resistance. Various authors of stresses induced in the pipe wall
Whether the pipeline is initially buried have explored this problem, and and maximum displacement of the
or lying close to the surface, and these principles are well established. pipeline may be captured in appropriate
whether it crosses the unstable region However, to date, no attempt has dimensionless groups. Design charts
or lies in the path of debris originating been made to develop a standard set are presented for slide widths of up to
from further away, the main principles of parametric solutions, which is the 1000 times the pipeline diameter, for
are unchanged. The pipeline will purpose of the current paper. Both a practical range of other parameters
be subjected to active loading over analytical and numerical solutions of such as the ratios of passive normal
some defined length, related to the the problem have been developed, and frictional resistance to the active
width of the slide, and as it deforms initially for slides acting normal to the loading. Although the solutions are
will be restrained by transverse and pipeline but later extended to general limited by some of the idealisations,
longitudinal resistance in adjacent conditions with the slide impacting they should provide a useful starting
passive zones. Ultimately, the pipeline the pipeline at some angle. It is shown point in design, providing a framework
may come to a stable deformed shape that analytical solutions based on for more detailed numerical analysis for
where continued active loading from certain idealisations maintain their the particular governing conditions.
0.0005
0.001 0.0002 B/D = 100 B/D = 10,000
Computed strain, /E
0.0001
Tension 0.00005
0.00002 0.001
0.0001 p/q = 4, f/p =1
p/q = 0.5, f/p = 1
p/q = 0.5, f/p = 0.5
Bending p/q = 0.5, f/p = 0.25
p/q = f/p = 0.5 p/q = 0.05, f/p = 0.25
0.00001 0.0001
10 100 1000 10000 0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01
Normalized debris flow width, B/D Slide loading, qB/EA
Effect of slide loading and width on maximum pipeline strains Variation of maximum combined strain with slide loading
35
Key papers
Hodder, M. S. and M. J. Cassidy (2010), A plasticity model for predicting the vertical and lateral
behaviour of pipelines in clay soils, Geotechnique, 60(4): 247–263.
A complete theoretical model for The testing was conducted within to be made for various vertical and
predicting the undrained behaviour The University of Western Australia’s horizontal load or displacement
of a rigid pipe in clay soils when geotechnical drum centrifuge using combinations. However, it is limited to
subjected to combined vertical and an element of pipe 10mm in diameter, monotonic loading and relatively small
horizontal loading is described. 50mm in length and at an acceleration displacements. The model is verified in
Physical modelling of a pipe on soft, 50 times the Earth’s gravity. The this paper by retrospectively simulating
lightly overconsolidated kaolin clay model presented is expressed by a selection of combined loading tests
was conducted, with the experimental the force resultants on the pipe and and comparing the output with the
test program specifically designed the corresponding displacements experimentally recorded results
to establish the model parameters. and allows predictions of response
Tian, Y. and M. J. Cassidy (2008), Modelling of pipe-soil interaction and its application in numerical
simulation, International Journal of Geomechanics, 8(4): 213-229.
This paper presents three plasticity for the behaviour within an allowable and their potential to investigate
models that can be applied to combined loading surface. The first is generic pipeline system behaviour
numerically simulate pipe-soil based on traditional strain-hardening is demonstrated. The applicability
interaction. They can be applied plasticity theory and therefore assumes of the three models is interpreted
individually to evaluate the force- purely elastic response inside a single theoretically and their differences
displacement response of a small plane- expandable yield-surface. The second shown through application for (i) a
strain pipe section or in combination allows some plasticity due to the use one pipe-soil interaction element,
to simulate a long pipeline system. of a bounding surface, and the third and along (ii) a 100m segment of
In the latter, numerous pipe-soil accounts for kinematic hardening pipeline. The latter shows the practical
elements are attached to structural through the introduction of a second application of these models to offshore
finite-elements, each simulating smaller surface. The models are detailed pipeline engineering examples, with
localised foundation restraint along in this paper, allowing for simple the influence of a free span behaviour
the pipeline. The three models are numerical implementation. Importantly, investigated. The ability to model
increasing in sophistication, mainly due they are incorporated within the complex cyclic loading is also shown.
to the manner in which they account structural analysis of a pipeline
37
Key papers
Liu, H.B. and X.L. Zhao (2011), Predictions of fatigue life of steel connections under combined actions
using boundary element method, The 21st International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference,
Maui, Hawaii, USA, 19-24 June, Volume 4, pp. 276-281
The fatigue life of girth weld is always boundary element method of analysis. were described clearly by the stress
an important issue for subsea pipelines. Combined forces were applied in these intensity factors near crack-tip, the
In this paper the method of numerical models: constant amplitude cyclic mode crack propagation rates and the fatigue
modelling was used to study the fatigue I load and perpendicular static load. lives. The effect of perpendicular
behaviours of subsea pipeline steel The numerical results were compared static load, stress ratio and stress
connections. The analytical models were with the corresponding experimental range on fatigue behaviours were
established using the software of BEASY, results and good agreements were evaluated through parametric study.
which is developed on the basis of the achieved. Their fatigue behaviours
F1
Loading
frame
Fh Fh
F1
Hand pump
Zhao, M. and L. Cheng (2010), Numerical investigation of local scour below a vibrating pipeline under
steady currents, Coastal Engineering, 57: 397-406.
Local scour below a vibrating pipeline vibrations cause increases of scour scale of the scour. The shallower the
under steady current is investigated by depth below the pipeline. The scour pit water depth is, the less time it requires
a finite element numerical model. The underneath a two-degree-of-freedom to reaches the equilibrium state of scour.
flow, sediment transport and pipeline vibrating pipeline is deeper than that It is found that the vibration forces
response are coupled in the numerical under a pipeline vibrating only in the vortices to be shed from the bottom side
model. The numerical results of scour transverse flow direction. The effects of the pipeline. Then vortex shedding
depths and pipeline vibration amplitudes of water depth are also investigated. around a vibrating pipeline is closer to
are compared with measured data The present numerical result shows that the seabed than vortex shedding around
available in literature. Good agreement water depth has weak effect on the scour a fixed pipeline. This contributes to the
is obtained. It is found that pipeline depth. However it does affect the time increase of the scour depth.
39
Key papers
Albermani, F., H. Khalilpasha and H. Karampour (2011), Propagation buckling in subsea pipelines,
Engineering Structures, 33(9): 2547-2533
The paper investigates buckle numerical results using finite element pipe, a faceted cylindrical geometry is
propagation in deep subsea pipelines. analysis. The experimental investigation also investigated. Preliminary analysis of
Experimental results using ring squash was conducted using commercial a faceted pipe shows that a substantial
tests and hyperbaric chamber tests aluminium pipes with diameter-to- increase in buckling capacity can be
are presented and compared with a thickness (D/t) ratio in the range of 20- achieved for the same D/t ratio.
modified analytical solution and with 48. In contrast to conventional cylindrical
(a) (b)
41
Key papers
Wang, D., D.J. White and M.F. Randolph. (2010), Large deformation finite element analysis of pipe
penetration and large-amplitude lateral displacement, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 47(8): 842-856.
Seabed pipelines must be designed using a large deformation finite element the soil strength. For ‘light’ pipes, the
to accommodate thermal expansion – (LDFE) method, with a strain-softening, pipe rises to the soil surface and the
which is commonly achieved through rate-dependent soil model being soil failure mechanism involves sliding
controlled lateral buckling – and to incorporated. The calculated soil flow at the base of the berm. In contrast,
resist damage from submarine slides. mechanisms, pipe resistances and ‘heavy’ pipes dive downwards and
In both cases, the pipe moves laterally trajectories from the LDFE analyses a deep shearing zone is mobilised,
by a significant distance and the overall agree well with upper bound plasticity expanding with continuing lateral
pipeline response is strongly influenced solutions and centrifuge test data. It movement. The different responses
by the lateral pipe-soil resistance. This is found that the lateral resistance is are reconciled by defining an ‘effective
resistance is affected both by the soil strongly influenced by soil heave during embedment’ that includes the effect of
conditions and also the weight of the penetration and the berm formed the soil berm or wall ahead of the pipe.
pipe, since the longitudinal flexibility ahead of the pipe during lateral pipe The relationship between normalised
allows the pipe to move vertically while displacement. Two distinct modes of lateral resistance and effective
being pushed or dragged laterally. In this behaviour are evident, depending embedment is well fitted using a power
paper, the process of pipe penetration on the weight of the pipe relative to law, regardless of the pipe weight.
and lateral displacement is investigated
-1
-1 u/D=0.5
u/D=0.01
-0.5
-0.5
0
0
z/D
z/D
0.5
0.5
1 1
(a) (b)
1.5 1.5
-0.5
Equivalent plastic strain around pipe after vertical penetration (w/D = 0.45) -0.5
z/D
z/D
0
0
0.5
0.5
(c) (d)
1 1
-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 -4.5 -4 -3.5 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5
x/D x/D
Soil flow mechanisms for a heavy pipe (R = 1.25)
Boylan, N., C. Gaudin, D.J. White and M.F. Randolph (2010), Modelling of submarine slides in the
geotechnical centrifuge, 7th International Conference on Physical Modelling in Geotechnics (ICPMG
2010), Zurich, Switzerland CD:1095-1100.
The depletion of near shore hydrocarbon dependent on the security of the Western Australia. This facility uses
resources has led to a move to installations and tie-backs to shore, the long, narrow channel of the drum
exploration and production in deep which are susceptible to geohazards centrifuge to model the run-out of
and ultra-deep waters. This shift into such as submarine slides. The Centre submarine slides that are triggered
deeper waters requires increased for Offshore Foundation Systems (COFS) from an intact block of clay, along a
reliance on sub-sea installations and has initiated research to investigate the model seabed. This paper describes
pipelines that can extend to more than impact of submarine slides on offshore the development of the apparatus to
500km from shore, often across areas pipelines. As part of this project, a trigger the slides in the drum centrifuge
of changing seabed morphology and facility has been developed to model and presents some results from the
continental shelves. The viability of submarine slides in the geotechnical first tests conducted in the facility.
these developments is increasingly drum centrifuge at the University of
Legend
43
Key papers
Baldock, T. E. and J. K. Seelam (2009), Numerical and physical modelling of tsunami run-up and
impact on subsea pipelines, 1st Annual Society for Underwater Technology Subsea Technical Conference
(SUT), Perth.
This paper presents initial results from on the continental shelf and on the results of the experiments which aim
experimental and numerical modelling continental slope are also examined. to simulate conditions corresponding
of tsunami wave propagation over the to the continental shelf slope and
The experimental measurements
continental slope and near shore region. particularly the near shore zone, where
include data covering non-breaking and
The paper considers the potential tsunami breaking may generate high
breaking tsunami-type waves obtained
impacts of tsunami waves on subsea horizontal pressure gradients over
from the large-scale Tsunami Wave
pipelines, which may be indirect i.e. the large areas of the seabed. Novel shear
Basin at Oregon State University. Initial
triggering of submarine landslides or cell measurements will be made to
experimental measurements of sea bed
turbidity currents. The project will also investigate the relative contribution
pressures and bed shear stresses will
consider how the complex bathymetry of shear stress and pressure gradients
be presented from the University of
around pipelines may change the fluid to submarine slide initiation. Tsunami
Queensland tsunami wave flume, which
loading, and it will also examine the kinematics within submarine canyons
will subsequently be used to investigate
potential loads induced by internal may amplify the tsunami motion and
the potential for tsunami-induced
waves. The modelling encompasses both flow velocities and is also of concern.
liquefaction of the sea bed around
overland flow processes and the seabed The experimental results will be used
pipelines and the potential for tsunami
pressures and shear stresses induced to further refine numerical modelling
to trigger submarine landslides. The
by tsunami waves. Likely conditions of tsunami and to develop models.
paper provides an overview and initial
(a) (b)
Summary of deployment results showing modem performance over range (a) and the
corresponding signal strength data detected by the ambient noise recorder (b).
45
Awards
Researcher awards:
Whitfield Scholarship: Hongjie Zhou
Australian Academy of Science’s Anton Hales medal: David White
ARC Future Fellowships: David White • Mark Cassidy
2011 E.H. Davis Lecturer: Mark Cassidy
2011 WA young scientist of the year: David White
47
Keynote presentations,
invited lectures and papers
Boylan, N. P. and D. J. White (2010). Randolph, M. F., D. Wang, H. Zhou, White, D.J. and C. Gaudin (2009).
Geotechnical frontiers in offshore M.S. Hossain and Y. Hu (2008), Physical modelling techniques
engineering – invited keynote lecture. Large deformation finite element developed within the Cluster and the
International Symposium on Recent analysis for offshore applications, resulting advances in pipeline analysis
Advances and Technologies in Coastal 12th International Conference of techniques, International Workshop
Development, Tokyo, Japan, CD: 18 pages. International Association for Computer on Geotechnical Modelling, Tongji
Methods and Advances in Geomechanics University, China, November 2009.
Cassidy, M.J. (2009). Engineering
(IACMAG), Goa, India, CD: 3307-3318.
for a new generation of offshore White, D. J. and D. N. Cathie (2011).
production. ATSE Focus. Vol. 154, White, D.J. (2008). Geotechnical Geotechnics for subsea pipelines – a
Australian Academy of Technological design of seabed pipelines, keynote lecture. 2nd International
Sciences and Engineering, pp. 21-22. European Symposium on Centrifuge Symposium on Frontiers in Offshore
Modelling, London, May 2008. Geotechnics, Perth, Australia, n/a: 87-123.
Cassidy, M.J. (2009). Foundations
for Australia’s offshore oil and gas White, D.J. (2009). Recent advances in
installations, WA Chapter of the pipeline geotechnics made through
Australian Academy of Technological centrifuge modelling at UWA, Deltares,
Sciences and Engineering, 10 June 2009. The Netherlands, December 2009.
Cassidy, M.J. and Y. Tian (2011).
Development and application of
models for the stability analysis of
Australia’s offshore pipelines. Proc.
2011 Symposium on Coastal and Marine
Geotechnics: Foundations for trade, 15th
Annual Symposium of the Australian
Geomechanics Society, Sydney, Australia.
Hao H. (2009). SHM research in UWA,
Guangzhou University, China, 2009.
Randolph, M.F., C. Gaudin, S. Gourvenec,
D.J. White, N. Boylan and M.J. Cassidy
(2011), Recent advances in offshore
geotechnics for deepwater oil and gas
developments, Ocean Engineering.
Randolph, M. F. and D. J. White (2008),
Offshore foundation design – a
moving target. Keynote paper, 2nd
International Conference on Foundations
(ICOF), Bracknell, UK, 27-59.
Christophe Gaudin giving a tour of the beam centrifuge during ISFOG2010 ISFOG2010 proceedings
49
The Subsea Pipeline Collaboration Cluster
The partners
51
52 Subsea Pipeline Collaboration Cluster – final report
53
Contact us For further information
t 1300 363 400
Flagship Collaboration Cluster leader
+61 3 9545 2176
Winthrop Professor Mark Cassidy
e enquiries@csiro.au
Director – Centre for Offshore Foundation
w www.csiro.au
Systems, University of Western Australia
M053
Your CSIRO
35 Stirling Highway
Australia is founding its future on
Crawley WA 6009
science and innovation. Its national
t +61 8 6488 1142
science agency, CSIRO, is a powerhouse
f +61 8 6488 1104
of ideas, technologies and skills for
e mark.cassidy@uwa.edu.au
building prosperity, growth, health and
sustainability. It serves governments, CSIRO
industries, business and communities Ian Cresswell
across the nation. Science Director, Wealth from Oceans
National Research Flagship, CSIRO
GPO Box 1538
Hobart TAS 7001
t +61 3 6232 5213
f +61 3 6232 5125
e ian.cresswell@csiro.au