.

âý‚y …Š¨_Œq †ý wõwr

âý‚y …Š¨_Œq w˜‡˜ys †ÝuŒû{
( Introduction of Hydraulic Symbols )

âý‚y wstÕ‚ ¨s„ çRo} _~uŒ¨u_¢ ‚uŒuk uP ]y …q¢‚ úút _¢…qý Õë} }Ÿq¢ñ. \
{ _¢…qý Wq¢õuŒ \_Œ w²týuq{ _¢…qý‚}_Œ ‚uŒ¨uŒ wõwr}_Œ ¨†ýÝuŒ
»}‚ý ¨qŒ~P aè{k WÕ †»}ý‚ñ. w†q Û_Œ¨‚uŒ¨uŒ âý‚y wõwr‚ …Š¨_Œq …
s†ý ¨y¨†úk ¨}ýÚ auŒuý †mq »†™w}».

‚§qŒqý_ý~ m}{uŒJ …{eq¢~ý…²ý_ý~

†m} †m} †m}

wõwr¨}‹ ¨y¨† †mq ÕyŸos A‚ý Wq¢õuŒ ¨P †mq q¢u ‚mý ‚saqŒ
¨S. …ý{ýuµ ‚ƒ¨}uŒ ‚§qŒqý_ý~ †m} {a™uŒ âý‚y  ws tÕ}_ WŠa}uŒ q
¢u_Œ ç~•wu} ¨S. \uP, ¨wýPw}, ¨{k~}, w›mu{ýu} }u \{ ZwýŠa q¢uñ.

¨wýPw} ¨{k~} w›mu{ýu} …˜…˜_} ¨w~u} ‚•‹‚}

‚§qŒqý_ý~ †m} q¢‡ Û_Œ¨‚u Wuþ ú…‹q~ {a™uŒ \{ …Š¨_Œq} _¢

{_ŒÛñ ]yk w†Ý˜ _~ ¨suþ Wq. m}{uŒJ †m¨}uŒ »}¨‚uŒ¨uŒ âý‚y
¨q‹ ¨w~u}uŒ w˜‡˜ys‚ ¨† âý‚y ¨q‹ …˜…˜_}_Œ w˜‡˜ys‚}. …{eq
¢~ƒ±ý_ý~ †m¨}uŒ …{úk{ Û_Œ¨‚uŒ¨uŒ ‚•‹‚}».
X†q †mq‚k W{q~‚ âý‚y wõwr ‚ ¨q‹ a{uŒ {ýRa} Û_Œ¨‚u ¨R`ý ‚Ra q¢u».
1). bo ¨R`ý - _²˜}ý_ýö ¨q‹ ¨au}u {ýRa}

2). ¨_Ë _m ¨R`ý – WmŸw›mu {ýRa}

3). Ýa¢ _m ¨R`ý - ç}{Ÿ w›mu {ýRa}

wõwr WÞ¨PÞ ¨R`ý \»¨u_ †~†ý }u wõÝ WÞ{k …˜ß¨S. \†™Þ \{ ¨q ‹ {ýRa …
PyuŒs ¨Ss uss }uŒu Û_Œû{ …s†ý ¨wýß …P{q}_Œ zýúqý _  }Ÿq¢ñ.
\uP;

Õq_Œ {a˜uŒ ¨wuŒuþP ¨_¨~uŒ¨uŒ …PyuŒÝq

{ýRa}uŒ}.

1 Hydraulic
wý{_Œ ‚ç †m}»uŒ ¨wuŒuþP ¨_¨~uŒ¨uŒ
wñw‹w …PyuŒs uÕ y‚ñ.

bo q²˜¨_oý_ý~ †m}»uŒ ¨wuŒ‚uŒ¨uŒ ¨q‹ a{uŒ _~u {ýRa}ñ (݃ý‚ñ).

¨{}k W{q~‚ q‚qŒ ú¨ƒŒ„˜q ¨R`ý‚_Œ Wq.

¨{} wõwr}_ ¨_ýk…‹ »w}_Œ \_Œ »ö¨{uŒ qç \Œ__}_Œ …ßuþ

úk \} wõwr¨}‹ \_Œ qç \Œ__}_Œ y‚k ¨wuŒû{k zýúqý _~ñ.
ZÚ†~o}_Œ ¨… âý‚y kŠ»}_Œ q¢ …ú_~u s ‰˜‹k~}_Œ
aq¨†ýqŒ ¨{{ Xõ‚˜uŒ \{ kŠ»} ‚k _úk, ‰˜‹k~} kŠ»¨}‹ \_Œ
¨_ýk…_Œ ¨… Û_Œ¨‚ñ. Bu•{ âý‚y wstÕ}_ w{Ÿ‚u ¨_ýk… ¨…
…»} †_Œ¨_Œ kŠ»}ñ. ]y suŒuý wõÝ kŠ» ‚Ra ¨s__Œ Ûuk
zýúq¨}‹ w‚Ö.

ú‚§q kŠ»} …Š‚§q kŠ»} ¨w~†u …˜…˜_}

filter or strainer

âý‚y ¨wýPw †ý ¨{ k~ …Š¨_Œq {a™uŒ ç~•wo} _šö{

‚§qŒqý_ý~ †m} q¢‡ q²˜¨_o} \†™ ƒ™R„} w˜kqk …˜Ëu ¨ … s_Œ‚uŒ¨uŒ

¨wýPw} {a™uŒ ¨q‹ w˜kqk a{uŒ _~u ݃ý‚ñ. q‚qŒ bo q²˜¨_o}_Œ
¨{{ ‚§qŒq} q¢ Õì¨{uŒ ¨{{ ¨wýPw} {a™uŒ ¨q‹ ¨s݃ý‚k ¨au }ý † »
y‚ s_Œ‚ñ.

¨{k~}qŒ, ¨wýPw}qŒ ¨y¨† ß~k …{ýu_P WÕ ¨s_». W…{ýu ‚uŒ¨uŒ

¨{k~}k ¨q‹ yýÞ{uŒ, ¨wýPw¨}uŒ w˜kqk ¨q‹ a{uŒ »ö{qŒ}.

\_‹ ݃ý‚_k »±}ý_~u

\_‹ ݃ý‚_k »±}ý_~u
ç}q ú…‹rýwu
ç}q ú…‹rýwu ¨{k~}
¨wýPw}
Single acting fixed
Single acting fixed
displacement motor
displacement pump
¨s݃ý‚k{ »±}ý_~u
¨s݃ý‚k{ »±}ý_~u
ç}q ú…‹rýwu
ç}q ú…‹rýwu ¨{k~}
¨wýPw}
Double acting fixed
Double acting fixed
displacement motor
displacement pump

2 Hydraulic
 ¨s݃ý‚k »±}ý_~u úeµ ¨s݃ý‚k »±}ý_~u
ú…‹rýwu ¨wýPw} úeµ ú…‹rýwu ¨{k~}
Double acting variable Double acting variable
displacement pump displacement motor

\_Œ ݃ý‚_k »±}ý_~u

\_Œ ݃ý‚_k »±}ý_~u
úeµ ú…‹rýwu
úeµ ú…‹rýwu ¨{k~}
¨wýPw}
Single acting variable
Single acting variable
displacement motor
displacement pump

w†q …Š¨_Œq {a™uŒ ‚• ‹‚ ç~•wo} _~ñ. ‚¨…u - W¨~u

\_Œ ¨_ýkþ‚_Œ {a™uŒ \_Œ W‚…‹rý‚_Œ

ç~•wo} _~ñ.
¨{†š Û_Œ¨‚uŒ¨uŒ W¨~u ‚¨…u (W‚…‹rý
¨s__Œ w{o_Œ WÕ) ‚•‹‚}». ¨{{ ‚•‹‚ {a™uŒ
¨_¨~u _ýR}} q‚ß~kqŒ Wq¢‡ÕuŒ …Š¨_Œq
¨}ýÚ açíuŒ ¨wuŒú} †»}.

¨s݃ý‚k »²}ý_~u …˜˜uŒm~}_Œ †…

˜~û{k \†™ …‹wþ‹ (spool) ‚•‹‚}k W‚…‹rý q
¢u_Œ W‚ƒ}}˜. \uP, …˜˜uŒm~} Ýa¢ »ö{,
ZÚ…›u »ö{ …† †»˜{. A …s†ý ‚•‹‚¨}‹ …
Š¨_Œq} ¨_ýk¡ q¢u»uŒ …{uŒúq ú} }Ÿq¢}.
¨{†š Û_Œ¨‚uŒ¨uŒ W‚…‹rý q¢u_Œ …†™q ݃ý
wýu ‚•‹‚}» (Three position directional control
valve). ¨{†™ {s WÕ ¨_ýkþ¨‚uŒ …
{úk{ ZÚ…›u W‚…‹rý‚ ¨wuŒuþP _~ñ.
¨{{ ¨_ýkþ q¢ s_Œuk ¨yu Yq {a™uŒ ¨q‹
a{uŒ _~u ݃ý‚ Û_Œ¨S.

݃ý wýu ‚•‹‚}_ (spool valve) _wýk w²týu ‚ƒ¨}uŒ ¨_ýk…‹ 4_k ¨‚uŒ _‡ †_. A
…•{ _wýk}_Œ …s†ý{ {s ¨_ýkþ¨S w˜†™Ì{ w†q W}ŸõuŒ Û_Œ¨S.

3 Hydraulic
w›mu …†u ‚•‹‚¨}‹ (Simple pressure relief valve ) …Š¨_Œq}

…ý{ýuµ ‚ƒ¨}uŒ \†™ _ýR}} ‚uþ¨}‹ wstÕ¨}‹

w›mu} …P{q w›mu}k ‚mý ‚Ï ‚¤ úk wstÕ¨}‹
w›mu} ç}q‚ qyý aç{ …s†ý ¨q‹ kŠ»} aý}ý{k
…‡…‹û{ñ.

ÛuŒ Ww˜ y{Ÿ wñI ]w¨RkJ ö˜‰Œ ‚•‹‚} (pilot

operated relief valve) }uþ _¢{_Œs »}ý. ¨{} X†q
‚•‚¨}uŒ ¨‚u…‹ ‚uŒ¨uŒ \}k W{q~ ç}{Ÿ
w›mu}_Œ WÕ yúç.

X†q …s†uŒ …Š¨_Œq ‚k W{q~‚ y†Ÿ‚ zýúqý ¨_¨~u …Š¨_Œq »†™w}_Œ
w†q Û_Œ¨S.

ú‚~¨}‹ ¨¬„‹q²x} ßuŒu_Œ {a™uŒ

¨‚u…‹ _‡ ¨uý†» ]õ »²}ý_~u
‰›…} W»}Ÿí¨‹kR Spring
Fixed Orifice loaded accumulator
ú‚~¨}‹ ¨¬„‹q²x} ç}q y~_Œ {a™uŒ
¨‚u…‹ _‡ †» ]õ _²˜}ý_~u
‰˜›…} W»}Ÿí¨‹kR
Variable Orifice Weighted accumulator
‚ý}Ÿ {a™uŒ
¨e_Œ ‚•‹‚ _²˜}ý_~u
Check Valve W»}Ÿí¨‹kR Gased
Pressurised accumulator

4 Hydraulic
 _Œ„Ó_‚ …uŒå _‡ †»
qç ݃ý‚_k _²˜}ý_~u
†ý ú…uŒå _ †»
…˜˜uŒm~}
‚•‹‚ Quick disconnect
Single acting cylinder
valve
w›mu} Wm¡_šö¨P
¨s݃ý‚k{ _²˜}ý_~u
‚•‹‚}
…˜˜uŒm~}
Pressure reducing valve
Double action cylinder

aý}ý¨P …œb±qý‚}
¨‚u…Œ _ †•» ‚•‹‚} ú߁š ¨{k~}
Adjustable flow control Electric motor
valve (slow return valve)
ú‚§q »ö¨P …† ‚•…œ¨P u} ¨q‹ {Ik{ Wý…
‚•‹‚} u‹u}k …Pyu‹s _~
Manual on-off valve Wq Line above the
(shut off valve) fluid level
u} ¨q‹ {Ik{k
W‚†š~ _~u s ú‚~} w†˜u‹ …Pyu‹s _~
Plug connection Wq Line bellow the
fluid level

¨e_Œ ‚•‹‚ }u¡ \_Œ ݃ý‚_k w{o_Œ ¨q‹ a{uŒ _~ú} †» ‚•‹‚}». ¨{}
‚•‹‚¨}‹ …Š¨_Œq¨}uŒ \†™ _²˜}ý‚˜}s †ßuý aq †_. \†™ Yq}_Œ †ý
‚§qŒq}_Œ ¨R`ý {a™uŒ …PyuŒs ¨_ýk Wq. ‚‹‚} †~†ý ¨q ‹ a ý }
uŒ¨uŒ Yq} ݃ý¨ú …šk ‚§qŒq} ݃ý‚kñ.

_Œ„Ó_‚ …uŒå _‡ †» †ý ú…uŒå _ †» ‚•‹‚ (quick disconnect valve) ¨yý¨†
ß~k _˜uŒ _rý _‡ ¨e_Œ ‚•‹‚}k …{ýu ¨S. ¨P‚ý …uŒå _‡ úk A‚ý¨}‹ W Õ
¨y {Ÿ†ŸoÕuŒ WqŒû ¨q‹ aý}ý{k ……‹‚ñ. ú…uŒå _‡úk ¨q‹ a{uŒ
»ö{ u‚Õ.

‚•‹‚ †ý W¨u_¢qŒ wýu _²˜}ý »ö{ …s†ý ›‚~ ¨† ¨yýqŒqP ‚ ç {ýtµ}uŒ
W‚ƒµ ¨S.

‚•‹‚}_ ¨swqŒ¨qŒ{ ßuþ s_Œuk yŸu¨†ýqŒ \ñuŒ »}¨‚uŒ¨uŒ \{ ßuþ

{a™uŒ …{q¢˜q‚ w‚q˜u y‚}.

‚•‹‚} »…˜}P W‚…‹rý‚_ ósú} †» uP \} w†q ~•w¨}uŒ s•_Œú} †•_. \†™ _Ik
{a™uŒ Û_Œ¨‚uŒ¨uŒ ‚•‹‚} \†ý ¨{†ý a{uŒ _~û{ u‚qŒú} †» …‹rýu
»}_Œ ¨Ss »}ýñ. \¨{uŒ{ ¨{†™ …˜~…‹ X¨~uŒ ¨wuŒ‚uŒ¨uŒ ZÚ…›u
W‚…‹rý‚ñ.

5 Hydraulic
âý‚y wõwq w˜ ˜ys † ÝuŒû{

âý‚y wõwr …k†u_ úƒý _~o¡ †ý sqŒq w²{ýu}_Œ \_‚~ ç~•wo} _‡ † _.
u{ŸqŒ A A ¨_ýk… çR{ýo} ¨_ýk WÕ }ýuŒq²˜_ _²{} ¨† …‹‚~•w}
{Ÿø{çuŒ{ âý‚y wõwr …k†u_ ç~•wo} _ ¨uý†_. ¨P w˜‡˜ys‚ ‚mýqŒ
Wtµ}u} »ö{ …s†ý ¨{†™ …~ †ý …Š¼Ro wõwr …k†uŒ »†™w}_Œ
w˜˜¨‚˜uŒ Û_Œ¨S. wõwr …k†uŒ Wtµu} »ö{ …s†ý wuŒÕ _ý{~¨}‹
‚m{Ÿˆ ‚k W{q~‚ ]y ú…˜uŒ qçqç‚ _ýoŒmý}P ‚ƒ¨}uŒ \‚ý Wtµu}
»ö{ ‚mýqŒ ‚saqŒ ¨S.

6 Hydraulic
âý‚y ws tÕ ‚Ra³_~o}.
(Classification of hydraulic system)

âý‚y wstÕ w²týu ‚ƒ¨}uŒ ‚Ra ¨s__k ¨y¨s. \uP

 ú‚§q wstÕ (Open System)

 …Š‚§q wstÕ ( Closed System )

ú‚§q wstÕ}_ ¨wýPw¨}‹ Wýsýu {ýRa} ( Suction line ) †ý wstÕ¨}‹ a{uŒ _

¨q‹ Wýw…Ÿ \u u {ýRa} ( Return line ) }u u {ýRa ¨s_{ ¨‚u ¨‚u{ kŠ»}k …
Pyu‹s _~ W•q. ¨wýPw¨}‹ Wýsýu {ýRa¨}u‹ ¨q ‹ W s a è{ …˜ß‚u Wq~
Wýw…Ÿ \u u {ýRa¨}‹ WÕ ¨q‹ k»} ¨‚q ¨}ý{Ÿ _~ñ.

¨{{ ‚~‹a¨}Œ âý‚y wstÕ u‚qqŒ ‚Ra ¨s__k ¨y¨s. \uP,

 ú‚§q ¨_‹u‹ä} wstÕ (Open Center System)

 …Š‚§q ¨_‹u‹ä} wstÕ ( Closed Center System )

ú‚§q ¨_‹u‹ä}
 ú‚§q ¨_‹u‹ä}
ws tÕ ws tÕ (Open Center System)

7 Hydraulic
8 Hydraulic
9 Hydraulic
…Š‚§q ¨_‹u‹ä} ws tÕ ( Closed Center System )

10 Hydraulic
…Š‚§q ws tÕ ( Closed System )
…Š‚§q wstÕ}_ Wýw…Ÿ \u {ýRa¨}‹ (Return line) Wq˜ ¨q‹ \{ wstÕ¨}‹ Wq˜ ¨wýPw¨}‹ WýÚu {ýRa}k
( Suction line ) ¨‚q ¨}ý{Ÿ _~ Wq. \uP wstÕ¨}‹ a{uŒ ¨_ýk Wýw…Ÿ wí¨ou ¨q ‹ u ‚q ¨wýPw} ¨‚q ¨}ý{Ÿ
_~ñ. _ýoŒß‚u ¨q‹ w{o_Œ kŠ»} ¨‚q ¨}ý{Ÿ»õ{ …˜ß¨S. ¨{¨…‹ _ýuŒß ‚u ¨q ‹ w²{ýo}k …õ u ¨q ‹
w²{ýo}_Œ w{o_Œ kŠ»¨}uŒ yý aè{ …˜ß_~ñ. q‚s wõwr} yù w{çuŒ …Š‚§q …‹‚~•w}_Œ s_Œuk •¨O.

11 Hydraulic