Ue] ra wh nance Cc rn XN 20. + =c° oO a DS a... {xOCEB evel Bulletin d’ Information N° 222 Application of High Performance Concrete wi Report of the CEB-FIP Working Group on High Strength / High Performance Concrete NOVEMBER 1994Members of the Joint CEB-FIP Working Group on High Strength / High Performance Concrete: Chairman: Ivar Holand (Trondheim) Members: Pierre-Claude Aitcin (Sherbrooke) Amon Bentur* (Haifa) Jan Bumett (Melbourne) Nigel Clayton (Garston) Frangois de Larrard* (Paris) Steinar Helland* (Oslo) George Hoff @allas) Jean-Paul Jaccoud (Lausanne) Hirotako Kawano (Asahi) Sven Kinnunen (Stockholm) Gert Kinig* (Darmstadt) Piero Marro (Torino) Luc Taerwe* (Gent) Gerd Thielen isseldorf) Joost C. Walraven (Delft) *Main contributors to this publication Acknowledgements are due to the following for their contribution to this publication: M. Hallgren, K. R. Henriksen, J. D. Magnusson, R. E. Rowe, M. Sandvik, I. Schgn, R. Tewes, M. Wetherill © Comité Euro-International du Béton (CEB)/Fédération Internationale de la Précontrainte (FIP), 1994 Although the Comité Euro-International du Béton and the Fédération Internationale de la Précontrainte do. their best to ensure that any information they may give Is accurate, no liability or responsibilty of any kind (including lability for negligence) is accepted in this respect by the organizations, their members, servants or agents. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, o otherwise, without prior written permission. ISSN 0378-9489 ISBN 2-88394-025-8 First published 1994 by the Comité Euro-International du Béton (CEB) EPF Lausanne, Case Postale 88, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland Tel. (441.21) 6993.27.47, Fax 693,50.60, Telex 454 478 EPFL CHCONTENTS Page Preface 4 Introduction 5 Documented Application Examples Three Japanese railway bridges from the 1970's 6 "Shore approach’ Subsea concrete tunnel 8 Great Belt Link 10 Elorn Bridge 12 CNT Super bridge 14 Building 'D3 - Espace Léopold' in Brussels 15 BIG Building, Frankfurt am Main 16 Advanced uses of high strength concrete in Two Union Square 18 Kuala Lumpur City Centre 20 Self-desiccating HPC slab on grade in Finspang 22 The Heidrun tension leg platform 24 Civaux Nuclear Power Plant 26 High strength concrete pavements 28 A barrier against chlorinated hydrocarbons at University Hospital, GieBen 30 BONNA pipes for microtunneling 32 Spun HPC in prestressed transmission poles 33 List of Projects Key data on type, location, year of construction, reasons for using HSC/HPC, concrete performance, and design considerations for some 120 projects 34 Rules and Regulations Review of selected documents from CEB/FIP, Norway, Finland, USA, Cana Germany, The Netherlands, Sweden, France 45 Current Research Projects As result of a worldwide circulated questionnaire: key data on current research projects, including researchers’ complete addresses 53Preface The continuing development of High Strength Concrete and, more importantly, High Performance Conrete and their application in practice in many countries stimulated the FIP and CEB to set up a new Joint Working Group in 1992 with the remit to monitor this activity and to report on different facets of it from time to time. The primary initial task was to collect reliable information from projects, completed and in progress, to disseminate it in various ways and to base further work on this sound factual study. This report deals with this stage and should aid the appreciation of the capability of modem concrete structures to be designed and constructed to give 'High Performance’ in terms of the client's requirements. Jan Moksnes Roy E. Rowe President of FIP President of CEBIntroduction With the interest of both CEB and FIP in the implications of the use of high strength concrete, a first Joint Working Group forhigh strength concrete was set up between the two bodies Jn 1988. The Working Group concluded their work in 1990 by delivering a State of the Art Report on High Strength Concrete. The report was issued jointly by CEB as Bulletin d'information No. 197 and FIP as SR9O/t The utilization of high strength concrete progresses rapidly, and a new joint working group was established early in 1992 to continue the work. At that time, interest had changed to pay more attention to performance requirements, and the new Working Group was denoted CEBYFIP Working Group of High StrengthiHigh Performance Concrete (HSC/HPC). ‘The group has 15 members from various European countries {as well as from Japan, Israel, Australia, USA and Canada. ‘The work to be completed by the working group is referred to five interrelated tasks. Under all tasks all aspects of the utlization of HSC/HPC should be covered when relevant, including materials, analysis and design, and execution. The present report constitutes the deliverable from Taskt, where the objective has been to disseminate information about HSC/HPC. The most important barrier to an increased use of HSC/HPC is considered to be conservatism and lack of knowledge about the potential benefits in changing to higher concrete qualities. An important task is therefore to provide information about the benefits of HSC/HPC in a form Which is suited to convince decision-makers. ‘The present report is similar to the State of the Art Report regarding the list of standards and specifications, and ‘contains an updating of the previous list. Also, the list of projects prepared is similar to the listin the previous State of the Art Report, but contains more information about each project. Selected projects are given a broader presentation and constitute the main part of the present report. This presentation includes structures with a broad geographical distribution and is meant to demonstrate the potential of the material and at the same time indicate where more information may be found. Finally information on current research activities is given. The remaining tasks ‘Task 2 Identification of lack of information in existing rules ‘Task 3 Extension of CEB/FIP Model Code 90 (guidelines for HSC) ‘Task 4 Identification of research needs will be reported separataly.Three Japanese railway bridges from the 1970's In 1973 three Japanese bridges were built with the design strength of 60 and 80 MPa for Japan National Railway (JNA). The reasons for applying HSC were to lower the deadload, to reduce deflection as well as to reduce the vibration and thus the noise. Another argument for using this material was to obtain a low-cost maintainance. After 20 years of service lite, the bridges representing the first generation of HSC structures worldwide have performed according the expectations. The 2nd. Ayaragigawa bridge ‘The 2nd Ayaragigawa bridge was the first high strength cconerete bridge which was builtin Yamaguchi Prefecture for ‘Sanyo Shinkansen Railway. The bridge consists of post: tensioned bulb T beams with 60 degrees skew. In order to reduce the weight of individual beams for lifting, 60 MPa concrete was adopted to have the weight of less than 150 ton instead of 170 ton in the case of the ordinary concrete, The water/cement ratio of the concrete was 0.30 by using ordinary Portland cement with super-plasticizer. The average compressive strength of the concrete of the standard specimens was 65 MPa with the coefficient of variation of 3.9 %. Unit water, unit cement and slump of the concrete fare 150 kg/m®, 484 kgim® and 12 cm respectively. Iwahana bridge Iwahana railway bridge was the first medium span prest- ressed concrete truss bridge in Japan made with high strength concrete of 80 MPa. The bridge was designed as a 49 m single span Warren truss with lower deck for the side track of the Sanyo Shinkansen Railway situated in Hiroshima Prefecture. Truss type was selected to satisfy the clearance Lnder the bridge for a road crossing by means of the through: type structures as well as to decrease deformation. With ordinary beam type, when the strength of concrete is enhanced, deformation of beam becomes larger. The members of the truss including jointing parts were prefabricated in the factory and were transported to the site. Watericement ratio, unit water, unit cement and slump of the concrete are 0.23, 138 kg/m?, 600 kg/m?, 12 om respectively, and high early strength Portland coment was used. The coefficient of variation was designed as 10% due to the possible variation in high strength concrete. Therefore, the aimed strength was determined as 89 MPa. The average strength obtained by the standard specimen was 84 MPa with the coefficient of variation of less than 4%, In this Particular project, a steel truss bridge could not be adopted though this might be more economical, because of the problem of noise under the running of trains on the bridge. Concrete structures ate preferable for railway bridges to ¢liminate noise and vibration problems caused by the running of trains. To joint the prefabricated members concrete and! or polymer adhesive wore used. Otanabe bridge Otanabe railway bridge is a Howe Truss type bridge of 24 m single span with upper deck builtin Iwate Prefecture using 80 MPa concrete. The purpose of adopting high strength cconerete is reducing noise and maintenance work. Schamatio view of the 2nd Ayaragigawa bridgea 900 40 300 s00__| 1,00 Crass section of the 2nd Ayarapigawa bridge Design considerations The client worked out special design methods for high strength concrete for these three projects based on the Ja- pan National Railway (JR) standard structure design specification. Team involved 2ndAyaragai; cient: Japan National Railway design: Pacific Consultant Co Ltd. contractor: Oriental Conerete Co. Ltd. Iwahana bridge: client: Japan National Railway design: Yachiyo Eng. contractor: Oriental Concrete Co. Lid. Ohtanabe Bridge: client: Japan National Railway design: Chodai Eng. Co. Ltd contractor: Oriental Concrete Co. Lid.»Shore approach“ Subsea concrete tunnel A unique underwater structure has been located at the west coast of Norway since 1982. A 560 m long conerete tunnel protects the pipeline transporting gas from the Statfjord oilfield in the North Sea from the impact of waves in the landfall zone. The tunnel consists of prefabricated elements weighing up to 7000 tons. HSC/HPC is a major part of this unusual structure exposed to extreme environmental loads. After 12 years of service life, the high quality concrete proves a remarkable resistance against ingress of chlorides. Reason for the use of HSC ‘The structure consists of 5 prefabricated box-girders resting (on 6 in-situ cast foundations. The cross-sections of the girders vary from 30 to 45 mf. The wave loads on the elements are a function of the size. For this reason the projects gained a double bonus by applying HSC. It made it possible to reduce the dimensions, which again reduced the load on the structure, Reason for the use of HPC During the last decades, durability problems due to the ingress of chlorides have been a major concem to conerete engineers. To ensure the integrity ofthis key part of Europe's, ‘energy infrastructure, itis of major importance that the service life requirement is fulfilled. This project represents the first generation of major in-field structures were all the main principles of modern technology have been applied, which means a low water-binder ratio combined with silica fume and a fairly high dosage of plasticizers, Execution and mix design The construction period from the time the contract was ‘awarded on the contractor's conceptual design untl the tunnel Was installed, stretched from February to October in 1982, ‘The elements were cast in dry-dock and towed to the site, ‘The mix design for the superstructure was: Portland cement 400 kg/m? Silica fume 92 kgim* Plasticizer 7 gin? Max size aggregate 18 mm wees < 0.38 ‘Slump 24-26 om Mean cube strength at 28 days 85 MPa Mean cube strength at 90 days 95 MPa Standard deviation 4-6 MPa The total volume of concrete in the project was 10 000 m® Design considerations The tunnel has to withstand the load of a design wave of 18.5 m height. NS 9473/1975 was applied in the design. In this version the upper tabulated strength grade was C-65, a characteristic cube strength of 65 MPa. This did thus limit the utilization of higher strengths. Conceptual studies demonstrated that with strength grade of below 50 MPa, the project could probably not have been realized, The average density of reinforcement was 250 kgim? plus £80 kg/m? of presiressing cables [1]. Field performance ‘The structure has been inspected several times since the completion. The most remarkable results are those connected ough sea on a summers day atthe sta The construction crew is rescued By tho Coast Guard‘Art's impression of the 680 meter long underwater bridge ranging ftom 30 meters waterdepth snd up through the splash-zone with the resistance to chloride ingress. Chloride profiles have been analysed and so-called ,effective diffusion coefficients”, , according to Fick’s 2nd law have been caloulated. These coefficients take into account all eects from the construction, to the time of testing. Alter 7 years these coefficients did vary from 9 to 18 mm! year [2] Investigations after 12 years support these findings. By using these values in a traditional conservative ‘extrapolation with a constant D, this will give a period of 50 100 years before a concentration of 0.1% chlorides in the concrete reach the reinforcement with SO mm cover. However, chemical analyses of the concrete skin have revealed that anion exchange is taking part between the concrete and the magnesium in the sea water. This is gredually blocking the ores [3] and will resuitin a further decrease in the D-values. ‘Taking account for this effect and applying the more realistic models for chloride ingress as described in [4], the period for “biaining the 0.1% level at 50 mm will more likely be doubled ‘compared to the prediction given above. After this possible initiation of corrosion, there wil sil be a considerable period before noticeable damage will occur. Teams involved Cliont ‘Statpipe Development Project, Designers: Selmeras Dr. 0. Olsen as Contractor: Selmeras List of references [1] T. EINSTABLAND High Strength Concrete - Undorwater Concrete Bridge forthe Shore Approach at Katmoy*, Nordisk Botong 1-2:1986, Stockholm, Sweden [2] |. MELANO , Tilstandskontroll Kalste - Shore Approach ‘lementene", Report STFES AB9063, SINTEF, Trondheim, Norway 41989 (Norwegian) [3] |. MELAND , Tlstandskontroll - Kalsto, Shore Approach ‘elomentone’, Report STF8S A90015, SINTEF, Trondheim, Norway +1990 (Nommegian) -3¢-&[5]M MARGE, S. HELLAND, JE, CARLSEN Chloride Penetestion in High Performance Conerete Exposed to Marine Environment’, ‘ad Intemational Symposium on the Utilization of HSC, Lillehammer, Norway, June 1983 ‘A floating tunnel element ready to be pulled clown to the founationsGreat Belt Link - Denmark The Danish straits have always been a substantial “ingress basically was in accordance with Fick's second law barrier to travel between the western and eastem parts of Denmark and hence the communication between the Scandinavian countries and the European continent. To cross the Great Belt, a major tunnel and bridge connection is presently under construction. This 7 billion US$ project (incl. financial costs) consists of two single track railway tunnels, each of 8000 m length between the islands of Sprogoe and Zealand and a parallel road bridge (East Bridge) of 6800 m. The central part of this bridge will be a f diffusion. The results from this work are reported in [1]. ‘These considerations concluded by specifying 2 main concrete qualities for the project aa type.AY type ,BY wateribinder ratio” <035 © <0.40 cont. of FlyAsh ofbinder > 10% = > 10% Cont. of silica fume of binder 5% << 8% 5%<< 8% Fly Ash plus silica fume << 25% =< 25% total water content < 135 Vim? < 140 lim? entrained air where exposed to freeze-thaw suspension bridge with a main span of 1624 m and -»’based on an efficiency factor of 0.5 for fly ash and 2.0 for pylons of 254 m height. The islands of Sprogoe and Funen will be connected by the West Bridge, a combined road and railway bridge with a total length of 6600 m. This structure consists mainly of 110 m long prefabricated concrete girders. The construction work started in 1988 and the connection is expected to be opened in 1998 for the road and in 1996 for the railway. Reason for using HPC ‘The bridges as well as the tunnel lining are expased to a marine environment. The service life requirement for the project was established to be 100 years. Both Scandinavian and intemational experience has concluded that conerete of normal qualities would not have a sufficient resistance to chloride ingress to meet this service life requirement, Protection of the reinforcement ‘To avoid corrosion of the reinforcement during the period of intended service life, a number of barriers were incorporated in the design. For the bridges, these consisted of a highly impermeable concrete combined with a cover of §0 and 75 mm an exposed surfaces, For the prefabricated elements for the tunnel lining, these precautions were supplemented by the application of epoxycoated reinforcement prepared for a future possible cathodic protection, Mix design considerations To achieve a proper mix design and procedure of execution the client, Great Belt a/s, initiated research work in the late 80s that was focused on two areas. First, to investigate the in-field performance of other marine concrete structures in locality, and second investigate on laboratory andin-field exposed specimens with various mix design. The- ‘se 8 sources of experience were then linked together with a service life model based on the assumption that the chloride © silica fume ‘The type .A“ concrete was applied in the prefabricated tunnel ‘segments and in parts of the two bridges exposed to sea water, while the type .B" quality was used for the pylons on the East bridge and the prefabricated girders on the West bridge. Execution considerations ‘To Improve the likelinood of achieving the intended in: ‘quality, a number of technical requirements additional to those ‘normally incorporated in @ general code of practice were implemented, Among these were limitations on the curing temperatures to reduce the risk of thermal cracking and the maximum number of miorocracks in the completed member. The temperature requirement was settled to a maximum difference of 20°C between centre and surface of a member and 12°C between the mean temperature of earlier cast sections and nevily cast decks/walls. No microcracks in the paste with width groater than 0.01 mm were allowed on drilled specimens. Quality policy 180 9000 series were applied to work by the contractors, ‘The monthly payment to the contractors were also linked to ‘the implementation of the QA system. In this way the payment depends on the ratio submitted/required documentation. ‘One of the most important aspects of QA is the training of personnel. For this reason the contractors are obliged to implement a training programme for their staff, as well as the client has established a joint concrete technology course for both the contractors and the client’ staff to ensure that all aspects about this novel 3-powder concrete are understood. Execution of the project Experience from the project shows that a HPC with the resulting special workability characteristics requires much emphasis on the detailed planning of the casting process including methods and time limits for transpor, placing and compaction.atte “te ‘The crane vessel The Swan its cut one ofthe prefabricated 110 m long bridge pices forthe West Bridge The requirements on temperature control have been implemented successfully. Relaxation of the requirements has been accepted when based on acceptable calculated ‘stresses. To fuffl the requirements a combined use of heating’ ‘cooling of fresh concrete, heating of previously cast structure parts and cooling of newly cast structure paris has been adopted for virtually all structures. Ithas proven dificult to fulfl the microstructural requirements tothe concrete. in particular a tendency to early age cracking, possibly related to the use of silica fume, has been observed. However, the beneficial effects from the silica fume on the durability of the concrete more than outweighs the negative Influence of the microstructural defects. Average concrete strengths on the different project parts have been between 60 and 65 MPa (cylinder) with coefficients of variation around 8%. Chloride diffusion coefficients have been measured at the level of below 2- 10 ms, Codes and standards applied ‘The concrete works are designed according to Danish Stan- dard DS 411; however the chapters concerning materials and execution were replaced by a project specification tailored for the Great Belt ink and the service life requirement of 100 years. Teams involved Client ‘Main consultants Great Belt as COW! - MHAI consult CCL - consult CBR - consult MT Group ESG asc Main contractors List of references {1] ERVIN POULSEN ,Chiorider og 100 ars levetid" paper presented at the Danish Concrete Day 1980 (in Danish) [2] VINCENTSEN, HENRIKSEN ,Denmark spans strats with Great Belt Link", Concrete International, July 1992 [6] VINCENTSEN, HENRIKSEN , The Great Belt Link - Built to last", Concrete International, july 1992 [4] OSTENFELD, JACOBSEN ,The Great Belt Link - The East Bridge", Concrete International, July 1992 [5] HOMMEL, FRIES .The Great Bett Link - The West Brid- ge", Conerete International, july 1992Elorn Bridge This structure near Brest, is a cable stayed bridge with a span of 400 m. itis distinguised by its use of four different types of concretes: B 40 for the deck outside the central zone, B 60 and B 80 for the towers, and BL 32 lightweight aggregate concrete for a part of the central span. This is the first application in France of high strength concrete (2,80 MPa) of which the strength is counted in the calculations. Reason for using HSC/HPC ‘The high loads due to the turbulent wind and the sienderness of the pylons required a very high-strength concrete. Moreover, a compact and durable concrete was required, due to the matine environment, Also, the fluisity of fresh ‘concrete was desirable for the heavily reinforced pylons lifts (4m high). Mix-design ‘Two grades of normal-strength concrete, plus a lightweight concrete were used in the bridge. The pylons were made of (C80 HPC in the bottom part, and C60 HPC in the upper part, respectively 60 HPC) C80 HPC Coarse granite aggregate 10/16 mm 675 kg/m? 634_kg/m® aggregate 410mm 432 kg/mm? 423._—kglm® Sand 0/4 mm 764 gin? 744 kg? Sulphate resistant Portiand cement 400 kgim? — 450. kg/m? Silica fume 24 kgm 36 kg/m? Superplasticizer (Melamine type with 30%)15.8 Kgl? 17.7 kg/m® Retarder 1.2 kgm? 4.57 kg/m? Water 137 kgm? 132 kgim? wices 0.38 0.30 Stump 180-220 mm 195-255 mm Total volume of HPC 400m? 1,400. Mechanical properties Compressive cylinder strength, tensile strength and E- modulus obtained during the initial works were: Lab, study Field tensile preliminary test strength cso 7d. 699MPa 782 MPa 28d. -863MPa | S79MPa 7.5 MPa 20 7d. 900MPa 826 MPa«66. MPa 28d. 1043MPa 101.5 MPa 7.5 MPa ‘The 28 day E-modulus for the C 80 was 47 GPa Aspect ofthe concrete sutace (pylons) Design considerations with respect to HPC. technology ‘The Elorn bridge is the longest cable-stayed concrete bridge with central suspension. It seems also to be the record of design strength for a road bridge. {At the design stage, French code BAEL only allowed C 60 concrete, so that special design rules have been used for this projec, in order to utilize the full bearing capacity of the C80 HPC. Tests results of creep and shrinkage tests were utlized in this respect. ‘Thermal effects have been also especially investigated at the Elorn Bridge. The schedule of form removal (72 hours after concrete casting) was chosen in order to minimize ther- mal cracking. Current status ‘The construction began in 1991. It will be completed in mid- "94, Inauguration is scheduled for 14 July.Overview ofthe Elam Bridge Field performance Obtained performance of HPCs are summarized in the following table. The compressive tests have been performed by using the Sand-box technique [5] 60 HPC C80 HPC Mean cylinder strength at 28d. 89.4 MPa 95.7 MPa Standard deviation 7.0 MPa 67 MPa Characteristic strength 76.1 MPa 835 MPa Up to 80°C have been measured into the pylons during hydration. The effect of high curing temperature on the final strength of concrete has been investigated. thas been found less detrimental, as compared to the one obtained on nor- mal-strength concrete. Here, the decrease of in-place strength at 28 days was about 10% for the C 80 HPC. Some thin vertical cracks appeared in the pylons, due to thermal effects; but their openings were limited to less than 0.3 mm. This is within the requirements in the French Code BAEL which gives stress limitations and not requirements directly ‘on crack widths, Their impact to the durability of the structure is thus not considered as worrying. The visual aspect of HPC has been considered very salistactory, due to the high fluidity of concrete (no coarse bubbles}, the thorough mixing process (good dispersion of silica fume) and special care taken with the wood form. Team involved Design: Sogelerg Contractor: RazeV/Demathieu & Bard/Pico group Concrete supplier. Bétons Contrélés des Abers, Brest Resident engineering: Direction Départementale de Equipement du Finistére Quality Control: Service d’Aménagement de Brest and Network of Ponts et Chaussées" laboratories. List of references [1] AUBLANC P. et al, .The New-Bridge upon Elomn: the Longest Concrete Cable-Stayed Bridge with Central Sus- pension in the World’, 12th FIP Congress, Washington, June, 1994, [2]LE BRIS J. etal, High-Performance Concrete at the Elo Bridge", ACI Fall Meeting, Session ,High-Performance Concrete in Severe Environments", Minneapolis, ACI SP 140- 4, November, 1998. [S] LE PICARD F. et al, ,Un record du monde: le Pont sur IElorn 3 Brest, Finistére", Travaux, N'686, pp. 28-36, April, 1993. [4] MORISSETA,, .Détermination des phases de construction, et des états en service du Pont sur I'Elomn*, Annales de MNTBTP, N'518, pp. 75-91, May, 1999. [5] BOULAY C., DE LARRARD F,, ,The Sand-Box: a New Capping Methad for Testing High-Performance Concrete Cylinders‘, Concrete Intemational (ACI), April, 1998.CNT Super bridge This bridge was made in 1993 as a pedestrian bridge between two buildings in a laboratory. In order to reduce the beam height because of aesthetical requirement, high strength concrete of 102 MPa was adopted. ‘The bridge was designed as a 40 m single span box-section post-tensioned PC beam. The specified and aimed strength of the concrete was 102 MPa and 122 MPa respectively. ‘The fresh concrete had very high fluidity in order to be cast easily into the narrow, dense reinforced section. The mix proportion of the concrete was as following: water/binder ratio of 0.20 Unit water / cement / silica fume: 135/574 /101 kgim* ‘slump / slump flow: 25 + 2.cm/60 + 5 em ‘The structural design was made by working stress method based on Japanese ,Road Bridge Specification which covers up to 50 MPa strength concrete. The allowable stress for 102 MPa conerete was settled by extrapolation fram JSCE Specification for High Strength Concrete" which covers the Concrete of specified strength from 60 to 80 MPa, Since the bridge has a very small height-span ration of 1/40, the problem of vibration arises. Therefore, a vibration controller was attached under the deck. Though the fresh conorete had a very high fluidity, it was ‘compacted well by vibrators. To avoid drying of conerete surface after placing, water was sprayed for 15 hours and ‘then concrete surface was covered with wet mat. ‘Teams involved client! Takenaka Corp. design: Takenaka Corp., Oriental Construction Co. Ltd. ‘contractor: Takenaka Corp., Takenaka Civil Engineering ‘and Construction Co.Ltd., Oriental Construction Co. Vibration controller Concept ofthe vibration controlerBuilding ,,D3 - Espace Léopold“ in Brussels, Belgium This building is located in the centre of Brussels and will serve as the meeting place tor the European Parliament. Ithas 24 floor-levels including 4 parking levels in the basement. The mean dimensions in plan are 80 x 260 m. The colunins are placed in a grid of 7.20 x 8.10 m. A total of 200 HSC columns were prefabricated. The cross-section is 1000 x 440 mm and the longitudinal reinforcement consists of 18 40 mm bars (longitudinal reinforcement ratio of 5%). The maximum height equals 12 m and the design load was 17.5 MN. At three levels, corbels are provided, to support the intermediate floors. Production started in 1992 and ended in 1993. Reasons for using HSC ‘The application of HSC did result ina reduced cross-section of the columns in the parking levels, It made itas well possible to speed up the casting and construction process. Together these factors made the HSC concept more ‘economical than the composite concrete steel columns. Particular aspects ‘The connection of the columns with the foundation mat is assured by means of a 140 mm thick steel plate which was ‘wolded at the longitudinal reinforcement. These bars were ‘cut exactly to length. This arrangement was necessary in ‘order to prevent punching of the foundation mat in normal strength concrete. ‘At the top of the columns, the — con- rection with the steel columns of the next level, is realized by means of a special steel connection that is welded tothe longitudinal reinforcement. Concrete composition River sand 0/5 790 kgim? Crushed limestone 7/14 4080 kin? Portland cement P50 450 kegim® Silica fume 45 kg/m? Superplastcizer 128 im? Avalue {,, = 80 MPa was specttied, Teams involved Prefabricated concrete members. Partek Ergon, Lier - Belgium Mix design Magnel Laboratory, Univer Master Builders N.V., Ham Bureau SECO, Brussels CFE Delens M. and J. Delens Batiments et Ponts Constructions S8BM-Six Construct Maes Contractors: Engineering Consultants: Tractebel Beco Lipski Ingénieurs Associés Architects AELL. (Atelier Espace Leopold)BfG Building, Frankfurt am Main This was the first use of high strength concrete in Germany. The German Standard for Concrete Structures (DIN 1045) only considers concrete with a strength up to 55 MPa. For the practical use of concrete of higher strength, a special licence for each project must be obtained. This was practised for the first time in Germany in 1990 for the office building of B{G in Frankfurt/Main. Itis 186 m high and consists of 47 stories plus 4 underground stories. In this project some columns (1,2 m x 1,2 m) and walls in the lower stories have been built with concrete C 85. The fire resistance class was required to F 180, i.e. that the columns have to resist against fire attack for at least 180 minutes. 52500 (1 erred strenath Concrete 0 45 Mm gr Strength Concrete 8 65 Floor pian ofthe basement with the puling components ‘mage of B 85 high strength concrete Reasons for the use of HSC ‘The main reason for the use of the C 85 in Frankfurt was the higher compressive strength, so that the dimensions of the ‘columns could be reduced and reinforcement could be saved. Byboth aspects technical as well as economical advantages ‘could be obtained. Execution and mix design Based on experiences from the USA and investigations in the Central Laboratory for Building Materials of the contractor, the following conerete mix was designed: Ordinary Portland Cement (45F) 450 kg/m? Silica fume 35 kgim® Natural sand 0/2 mm 660 kg/m? Coarse aggregate (gravel) 2/16 mm 1170 kgim® Water 155 Um? Superplasticizier 42 lim? Retarder 1,8 lim? Mechanical properties and design considerations For the concrete C 85 a cube strength (200 mm cubes) of at least 85 MPa is required. In the trials with the scheduled mix a compressive strength of 113 MPa after 56 days was obtained, The E-modulus was about 38 GPa. For the design of the HSC-columns with an axial load of 40 MN the following stress-strain relationship was used (according to the new guideline for HSC in Germany) Pe hele cd ‘Stros-sran curve for B 85 high stronath concrete 7 ~ the ascending part of the curve for NSC (B 25) follows the usual square parabola; for HSC (B 115) this part of the curve is nearly a triangle, ~ the maximum allowed concrete strain is clearly reduced in the higher concrete classos. Quality Control ‘To guarantee the high quality of the concrete C 85 an exten- sive programme of Quality Control was carried out. In this programme the producers of the concrete constituents as Well as the concrete plant and the job-site were involved. For accurate quality control the concrete had to be ordered at least two days before concreting. Before each concrete date, the most important properties ofall constituents had to be proved, Directly after mixing as well as at arrival on the job:site the properties of each delivery of fresh concrete were tested. ‘The contractor was concerned with the design age of 56 days and felt that even a first strength check after 7 days was not early enough to prevent potential strength problems. In order to enable this, additional cubes were tested within an accelerated curing test according to ASTM C 684 already after 24 hours. In the case of a negative result, ie. if a minimum value of 45 MPa after 1 day was not be obtained, correcting measures would be enabled at a very early stage,Field performance One of the contractors responsibilities was the controlled dosing of superplasticizer at the jobsite. The slump of concrete in each truck was measured when the truck arrived and then a carefully measured amount of superplasticizer ‘was added. Then another spread was taken to make sure that the concrete was within the desired range of 50 to 60 cm at the ,Flow table test". Within this range pumping of the conorete was possible, and extensive use of vibrators was used. a comsiy Seth sees PRTETERERISITEITE LIC} Cay attr Coreg Compressive strat attr 2¢ hours. Accelerated test aocording io ASTM C64 ‘The conorete strength also was tested on normal cured cubes aiter 1, 3, 7, 28 and 56 days. In the average a concrete strength after 56 days of 112 MPa was oblained, ie. the required C 85 could be proved with sufficient security. ww gH Rin, = a, V= 6% orresive Strength Nix? Development of fresh onerete consistency during transport and ‘andling measured by the "Flow tablo tos Team involved Contractor: Philipp Holzmann, Frankfurt Materials testing laboratories: Philipp Holzmann Technische Hochschule, Darmstadt Conerete supplier: FLB, Frankfurter Lieferbeton List of references [1] E. KERN: Hochfester Beton, Betontechnologie u. Qualitéts- sicherung; Darmstadter-Massivbau-Seminarband Nr. 6, Freun- de des Institut far Massivoau, Darmstadt 1991 [2] M. HELD: Bemessungsgrundlagen fur Stitzen aus hoch {este Beton; Darmstidter-Massivbau-Seminarband Nr. 6 {a} L. MAYER: Hochfester Beton im Hochhausbau; Darmstid- ter-Massivbau-Seminarband Nr. 6 x a ey 9} 0 | a Fy a | al 4 a | 0 Compressive strengths 725156) 8900 RERBSTERMAAD ye afer Costing [4] J. HEGGER: Einsatz von hochfestem Beton bei einem Bank- gebaude in Frankfurt a, M.;,Darmstidter-Massivbau-Seminar- band Nr. 6 [5] M. HELD, G. KONIG: First Utilization of High-strength Gonerete in Germany; Structural Engineering International 8! 92, pp. 170-172 [6]. KONIG: Gutachteriche Stellungnahme zur Verwendung \on hochfestem Beton der Fesiigkeitskiasse 8 85 beim Bank- haus der BYG in Frankfurt am Main. Aktenzeichen G 90094. In- stitut fir Massivbau, TH-Darmstadt 1990. [7] L. MAYER: Hochfester Beton im Hocthausbau; Beton- und Stahibetonbau 86 (1991); Heft 11 und Heft 12 [6] J. HEGGER: Hochfester Beton beim Hochhaus Mainzer Landstrafe 16 -28 in Frankfurt/Main; Beton- und Stahlbeton 87 (1992); Heft 1, pp. 9-14 [8] M. HELD, G. KONIG: Hochtester Beton bis B 125 - Ein ge- eigneter Bausiof fir hochbelastete Druckglieder: Beton- und Stahibetonbau 87 (1992); Heft 2, S.41 -45, Heft 3, pp. 74-78i Advanced Uses of High-Strength Concrete in Two Union The Two Union Square project in Seattle, Washington, is 2 good example of maximizing the use of high-strength concrete in high-rise building construction. In this structure a concrete with 131 MPa strength and 50 GPa E-modulos was applied to achieve axial stiffness of the building. Project description Two Union Square is a 56-story, 162 000 m* office building project in Seattle. The figure shows a typical floor plan. The ‘exterior of the building has many curves and column-free comers. The building's shape was a response to the site and the surrounding building. The typical spacing of the exterior columns is 14 metres. Total structural steel used in the project was only 61 kg/m’ about one-half that required for a conventional building. The ‘composite columns are filed with 131 MPa concrete, Reasons for using high-strength / high-performance concrete High-strength conerete was chosen because of its ability to achieve high levels of axial stiffness for a very reasonable cost. While the unit cost was quite high for the concrete, the effective cost was relatively low. Mix design “The mix design for Two Union Square included a very strong, mall, round glacial aggregate, silica fume, fly ash, and Superplasticzers. The water-to-cement ratio was about 0.22, yetthe slump was about 25 om. The mix pumped well, andit was very easy 10 achieve excellent consolidation. _ For the analysis of this tall, composite structure, Square Mechanical properties For very high-strength concrete, many of the empirical formulas in the current codes do not accurately predict the proper design properties. Therefore, tests were conducted of actual mixes for every important design property that was needed, Besides strength, a key property was the modulus of elasticity. For Two Union Square, tests showed a modulus ‘of 50,000 MPa for the high-performance concrete. Design considerations was necessary to perform the structural analysis on a model that reflected the structure's status as it was being built. The structure was incrementally analysed as series of 12 stuctures of increasing height to reflect the construction progress, adding dead load in as many as 12 increments. Time-dependent effects such as creep and shrinkage of the concrete were modelled within the frame system, Plan ofthe siructro Aspects concerning actual execution ofProject ‘The placement of high-strength concrete on Two Union Square worked best with a construction schedule for placement at night. This was done so that the concrete production plant would concentrate completely on only the high-strength concrete mix. Another advantage to doing the ‘conerete placement at night was that the concrete delivery ‘trucks had fewer conflicts with city traffic, which greatly reduced the chance of rejection of any loads because of excess time from the batch plant. In addition, other construction activities on the project site were at an absolute minimum, once again providing total focus on the important high-strength concrete product. Field performance ‘The actual construction in the field for the high-strength cconerete went exceptionally smoothly. Allof the special quality control procedures were followed easily, and cylinder test results came in well above design requirements. During construction 4 — =a = \\l i] SQA met Wittinny The Tho Union Tower Team involved Structural Engineer: Skilling Ward Magnusson Barkshire Ine. NBBJ Tumer Construction Lone Star Industries Unico Properties Architect General Contractor: Concrete Supplier: ‘Owner: List of references [1] JON D. MAGNUSSON, ,Safety in the design of High Strength Concrete and Steel Siructures*, Darmstaler Mas- sivbau-Seminar, Hochfester Beton, Darmstact - Germany 1991Kuala Lumpur City Centre The Kulala Lumpur Gity Centre (KLCC) development includes, among other buildings, two towers 450 metres high which will rank at the time of completion as the highest buildings in the world. Project description The buildings are being constructed with a reinforced concrete core and columns and composite steel beam/metal deck/concrete floor slabs. To produce a design which satisfies the Client's architectural requirements, the designer specified Grade 80 MPa concrete for the core and columns in the lower floors, changing to Grade 60 and then Grade 40 higher in. the building. All strengths are based on 150 mm cube, and Grade" refers to characteristic strength. This report entrates on the Grade 80 concrete now ongoing, In accition to the strength requirement, the engineer specified 2 minimum value of 35.5 GPa at 86 days for Elastic Modulus, and requires a programme of creep and shrinkage testing to provide data for calculation of the building movements, The- se caloulations are necessary to relate movement in the norete structure to the performance of the cladding, the , and the 48 metre span Skybridge which will link the two towers at the 56th floor level. A maximum water/cement ratio of 0.25 was originally specified, later relaxed to 0.27. One other specification requirement is a maximum placing temperature of $5 °C, to limit thermally induced cracking. On the top of the specification requirements are the contractor's needs for pumpabilty, workability and cohesion, The two contractors involved both settled for a target slump of around 200 mm. Both need pumpability but SKJ's requirement is more imperative as they plan to pump (sin- gie-stage) to all levels, whereas Mayaus will use @ concrete hoist for vertical transpor, and pump to distribute horizontally ‘The developer for KLCC adopted a logistics plan to solve some of the problems of material supply to a large site in the middle of a busy city traffic system and this plan includes ‘two dedicated on-site concrete plants (soon increasing to three). The two plants are 3 m* wet mix forced action hori- zontal drums, computer controlled, Each plant has a chilled water supply at around 3-5 °C. Mix design In Malaysia the materials to produce Grade 80 concrete are of good quality and readily available. Those used on the project include. OPC capable of high strength at a sensible coment content, Helpfully, the OPC has a fay [ow alkall content (around 0.3% equivalent NA,O) so the total alkali contont of the mix is generally less than 9.0 kg/ m® which removes much ofthe concern over akal-sioa reactviy @ (i) A blended OPC/PFA (80:20) containing the OPC described above, anda PFA of quite reasonable quality, (i) Silica fume from an admixture supplier, and subject te aan ISO 9000 quality system (i) A good quality crushed granite coarse aggregate () Anatural silica sand, the by product of the tin mining industry, with a grading which is not perfect but also not disastrous (slightly coarse and short of the finer materials). (vi) Good quality concrete admixtures (superplasticizer and, retarder) plus an innovative formulation pumping ald, due tor trials saon, Allowing for minor differences between the mix designs for the two contractors, and some ongoing fine tuning, the typical batch weights are: orc 260 kg/m OPCIPFA preblend (210 OPC + 50 PFA) 260 kgit| Silica Fume 30 kg/m Water 10 produce a wic ratio of 0.27 Admixtures to produce 200 mm slump. So far on the project a total of 3 000 m? of Grade 80 concrete has been placed over a period of 3 months and the strength results are fairly comfortable. At 28 days the mean strength is above 100 MPa with a standard deviation of 5 - 6 MPa. According to the specifications the strength requirement needs to be achieved at 56 days, so there is an additional comfort factor to know itis being achieved at 28 days with a healthy margin. In fact the strength gain from 28 days to 56 days is not large (typically around 3 -§ MPa) whichis probably predictable given the mix design and the characteristics of the constituents. ‘The average E-modulus achieved so far is 2 - 3 GPa higher than the requirement. These good results are being achieved by a high level of quality assurance/quality control Credit to the concrete supplier who is operating the quality ‘system. Credit to the contractors who are supporting it. Credit to KLCC who specified the quality system in detail and are ‘now actively monitoring it in operation. ‘This is the first application of Grade 80 concrete in Malaysia and, with team efforts, to date it has been successful. Codes applied Basis for design are British Standard BS 8110 and ACI 318 with a preference to the latter one.Anist's impression ofthe mw 450 moves towers of Kuala Lumpur Cty Contre, These high rise bulings, presently under construction, wil when eoripleted rank asthe highest bullings in the word Teams involved List of reference Client : Kuala Lumpur City Centre (KLCC) [1] MIKE WETHERILL, private communication Siructural engineer : Thorton Tomasetti (TT), New York Contractors : Mayaus (Tower 1) ‘Samsung-Kukdong-Jasatera (Tower 2) Concrete Supplier: Pioneer ConcreteSelf-desiccating HPC slab on grade in Finspang, Sweden in 1991, two prefabricated wooden one-floor residential buildings were completed in Finspang, ‘Sweden. The foundation of the buildings consists of in-situ cast concrete slabs on grade. Each slab has an area of about 480 m? and the slab depth is 100 mm. The edges are stiffened by beams monolithically cast to the slabs. These beams are 460 mm deep. Underneath interior structural walls, the slabs are stiffened by beams which are 300 mm deep. For each slab, about 100 m* of concrete was used. One of the slabs was made of ordinary concrete and the other of high performance concrete (HPC). Reason for using HPC Due to the short construction time available, a fast desiccation of the concrete slabs was required to avoid moisture damages to the floors. A relative humidity (RH) less than 90 % was required in the concrete slabs before placing the floor. The first slab was made of ordinary concrete with awater-cement ratio of 0.85, which gave a 28-day compressive strength of about 30 MPa. The desiccation was meant to be achieved by conventional drying using stoves, This is a very time- consuming and expensive method, as it normally takes several months to reach RH 90 % in the concrete. For the second slab, high performance concrete (HPC) with low ‘water-to-binder ratios was chosen, which is known to provide low RH in concrete due to self-desiccation. Compressive strength of 150 am cubes versus age after casting Mix design Tworthirds of the second slab was cast with AHPC with a wo ratio of 0.52, The Portland cement used in this mix was ‘Swedish ,Anlaggningscement’ a sulphate resistant type with low alkali and a moderate heat of hydration. Silica fume wee added to the mix, as it was assumed to improve selt desiccation. The remaining part of the second slab was made of a les extreme HPC. The water-cement ratio was 0.40 and , Slits standard’ Portland cement was used, which develops slightly, higher hydration heat than ,Anlggningscement” and haz normal cement properties. No silica fume was used in thie mix. To improve workability, air entrainment, natura unerushed aggregate and superplasticizers were used in both HPC mixes, The table gives the mix proportions of the two HPCs used, Mix proportions of the HPC HPC 1 HPC 2 cement 440 450 kg/m? silica fume 35, - kgim? wie ratio 0.34 0.40 Wi ratio. = wiles) 0.32 - aggregate 0-8 mm 950 950 kg/m? aggregate 8- 16mm 900 900_-kg/m? superplasticizer 18.4 20.3 kg/m? air entrainment 03 03 kgim* 9 whe Relative humility (RH) versus age after casting Casting of the HPC slab The concrete was vibrated with a poker and screeded with a vibrating screed. However, the HPC had a more sticky" consistence than ordinary concrete. To get a acceptable finish, a manual treatment of the slab surface was required also. After that; the HPC slab was immediately sealed with a plastic sheet in order to avoid cracks due to plastic shrinkage: at early age, Concrete strength Standard 150 mm cubes were cast at the construction site {rom the same batch as the HPC siab. The first figure showsHIPC slab on gradi esaled wih plastic sheets alter casting the compressive strength as function of the age after casting for the two types of HPC. The concrete with w/b ratio 0.32 land the concrete with w/c ratio 0.40 had 28-day compressive strengths of about 90 MPa and 55 MPa, respectively. Relative humidity ‘Samples of crushed concrete were taken from the HPC slab ‘as well as from the slab made of ordinary concrete. The samples were sent in sealed glass flasks to a laboratory, where the relative humidity (RH) of the concrete was determined. The second figure shows the obtained RH as function of the age after casting at which the sample was taken from the slab. Both types of HPC had RH values below 90 % at an age of one month after casting. The ordinary concrete, however, had a RH of 95 % al an age of 37 days attr casting. The slab made of ordinary concrete had to be ried with stoves for another month before the floor was placed, while no drying stoves were necessary for the HPC slab. The HPC slab was ready for flooring after 28 days, Henoe, It was possible to more than halve the drying time of the slab by using HPC. Team involved Contractor: Siab AB Concrete supplier: Strébruken AB Concrete strength testing: Dept. of Structural Engineering, Royal Insitute of Technology Div. of Building Materials, Lund Institute of Technology RH measurements: List of references [1] M. HALLGREN, ,Anvaindning av hégpresterande betong {for snabb uttorkning” Rapport tran praktiskt fOrsék med platta pd mark, (Use of HPC for fast desiccation. Repor from field test with slab on grade)", in Swedish, Siab Teknik, Stock- holm 1992The Heidrun tension leg platform Presently the Heidrun floating oil-production platform is under consiruction in Norway. this structure will be installed at 345 meter waterdepth in the North Sea during the mid-summer of 1995. Heidrun is the world’s first tension leg plattorm (TLP) with a concrete hull and represents a break-through for high strength light weight aggregate (LWA) concrete as a building material in floating offshore platforms. Exposed to a harsh marine environment, the design life requirement for the structure is more than 60 years. Some key data for the project Master Plan Contract award Dec. ‘91 Start of construction in dry dock Mar. '93 Tow-out from dry dock Oct. '93 Ready for Module Support Beam (MES) Jul. ‘94 Ready for module mating Sep. '94 Ready for inshore hook-up Oct. '94 Ready for tow to field Jun. °95 Complete installation vul. "95, Key Data Water depth 345 meter Deck weight 65.500 tons Hull draft (at field) 77,3 meter Concrete, LWA-C&O, hull 58.000 m* Concrete, LWA-C80, MSB 5.800 m* Reinforcement (ordinary) 27.000 tons Reinforcement (pre-stressed) 4.100 tons ‘Column diameter 31,0 meter Column spacing 80,0 meter Application of high strength LWA concrete for tension leg platforms large displacement is necessary to achieve the buoyancy required for a TLP of this size. Buoyancy members of stee! have to withstand large hydrostatic pressures. Ahigh strength concrete shell whitch can take the water pressure in airect ‘compression is ideal for such exposure. A concrete hull willbe heavier than a stee! hull. Consequently the necessary buoyancy and displacement need to be increased. The mooring tether forces tend to increase with the displacement, However, more important is the location of the center of gravity. For a concrete platform this will be in about the same elevation as the resultant ofthe first order wave forces. Thus the tether forces from the concrete hull are significantly lower than those from a steel hull which shall catty the same topsid: weight. Concrete material for TLP hull has several merits. Main ares: of steel TLP, in particular the node intersection between th: pontoon and the columns and the tether attachments to th: hull, are exposed to severe fatigue. Even with the conservative fatigue criteria of NS 3473, the fatigue life of conerete TLP will be more than adequate. Experience from the existing offshore concrete structure: shows an unequalled durability towards all kind deterioration. A concrete structure can be reinforced achieve a high degree of robustness against all externc impacts, e.g. from ships and dropped objects. The anticipate: costs for inspection, maintenance and repair of a concret. platform will therefore be small relative to its counterpar made of steel. Concrete mix design ‘The mix design for Heidrun TLP has been developed ove ‘several years, starting some 10 years ago. The reduced weight is achieved by replacing the natur coarse aggregate with light weight materials made c ‘expanded clay. The other constituenis are the same as use for normal density (ND) concrete of high strength. The structure during consinaction in the dry dockConstituents (kg/m*) Cement HS65 420 Siica 20 Natural sand 0-3 mm (dry weight) 720 Uiapor 8 4-8 mm (dry weight) 307 Liapor 8 8-16 mm (dry weight). 254 Air-entraining admixture 13 Superplasticizer 63 wiles) corrected for water absorption 0.97 +/- 0.02 Properties of hardened concrete ‘The table bolow shows requirements and resutts from the cconerete production during the dry dock phase. Both strength and density comply with the requirements, requirement mean st.dev, charact. slump (mm) > 200 250 Wet density —_(kg/m’)< 19501885 7 day density (kg/m')< 1940 1901 7 day strength (MPa) 70 3.0 28 day density (kg/m")< 1950 1943 28strength (MPa)> 60 78 38 74 Compressive strength in MPa measured on 100 mm cubes. Documented cylindericube strength ratio for this concrete quality is between 0.90-0.93. Density on hardened concrete in kg/m? measured on water stored cubes. Design criteriafor LWA concrete ‘The design is based on Norwegian codes supplemented by criteria specified by the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD) NS 3473 ,Conerete structures - Design rules", covers the application of LWA concrete structures. The applicability of this code for LWA has been confirmed by comprehensive investigations in the research and development program igh Strength concrete* [3]. In addition several tests have ‘been carried out by the contractor to confirm particular design cetails Team involved Client: Conoco Norway Inc. Design: Norwegian Contractors as Contractor: Norwegian Contractors a.s ‘Tow out and installation: Norwegian Contractors a.s List of references [1] HAUG A.K, and FJELD S. ,A floating Concrete Platform Hull made of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete". High Strength Concrete Symposium, Lillehammer 1993. The structure located at $45 m waterdepth in the North Sea [2] DAVENPORT G.F., FJELD S., GUNDERSON RH, LOKKEN R.T. and WOLD M.O., .Conerete tension Leg Platforms for the Gulf of Mexico". Offshore Technology Conference, Houston 1990. [3] HOLAND |. High Strength Concrete in Norway. Utilization and Research". High Strength Concrete Symposium, Lillehammer 1993.Civaux Nuclear Power Plant In French nuclear technology, power production reactors are surrounded by a double-wall concrete containment. The inner wall is prestressed, while the outer one is reinforced. The function of the inner wall is to confine radioactive release in case of severe accident. The Civaux-il containment (near Poitiers, France) was built in special HPC for improving the performance of this critical part of the structure. Reason for using HSC/HPC The following properties were required: = ease of placement; = low hydration heat; = low autogenous shrinkage for reducing early age cracking = high tensile strength; = low creep; low airtightness. Mix-design AA special C 50 low-heat concrete has been designed for this containment [1-4] Crushed limestone aggregate: 12.5/25mm 815 kgim* 412.5 mm: 318 kg/m? 05 mm. 318 kgim? Blended CPJ $5 cement (containing 8% of limestone filler): 266 kg/m? Limestone filor: 87 kgim? Densified silica fume: 40. kg/m’ acer Prestreesed consrete _Besnforce Superplasticizer (naphtalene dry extract: 40%): 2.08 kg/m? Retarder: 0.93 kgim? Water: 161 im? wi: 0.46 Stump: 180-280 mm Total amount of HPC: 12,000 m* Material properties Laboratory data Compressive cylinder strength at 28 days: 67 MPa Spitting tensile strength at 28 days: 4.1 MPa E-Modulus at 28 days: 36 GPa Flexural tensile strength at 18 hours/2.2 MPa - 1 day/2.8 MPa -2 days! 4.1 MPa - 7 days/4.7 MPa - 28 days/5.6 MPa Adiabatic temperature rise: 30 °C (Normal Strength Concrete with the same materials: 40°C) Air permeability (CPC method) 025m (NSC: 6.5 m4) Creep at 90 days 14 109MPa (loaded at 28 ¢., cured at 20°C, 50% RH. NSC: 45.9 10°/MPa). Design considerations The design remained essentially the same as compared to Civaux |, the twin containment built in NSC, For next containments, EDF is planning 2 new design, based upon the use of C 60 HPC with 86 T 15 prestressing cables (high load cables with 55 ©15 mm strands). With such high performance materials, the maximum internal pressure will reach 1 MPa (50% more, as compared to the current design). The new N4 cantaiment generation ~ Cross section and principle of prestressng layoutCurrent status The civil engineering part of the containment will be completed in 1994. The power piant will be operational in 1998. ield performance Obtained data on concrete strength in the containment wall (10,000 m*) are the following Obtained mean cylinder strength at 28days 66.1. MPa Standard deviation 28 MPa Characteristic strength 60.7 MPa Airleakage has been measured thanks to embedded pipe network in the wall. Generally speaking, the reduction ranges between $2 and 68 6, as compared with Civaux |. Also, apparent cracking is much more limited in HPC than in NSC. Team involved Design: Coyne et Bellier, Electricité de France, Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (HPC mix- design) Contractor: GIE Civaux (Fougerolle France) Conorete supplier: ‘Sigma Béton Resident engineering: EDF Aménagement Civaux. List of references [1] DE LARRARD F., ITHURRALDE G., ACKER P., CHAUVEL D., ,High-Performance Conerete for a Nuclear Containment", 2nd International Conference on Utilization of High-Strength Concrete, ACI SP 121-27, Berkeley, May, 1990. [2]THURRALDE G., DE LARRARD F.. NECTOUX J, .Béton, & hautes performances pour 'étanchéité des structures. Etude de cas‘, Annales de Institut Technique du Batiment cet desTravaux Publics, N’502, March-April, 1992. The Civaux containment [3] ITHURRALDE G., OLIVIER J., High-Performance Coneretes for French Nuclear Reactor Containment Vessels", 3 rd International Conference on the Utilization of HSC, Lillehammer, pp. 217-224, June, 1993. [4] ITHURRALDE G., COSTAZ J.L., ,HPC for the Improvement of Tightness of Nuclear Reactor Containment in case of Severe Accidents", ACI Fall Meeting, Session HPC in Severe Environments", ACI SP 140-11, November, 1993.High strength concrete In Norway almost every car is equipped with tires having small steel studs to improve the friction between the tire and road for better driver control during the winter season. These studded tires have an enormous wearing effect on ordinary asphalt pavement. roads with the heaviest traffic near the ‘major towns need to be resurfaced at intervals of only one to two years. To improve the abrasion resistance, high strength concrete has been applied as an alternative for a number of years. Highway E-6 & E-18 During the summer of 1989, 110 000m! were paved at these two highways. The total volume of concrete was 22 000m*, land a GROMACO 5000-S slipform paver was used. ‘Although asphalt is the traditional pavement for these highways, the Ministry of Transportation had expressed their desire to gain experience with modem qualities of concrete. “The main motivation was to reduce the maintenance costs, but also safety aspects and concem about the pollution of brated asphalt wore considered. Mix design “The basie mix design for these two projects was: 890 kg P-80-4A cement (an ordinary Portland cement especially disigned for HSC) 20 kg silica fume 4-8 kg of plasticizers woes 0.36 - 0.98 “The slump value was in the order of 2 - 6 om. Obtained characteristic cube strength at 28 days was 85 MPa for the E-18 parcel and 90 MPa al the E-6. To ensure a lowest possible tendency of segregation, the Particle distribution was designed as a continuous curve without any gaps. This created some problems with regards to the surface tolerances. As.all commercially available pavers are designed for paving of ordinary concrete where priority is put to surface ‘smoothness and not on wearing resistance, these machines prefer a minor gap grading of the aggregates to obtain a segregation and hence a surplus of mortar for the finishing at the surface. ‘The required smoothness was not met 100%, and the pavement had to be partially ground with a CUSHION CUT PC-5000 diamond grinding machine. Design considerations In 1989 HSC of grades up to 105 MPe was included in the general Norwegian Standards, i.e. NS 3420/86 and pavements NS 8478/89. These documents were used for the production and placing of the concrete. However, the structural design cof the pavement had to be performed based on a preliminary ‘addendum to the Ministry of Transoprtation’s .Norm 018, Construction of highways". Based on this 18 cm thickness was chosen for the E-6 parcel and 22 om for the E-18, Later in 1992 the ,Norm 018" was revised and specific uidelines for the application of grades up to 105 MPa were included. According to this, the E-6 pavement had been designed some om too thin. Field performance After 4 years of service fe, the wearing resistance of this HSC seems to be according to the expectations. However at the E-6 some longitudinal cracks have appeared close to ‘some of the joints. These cracks are for the moment under investigation, but one hypothesis is that the extreme low thickness might have resulted in damage due to fatigue. Maintenance The Smestad Tunnel The Smestad highway tunnel in Oslo consists of two parallel sections, each ‘of 400 m length and with two lanes. The tunnel was consiructed in 1983 and paved with a 55 MPa concrete. In 1989, the traffic had resulted in grooves of 35 mm depth in two of the lanes, and the pavement hhad to be repaired. The following procedure was chosen: e steel studs, the A track with a width of 800 mm and 35 mm deep. altogether 1600 m, was milled by one passage of grader-mounted equip. ment normally used for renovation of asphalt pavements. of diferent types of paung materials“The repair mix consisted of: ‘450kgim* P-30-44 cement 75kgim' Silica 8-14 | Lignosulphonate based water reducer 10-17 | Naphthalene based plasticizer wits = 0.22-0.24 The concrete was transported to the site with automixers, and slump was adjusted to about 6 om by an extra addition of 3 - 10 litres of plasticizers. The great variation on the dosages of additives reflected the variation in temperatures uring the construction period ranging from 12 to 30°C. The concrete was placed by the helo of a small modified -esphalt paver and glued to the old pavement by the help of epoxy. Finally a CUSHION CUT PC- 500 grinding machine was used to oblain the required smoothness. ‘The average 130 MPa. ‘Specimens wore sawn from the actual pavornent, both from the repaired and unrepaired section, and tested in an accelerated road-wear simulator. The results for the HSC were comparable for those normally obtained on massive granite, and the predicted seivice life is 4 times that of the old 55 MPa pavement. : By this repair technique, the main costis to prepare the milled ‘gr00ves for conereting, while the material cost even for this high quality mix is modest due to the moderate quantity. After 5 years of service the pavement performs as expected ‘2nd no debonding has been observed. Jer compressive strength at 28 days was ‘Storming of the new pavement on E- with grade 90 MPa concrete Team involved lient : Contractor: Ministry of Transportation. ‘The E-6 and E-18 pavements were placed by the companies Selmar a.s and Norcem a.s The repair of the Smestad Tunnel was undertaken by Selmer a.s. List of references {1] S. HELLAND, ,High-Strength Concrete Used in Highway Pavements", 2. Intemational Symposium on the utiization of HO, Berkely 1990 [2] S. HELLAND, .The use of 130 MPa concrete in the rehabilitation ofan old pavement’ th Intemational Symposium (on Concrete Roads, Madiid 1990 ‘Reparing he abraded grooves in an old paved surtace witha 136 MPa concreteA barrier against chlorinated hydrocarbons at University Hospital in GieBen, Germany In 1992 an extension to the university hospital in GieBen, Germany was constructed. Two small tubs were a part of this structure. (Cross-section and site-plan are shown in the figure. ‘As described in the convocation the tubs originally should be build with conventional concrete and organic coatings. The special proposal was to use high density concrete without organic coatings. The tubs were completed in autumn 1993. About 150m? of high density concrete were necessary for the two tubs. Reasons for using High Strength/High Per- formance Concrete German law concerning the water economy requires special constructions especially for deposition and handling of dangerous liquids. Chemical industry as well as gasoline stations have to make sure that no pollution of water or soil due to an accident with dangerous liquids, e.g. chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHC), may happen. For this a second bar- Fier, e. g. a tub made of reinforced concrete, has to be con- structed. However, a very impermeable concrete has to be used when handling with CHC. ‘Acoording to the recommendation .Conerete constructions when using dangerous liquids" [1] the cross section as shown inthe figure is efficient, because a crack-free construction is fequired. The lower plate consists of a concrete with a strength of about 15 MPa and takes ovor the loads of the ‘ruck. The upper plate takes over stresses due to releasing hydration and surrounding temperature. Aconerete with high density is used for this plate high censty concroto Cross section ofthe tub Sto plan Mix Design The following mix design for the upper plate was used Ordinary Portiand Cement 260 kgim® Fly Ash 60 kgim® Condensed silica fume 60 kgim® Superplasticizer 13 kgim? Water/binder ratio os7 Maximum aggregate size 16 mm. Mechanical and physical properties ‘The low water-cement-ratio and the condensed silica fume lead to high strength and density, 2s shown in the figures. ‘Tho ultimate strength is reached at a concrete age of about 90 days. Compared to what is normal for high strength Cconeretes the rate of strength gain was however moderate (23,4, 5,6, 7,8]. ‘The penetration of CHC is highly reduced for the HPC compared to normal strength concrete. The penetration rate was measured using the equipment as shown in the figure.3 erage 4 Seren Concrete age (avs) ment of compressive strength Durcton ot penatiston ou) ration of Tri wih ime, concrote age 56 days Troweling and curing Completion of the tub The photos show the main stages during completion, con- Creting, smoothing and curing, respectively. The trows 's necessary for a surface without pores. The curing was completed 14 days after concreting. Team involved Building owner: Building authority: Statics and construction: University Hospital Gioten Government Authority GieBen Construction bureau Reichmann/GieBen and Technical bureau Bilfinger+Berger/Mannheim Execution: BilfingersBerger/GioBen Consulting and Controlling:Central laboratory BilfingersBerger/Mannheim List of references [1] Richtlinie des DAfStb,“Betonbau beim Umgang mit was- sergefahrdenden Stoffen*, 1992 [2] W.T. Hester, ,High strength concrete, ACI SP-121, 1990 [S] S. HELLAND et al, ,High strength concrete - state of the art report’, CEB/FIP Bulletin d'information, No, 197, 1990 [4] M. HELD, ,Ein Beitrag zur Herstellung und Bemessung von Druckgliedem aus hochfestem Normalbeten (B 60 - B 125)", Dissertation, TH Dannstact, Institut fir Massivbau, 1992 [5] E. KERN, H, SCHERER, ,Hochfester Beton -Beton- ‘téchnologie und Qualitatssicherung beim Bau des Hoch- hauses Mainzer Landstrafie 16 - 28 in Frankfurt/Main", Be- ton-und Stahlbetonbau 86, Heft 12, 1991 {6] W. BRAMESHUBER, ,CKW-sperrender Beton", FuE- ‘SchluBbericht, Biinger+Bergor BauAG, unpublished. 1993. [7)R. ZIMBELMANN, G, BURGBACHER, ,Uber den Widers- tand von Normalbeton gegen Chlorkohlenwasserstotfe (CKW)", Beton und Stahibetonbau 85, Heft 1, 1990, [6] Richtlinie des DAtSt,"Hochfester Beton und Stahibeton- bau, Eigenschaften und Bemessung’, 1994 (to be published)BONNA Pipes for micro-tunelling Prefabricated concrete pipes for underground fluid network (inner diameter 280-1,200 mm). The concrete is consolidated both by horizontal centrifugation and mechanical compaction during the rotation of the pipe. Then, pipes are steam-cured in their molds. Reason for using HSC/HPC The fully-robotized placement of the pipes entails @ high lon- gitudinal compressive load applied to the concrete. Furthermore, the required durabiity and tightness of the pipes make a very compact concrete necessary. Mix-design Coarse aggregate: 1,105 kg/m? Fine aggregate: 719 kg/m High-early-strength Portland cement: 440 kg/m Silica fume: 40 kgim® Superplasticizer: 8 kgm Water: 138 kg/m? wicts): 0.30 Mechanical and durability properties No-slump concrete. Cylinder compressive strength at 28 days: 80-85 MPa. Spiiting tensile strength at 28 days: 5.5-6.5 MPa. Porosity: 2.5-3 % (as measured by water absorption). ‘Abrasion resistance: About 4 times better than traditionally ‘concrete grades (which allows to accept service internal flow rate up to 14 m/s). Design consider ‘The high strength is of particular interest for small diameter pipes, because the compressive stress necessary for ‘overcoming the soil friction increases when the diameter decreases. The maximum length that can be placed increases up to 200 m thanks to HPC. The wood and neoprene joint between two pipes is confined ina steel tube (see fig) ons. Current status Produced since 1989. Total produced length: 13,500 m, featuring the following projects: ~ Tunnel Chartres La Gallaure (994 m, in 1991/92) ~ Lee Valley Water Company (380 m, in 1993). Product performance ‘The pipes meet the requirements specified by French Stan- dards NFP 16-100, Fascicule 70 and European Standards EN 639, List of references [1] FERRIER T., PONCHON D., ,Un maxi-tuyau pour microtunnels*, in Les Bétons & Hautes Performances, Y. Malier, ed., Presses de I'Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, Paris, 1992. [2] CLARKE |., ,Pressure Pipe Microbare", NODIG Interna- tional, August, 1993, outside STEEL RING | = weopRENEIONT | i CONCRETE i wo RING ; i PIPE Joint betweon two adjacent pipesSpun HPC in prestressed transmission poles One of the reasons for the choice of HPC is that its compressive and bending strength and coefficient of elasticity permit a slim hollow construction with thin wails and low weight. The other reason is that HPC and particularly the spun concrete has a very low permeability which means the risk of damages from freezing, influence of chloride and carbon dioxide as well as influence of aggressive type of soils are minimised, which reduce the risk of corrosion of the reinforcement. This guarantees a very long working life for the transmission pole. Comparison of HPC to ordinary concrete By designing a 30 m long transmission pole according to the ‘Swedish design rules for concrete structures we will find the below mentioned cross section 2 m from the foot section when vibrated concrete with a cube strength of 60 MPa is, compared to a spun conerete with cubs strength of 100 MPa. The longitudinal main reinforcement consists in both sections of 24 prestressed 1/2" strands. The crack capacity and ultimate moment are in both cases about 700 and 1000 kNm respectively. HPC mix design after the spinning process Cement: Low alkali 500 kg/m? Aggregates: 0-4 mm 780 kg/m? 4-8.mm 510 kgim? 6-12 mm 520 kg/m? Additions: 93% melamine 16 kg/m? Water: 140 kgim? WIC ratio: 0.28 Total mixing time in a pan mixer 4 minutes Manufacturing of transmission pole inthe bottom part of a two piace casting mould a preproduced cage of lateral reinforcing steel, prestressing steel (strands) ingerts and connections are successively installed. Then the designed quantity of concrete is evenly distributed in the mould after which the upper part of the mould is connected to the bottom par. The strands are stressed and the force is anchored to the ends of the mould. Then the mould with its Contents is rotated about Sminutes with a speed of about 00 rpm. Due to the centrifugal force a hollow pole with & very well compressed wall is formed. 16-18 hours after the spinning is finished the HPC has reached its designed strength and a pretensioned HPC-pole can be lifted out of the mould This product is associated with ISO 9000 for prefabricated ‘concrete products. Furthermore, the quality of the concrete in the pole is also checked by an accredited laboratory. Team involved Glient: Vattenfall, Sydkraft Designers: ‘Abetong, Vaitenfall Manufacturers: Sydkraft, Abetong, Pfleiderer GmbHi Material testing laboratories: CBI, CTH, LTH, Abetong Contractors: Vattenfall, Syakraft High Pert. C. Ord. ¢ Extern clam, D 84 om 98 om Intern. diam, d 642 mm 758 mm Weight in tons 106 154 Coner. cover 20 mm 35 mm Char. cube strength 100 MPa 60 MPaList of projects To demonstrate the worldwide use of HSC/HPC, the Working Group has collected information on a number of projects where this technology has been applied. In this section the key-data for more than 100 projects are reported. The general reference (o this database is: prof. Amon Bentur National Building Research Institute, Technion City - Haifa, 32000 Israel High rise buildings Canada concrete 30 kgin? sca fume wie 0.24 Type of Projet, Name and Location | Year ol] Reasons for Using Concrete Performance, | Ossign Constr. | HScMHEC Composition and Quantity | Considerations and Codes Columns in parking 1992793 | Reducton of cross-section | 80 MPa epecitiod Connection of loval of 26 stores high of columns in paring strength ‘columns and stuctuce levels, peed ot 450 kg/m cement foundations by constuction, more 45 kgf sca fume wolded toe! economical than steel lates conerete composite ‘On column top telus the comection with steel columa of next level by special steel connection Residential bulcings | Japan 1982/28 | Smalier alumna UptpeoMPaspeciied | ducbity to (higher rigdnass than stos! | strength selsmic bad frame buldings) Decks and beamsin | Grande Arche dela | 1985 | Strenath, workability and | 60/65 tPa average high ise buldings | Défense pumpabity strength France 425 kai? cement pus 30 kg/n ales fume 170 koi? wator 15000 m7 of concrete High strength columns | Brisban 1982 | Hagh svengin 100 MPa coneret with for 111 George Steet _| Austala silica fume Slabs and senice core | Baiyoke 2 Tower Under 60 MPa concrete pumped columns in go tevels | Bangkok, ‘conet. tolevel 65 and igh rise building Thailand (1983) 50 MPa concrete pumped te level 0 Single stage pump Total 75000 2 Scotia Plaza Toronto 1989/66 | Technicel and economical | 70 MPa spacied 68 story bulding Canaga advartags stength ‘Smailercolumns. Faster | 96.6 MPa average construction stength (yl) 898 kg/m coment, ‘94 koi fly ash, 37 kgin® sia fume Experimental colurnne | LaLaurentienne Bldg. | 1989 | Toshowthe feasibity ot | 120MPa att days (ov) | Experimental Montiel, Selivering a 120MPa 500 kg/m® cement and. | columnsColumns in highrise | Trianon-Heennaus | 199193 | Technical and economical ] 65 MPa roquirescabe | choiectavess office bulking Deutsche Bank advantages, strength (28 days), strain diagram in Frankl am Main, smal colum size, ‘YeMPa average cube | wich the Germany reduction in einfrcement | svengin (8 days) ‘econding partis 4.1.MPa loxsal stengih, | neary tangle 38GPa E-modulue nd the max 450 kgf common strainis reduced askgin? sica ture, | for HSC 150 Vm water 2high ise towers | “Societe Generale” | 199904 | Strength eoWParequredstenath, | pCi an verieal Fegitaes offers in “attower members forthe Pats La Defense, 450 kgin* coment Tower levels France containing 6% ofstica | (etree nd fume shear wal) Meaney svenghot | Beciga ting 735MPa toBAEL code 2nd tower: 475 kgf of ontnary Portand coment Mean cy. tenath of 7.7MPa total of 10800 m= concrete columns notice | De Geno 1994 | Technical and economical | 105 MPa required cube | Choice of ress. baleing Leasing House advantages sirengin (28 ays) ‘ain dlagram in Eschborn, Smaller coum sizo Cbianed 130 MPa wien the Germany Emoduus of509Gea | ascending partis S10 Kgim®cementand | meaty tiangle 35kg/m*siteatume. | and the max 138 gi water Strainis reduces Crushed aggregates | forse Colurnsin buiding | Two Prudential Plaza, | 1989 | Most economical materiel | aa pa ‘Sway requirement chicago, informs of me and and ease of usa rece instalation of Large retabe oor area Genito cutain weal Columns and oor | 311 Soutn wacker | 1989 | increased rentabietoor | aaa Excellent sysiemsinbulding | Drive, chicago, space 24 000m of todterent | sttness usa Reduced depth offoor | matures with ica fume, | characteristics systom to dacrease overall} and sion ume and fy | needed for builing height ah Slender structure Fastirack construction and High recistance to High day svength wind toads, large aisson bearing pressure Columns and oor | One Peachree 801 | towed fastorstar and | sonra Sories of coupled systomsinahetal | Conte, Atlanta, completion of constuction | 0 000 m* ot conerte | shear walls and Usa attho leat ovoral cast. fa sibs for 7 story avium abby stuctral design Cotumnsinbuiking | 225 West wacker | 1988 | Economical station s7WPaand 17MPa— | Atowed the use Drive, Chicago, toia of 81 0001" of sitea | of minim usa fume and ty ash blended | smountot concrete reinforcing steo! Columnsinbuiling | Pacific FirstCerire, | 1989 | Economicalconsvuction | 121 MPaciicafune | Alowed ihe uso Seatto, blended concrete ot minimum usa ‘rrount of reinforcing tee, somo concrete columns have stool casingsbaling | Two Union square, | 1888 | Seismic existance, 191 Na coneeto ‘Double the E- Seatto, Washington Lowerea wind sway and | incorporating ica fume | Modul of USA enn and hard olacil normal strength ‘agorogtes. Concrete. 58 Gpa &modules Some concrete wwicrao of 022 ealurs have steel casings Georgia's Futon 1986 | tregular oor plans and | sa MPa Floor system was County Jil rusual steal modified pan Cente, Aan, ceniguraons| Jot and post Usa tersionediong span chain beams Water TowerPiaco, | 1875 | Serveasaconnecton | a2 MPa, 120000? ofty | Time-dependent chicago, between tno Faring sh blended conerae | properties of Usa systoms malo wore Sudied Mewcartio Exchange, | 1964 | Experimental feidtestof2_ | o7 MPa eszarch usa columns to obtain material performance data ssed components of Project Name and Location | Yearat_ | Reasons fr Using Cconerete Performance, | Oosign Const. | HSCHPC Gamposivon ané Quantity | Considerations and Codes Tranenusonpotes | Tranamission poles | From | Alowerigh degree ot | s00\Pacube stength | Uncracked for TEENS G wena | prodvcecby spinning | 1990 | prestess;reducionin | 028 we ratio normal nade Aoctong, ‘neigh hgh cracking load Swedsh code Sweden BaK79 Korvrodsbagan | 1902 | High srength for ‘94 MPacubo strength | Ling, eb, presvessing 2.20 wh rato transportation, Sweden 0 men sump reston, Swodish ‘2mm max 209 Code B8K79 Japan Reduction in weight 20-80 MPa species srength “epan| ection in weight 70-80 MPa specifed | sIS ASa54 srergh USA 5357 usta 792003 | Reduce eipping time, | 0 MPa epecited Improved avranityin’ | stengih aggressive envionment | Pretepreateacatumns | Espoo 1900 70 and 80 MPa spociod bulings Farland senath Hotsink Opera Increasing punching 20 MPa speatied Feland capacity strength Prefabricated cotunns | Finland Long span of oars 60 MPa spesied iongspan beams skenath bung Prelabricated beams | Staffanstorp High tonath “4a MPa cube svength | Swetish Code Sweden 0.22 ib ratio BK 78 (extendod) “Tunnel ning: Precast | Channel Tunnel 982 | Strength urabitty SS MParoquresevengh | Precast segments segments Uk= Franco Start | protebricstion 400 kgf? cement eeign folowing cance, $0.35 w ratio Bagi“Tunnel ining: Precast | Potash mine, 1088 | High radial pressure B60 grade concrete Special product segments Fockensussra CCheapar saluton in Obiained stronath standard WSO Germany comparison a castizon | £0-105 MPa, Units or normal strength | 0.17 wh rato concrete 450 kr tow alka units for mines, cement P245, 1988, 45 kal elica fume, 3% superpastczer Prefabricated ples | OsloCiy office 1987 | Reduce cimensionso | 75 MPa charatoiete | NS-9479 Buiiing, reduce the building up of | strength Norway pore pressure inthe 1600 m? of concrete ground Prefabricated columns | "Bauer-Druck’ building | 1992 | Technical and economical | @5 wPavoquired cube | Choice of stress for 8 stones high Gomany advantages: eductionin | Srengih (660), ‘tain clagramin bulding with heavy roinoreament;croviding | StenPareachedcuse | which the rmechines space forinseris strength (26) ascending partis 42 MPa tonal evongth; | neatly angle 39.4GPaE-madulus, | andthe max. 450 kof coment stain is reduced 35 kg silica fume for Pc. 450 tm? water Tight arrangement of horizontal reinforcement ear tho joints of tho protabreated columns Slabs and pavements Type of Pavements | Name and Locaton | Yearat | Reasons for Using Concrete Performance, | Design Constr. | HSCHPC Composition ard Quaty | Considerations and Codes, Slab on grads ofa | Osta Harstor, 1381 | Provide low RHinthe stao | 20MPacube sxengih, | Swedish Coae profabicatod one-foor | Finepang, die to seltdessicaionto | wr rato of.2. BeK79 fesidenialbuling | Sweden avoid moisture damage | BHe90% bafoe applying ‘he flooring silica fume, ‘natural aggregate, evling wih plastic sect a casting Owelings Kumiostar 199293 | Shorten period otarying | 76 MPa cube stength Gothenburg, 0.37-0.58 wh ratio, Sweden Motomay oad sia | E-6Hoberatanges | 1999 | Wearing resistance, €5MPa.cube strength | Swedish Road Halland County, improved environmental | 0.38 wo ratio, twolayer | Authorites, Sweden performance. slab, high avatyinupper | Specs. tow maintenaco neds, | lays, oxpecod agg in fevorabel fe cyclo cost | uppe layer, sles tume, airentainment Sidewalk Sherbrooke, 1993 | improved durabitty 88.5 MPa (ro at) MeDonald Restaurant | Canada 68.5 MPa with 6.8% a we=030 Conte pavements | Austia 1990/85 | Ouabitty (wear) (0.38 wie ratio with noise reducing surface Garage floor ‘Sydsten Hardeberga, | 1992 | ProvidstowAHin the eb | 96 MPacube sength | Swedsh Code Sweden ust seltdessicaton to | 0.36 w/b rato BBK73 ‘vod moisture damage extended) Highway Vestols and Bergen, | 1991 | Abrasion resistance €2.1-84.5 MPa average Noway 90202 | against spked wreets | strength 290-414 kgin® coment 15:17 kgir sca fumo 0.38 wie ratioVila Bera, 1990 | Provide low RH in the slab | 133.MPacube strength | Swedish Code ‘Sweden ue to sattcessication to | 0.27 wid ratio. BK 7e avoid moisture damage (extended) Damgaardstunneien, | 1992/03 | Improve resistance to 76.MPa avorage strength | Norwegian Bargen abrasion (etudded tives) | (cube) Ministry of Noway Who = 0.38 “Transporation 7200 m* of concrete Norn 078 Stokke 1991 | improve abrasion 7eMPa average strength | Norwegian Vestfold resistance (studded tres) | (cube) Ministry of| Norway wo = 0.38 “Transportation 12250, ofconerete | Norm 018 Moholdt, Trondheim, | 1982 | Improve abrasion 7et092MPa average | Norwegian Noway resistance (studded tres) | strength (cube) Ministry of (0.37 wb fatio “Transportation 3600 mf concrete Norm 078 \Vinterbro Tune 1993 | improve abrasion B4togsMPa average | Norwegian Oslo, resistance (studded tres) | strength Ministry of Noway 0.37 wb ratio “Transportation 19000 m ef concrete __| Norm 018 Vaalerenga Tunnel, | 1988 | Improve abcasion 982 MPa average strongth slo, resistence 0.32 wit ratio Noway 4500 m? of concrete —— Rasnaastoss Bridge | 1989 | Improve abrasion 110Pa average Norway resistance stength (cube) (0.54 wb ratio 50 kgm of ste! fibers 60-80 mm theknese 300 m of concrete E188 E-6 1969 | improve abrasion 186 to 95 MPa average Noway resistance svength (eube) 0.37 wb ratio 22000 rm of concrete Fakenberg-Sutrige | 1993 | Improve abrasion 72 MPa average strength ‘Sweden resistance {cube} (0.40 wb ratio £85000 mt of concrete Nardo, 1901 | improve abrasion 82-86 MPa average Norwesizn| ‘Trondtoim resistance (studded tres) | strength (cube) Mistry of Noway 0.37 wb ratio ‘Transportation 3500 m® of concrete Nom O18 Name and Location | Yearot | Reasons for Using Concrete Performance, | Design Const. | HsCMeC Composition and Quantity | Considerations and Codes ‘St.Eustache, Quebec, | 1902 | Precast pretensioned HSC | co MPa speciied CChannel-shaped Canada strength Gidors. HSC was 0.26 wie ratio not required fr concrote composito girder | 4.5% air content strength but for 500 kgim® cement durabilty.Iial 480 koi* water cost 85 MPa and ail LWA concrete, the corresponding values of E,, and e,, have 10 be determined by tests. For ND conerete of fi, are recommended : £85 (MPa) the following equations E,, = 9500 (f,)°° (6a) =f (60) , =(0.004f,, + 1.9] 107 (60) £, =(25m-15)e,where m=eJe, (6d) Reference is also made to more detailed information in NS 3473, Modulus of elasticity The modulus of elasticity is calculated from the formula E,=9 600 (f° (pl2400)"* ” where the exponent 0.3 has been substituted for 1/3 in Ea. (2), resulting in approximately 15% reduction of E, com- Fig 2 NS 3473 - Schematic stress-strain diagram pared to the E-value of MC90. In NS 3473, E, is assumed to be a rather short time deformation modulus, not including the delayed deformation during the first day after loading, The chosen formula agrees fairly well with test results on high strength concretes with aggregates commonly used in Nomway. Concrete contribution to shear capacity ‘The new Norwegian code has adopted a modified equation for design shear strength (8) V., = 0.83 (f+ )b,dk,<0.661b,dk, (8) bd where: k, = 100MPa A, = Area of tension reinforcement Width of web Distance from extreme compres: of tensile reinforcement 4 (material cooticient for concrete) ‘5 did, This is a scale factor, but not greater than 4.4 nor less than 1.0 (¢, = 1.0m) fibre to centroid Other Norwegian Public Regulations ‘The Norwegian Petroloum Directorate has issued ,Regulat- ions concerning loadbearing structures in the petroleum actvities* (1992). The regulations mainly refer to NS 3473 regarding concrete structures but specify different load factors and include a few special rules related to design resistance. ‘The Norwegian Public Road Administration has issued a »Process Code 2"for their construction works. The following requirements for waterfbinder ratio and binder content are Table 5 Durability requirements, Norwegian Pubic Road ‘Aaministrationspecified. The environmental class MA applies for structures in saline water, in the splash zone or exposed to sea spray, structures exposed to deicing salts, aggressive gases, salt or other chemical substances, and structures exposed to repeated freezing and thawing in a wet condition. ‘The environmental class NA applies for outdoor structures or indoor structures in dry climate without aggressiveness, ‘The quantities P, are the mass contents of puzzolanic components, each having an efficiency factor k, with respect to pure porttand cement. Finnish Code Rak MK B4 1983/84, ‘Supplement DBY34 (1991) Compressive and tensile strength the highest grade with reference to cube strength is 100 MPa (K100) — the tensile strengths for the concrete grades K70, KBO, 90 and K100 are specified as 3.3, 3.5, 3.7 and3.9MPa respectively = the stress - strain diagram is shown in fig. 3. = the modulus of elasticity for concrete grades K > 60 MPa is given as E, = 38 700 MPa. — the creep coefficient may be reduced by 30 % for ND concrete with a water content less than 170 lim? ‘Shear capacity ‘A maximum strength to be considered in the calculation of shear capacity is, duo to lack of information, sot at 60 MPa. ‘sronatn (Pa) es — igo 579" rea “Tost zd 1 wa a ese Stain oe Fig 3 Rak Mk 4/1991 - Stress-stain dlagram ACI 318-89 (USA) Grading In ACI 318-89 ,Building Code Requirements for Concrete Structures" no concrete grades are specified. The concrete ‘strength is determined from tests on cylinders (152/804 mm) Although there are no limitations to the conerete strength in general, the maximum strength to be considered for the contribution to the shear strength as well as inthe calculation of the transition length of reinforcement s limited to 70 MPa. Design strength 1,,=0.851,,2 @) where @ - strength reduction factor 0.7 < © < 0.9 applied to nominal strength of section, Tensile strength For the conttol of deflections under service conditions, the flexural tensile strength of concrete (modulus of rupture) is given in Section 9.5 (ACI) oe, (10) When LWA concrete is used, one of the following modifications applies: When the spliting tensile strength, f, is specified, f, may be modified to txt, £06 V1, Othenvise f= 0.45 VI, a) For prestressed concrete the maximum tensile stress in flexure at service loads is given in Section 18.4 (ACI) 9,2 0.5%, (12) Stress-strain relationship The relationship between concrete compressive stress distri- bution and concrete strain may be assumed to be rectan- gular, trapezoidal, parabolic, or any other shape that results in the prediction of strength in substantial agreement with results of comprehensive tests. A uniformly distributed concrete stress of 0.85 {._ over an equivalent compression zone bounded by edges of the cross- section anda straight line located parallel to the neutral axis ata distance a =. from the fibre of maximum compressive strain, is considered to satisfy the above requirements. The factor 8 depends on the conorete strength. It is 0.88 for ‘concrete strength f,, < 30 MPa and is reduced continuously at rate of 0.05 for each 7 MPa of strength in excess of 30 MPa, but must not be taken less than 0.65. Basically, the varying factor B accounts for a more triangular stress-strain curve of HSC. Modulus of elasticity The modulus of elasticity of the concrete is calculated from the formula E, =p" - 0.048 VF, (13) The formula is not adjusted for high strength concrete, and overestimates the modulus of elasticity for concrete strength above 40 MPa, For shrinkage and creep, no spacial considerations are inclu- ded for high strength concrete. Conerete contribution to shear capacity ‘The shear capacity of members subjected to shear and flexure only is given as Vig=@ (hg6) bd (14) where = 0.85 ‘The concrete strength is limited to f,, <70 MPa unless theminimum reinforcement is increased up to a maximum of three times the normal amount For LWA concrete Vis to be multiplied by 0.75. State-of-the-Art Report Useful information can be found in :.State-of-he-Art Report ‘on High Strength Concrete", ACI 363 R-22, Reported by ACI Committee 363, Canada The Canadian Codes CSA A23.1, A23.2 and A.23.3 do not contain yet any new provisions for high performance concr- ete. Some new provisions have been proposed but have not been approved. They are related to the following topics a) CSA A.23.1 Concrete Materials and Methods of Construction* ' aggregates, mixing, temperature control, consolidation, curing and protection, b) CSAA.23.2 ,Methods of Test for Concrete" : aggregate strength, laboratory trial mixes, making and curing test ‘specimens, testing, cylinder moulds, size of test specim- ens. CSAA23.3 ,Design of Concrete Structures for Buildings" modulus of elasticity, creep, flexure and axial load, minimum flexural reinforcement, minimum shear reinforcement, bond and development of reinforcing bars, transfer and development length of pretensioned strand, prestressed concrete, special previsions for seismic design. q Germany '@ modifications given in the DAFStb Guideline mainly nce the following topics : modulus of elasticity, stress- strain curve, design strength, fire resistance, minimum reinforcement, minimum stirup reinforcement in columns and ls, design for shear, punching and torsion. The DAFStb deline for high strength reinforced concrete is stil in cussion. The following informations are all preliminary. The for the new German guideline for HSC is code DIN only concerning reinforced concrete structures so far. Grading The maximum strength refering to standard cube (200 by 200 by 200 mm) for concrete is 118 MPa, For higher strength then B95 special investigations are necessary. Lightweight aggregate concretes are not included. Concrete ‘classifications are given in Table 6 Tensile strength Tho mean values of the direct tensile strength are given in Table 7. Ba, | B65 105 | B15 43 | 46 | 2s | so | s2 | 59 875 | 805 | pos Sood Table 7 Tensile stength - German proposal For the lower characteristic tensile strength (6 % - fractile) 0.677... for the upper characteristic tensile strength (25 % - fractile) 1.338,,),, should be used, Stress-strain relationship The relationship between compressive stress and strain for dimensioning is shown in fig, 4. Parameters belonging tofig, 4 are given in Table 8, Sp (Ninel f ~ bs eL%ol Fig. 4 Stess-suain rtaonsnip - German proposal lees _|e75 [eas [aos Jaros lors Ccharectoeio ean valve pe [40 [4s [50 [ss feo toe {rong Ba (MPa) Ba (Pa) (ea) E 65 n pal _|20e for 210 fare |es7 e2o eee fee ies a eu) [31 27 es las los [ee a A n zo tio tis biz fie [rss le 9s 104 S 105, 118, Table Peramotars forthe determination ofthe stress-strain relationship German proposal S 115 126 oatens necessary 12 lassiication (200 mm cubes) - Garman proposal The ascending branch of the stress-strain curve is shown according to the Quast proposal, the shape being determined by an exponential function up to the characteristic compressive strength value B,. If other specimens (Instead of the standard 200 mm cube} for the compressive test are Used the following equations are recommendedByer = 0.92 Bay Brass = 9-95 Buss Bua = 110 Brssaavo (1s) Modulus of elastiony order to continue the curve given by code DIN 1046 with uideline the following data given in table 9 were aes [ors [ees [eos [eros lous 44000 | 44500 | 45000 41000 | «2000 | «3000 igations necessary 1s of last (data for calculation) - Geman proposal Concrete contribution to shear capacity in the German Guideline for HSC the concept from MC 90 been adapted, If t, < To, 0 shear reinforcement is (100 py" k+0.1 oy, 6) MD, M) = 1 it more than 50 % of the bottom reinforcement is surtalled, else k= 1 + 1200 NA, basic shear strength area of the tension reinforcement minimum width of the section over the effective depth h effective depth of the section longitudinal force in section due to loading or prestressing (compression positive) Bas BS = BSS 0270 0285 0300 ‘Basie shear strength ¢,,'- Gorman proposal shear resistance of a section with shear reinforcement 's given by the equation: The Netherlands ‘The supplement to NEN 6720, NEN 5950 and NEN 6722 rmainiy deals with the following topics : material characteris- tics, shear resistance, punching, torsion, deflections, cracking, detalling and fresh concrete. The supplement is written in such a way, that a compatible transition is obtained between the classical strenath classes up to B65 and the higher strength classes which are dealt with in the supplement, Grading and compressive strength The highest concrete grade is B105. The number denotes the characteristic compressive strenath in MPa of 10 mm cubes, tested after 28 days. ‘The design compressive strength of the concrete f,, is calculated from kha (38) where 1, =design compressive strenath £2, = characteristic cube strength 3, = material safety factor for concrete in compression 12 reduction factor taking account of the difference between cylinder and cube strength, and the effect of sustained loading, with 785 ~f., k=—— (19) 1000 Tensile strength ‘The design value of the tensile strength f.,is determined from (20) where % = Material safety factor for concrete in tension f,, = chartacteristic 5%) tensile strength 7 (8 + 0.02 f.,) haracteristi cube compressive strength f Modulus of elasticity ‘The modulus of elasticity is calculated from E,, = 95900 + 40/,,, (MPa) 1) Table 11 gives a survey of the strength values. —— t tw |e: 39 | 21s | 43 | 38500 45 | 225 | 4s | 38000 so | 235 | 47 | 39300 ss | 245 | 49 | 9700 o_| 255 {si | or00 Table 11 ~ Strength values for concrete, in MPaStress-Strain diagram The stress-strain diagram conists of a linear ascending branch, until f,, which is reached at a strain e,, and a hori- zontal traject untila strain ¢,,. The characteristic strain values are given in table 12. Swength lass E se) ed Bes 28 350 17s BTS as 325 178 BSS 50 3.00 120 B95 B05 Table 12 - Parameters of a-e olagram Fig. § shows the relations for the various strength classes, 1 ot | °y Shear capacity = Elements nat requiring design shear reinforcement Mea Vee) ‘The design shear resistance V,,,, for slender beams (a/d < 2.5) is given by Van 204 ty (1.6-O)MpjbdL041,4-d (22) where P, = longitudinal reinforcement percentage = 100 A, /bd a fective depth of cross-section in m lesign tensile strength of concrete, which may not ‘excead 2.15 MPa, corresponding with a strength class B65 f Elements requiring shear reinforcement 2 (1 + 6016) e s for the case of vertical stirrups, with A,, = cross sectional area of shear reinforcement fs spacing of the stirups z inner lever arm © angle of the concrete struts, with faa ~ 65 o=304 40 15° (25) 50 © is increased from 30° at B6S to 45° at B105. This accounts for the reduced effect of aggregate interlock in the cracks due to particle fracturing. The shear capacity is limited to Ves® Vana 8) with leg 0.1 (+98) k, Ky # 9.5 ky e where cot® + cote ——_ 8) 1 +008 {or stirup inclination 60° < a < 90° and 5 Om k= +10 29) a fa with o,, = average axial compressive stress in section considered. Swedish Code BBK 79 Grading and compressive strength The highest grade is KB0. The numeral designates the stipulated compressive strength in MPa of 150 mm cubes at standard age. When a large number of specimens are tested, the Sth percentile ofthe test results shall be at least equal to the stipulated value In the ultimate limit state the design compressive strength fog = Nagl(1-51,) (0) where 7, isa partial coefticient dependent on the safely class (80), (='1.0 for SC ,Jess serious", = 1.1 for SC serious", = 1.2 for SC , very serious") The relation between the strength class, K, and the corresponding characteristic value of the compressive strength, f,,. 18 f,, = 0.7 K + 0.5 MPa. In order that characteristic values > 21.5 MPa may be utilised, ‘Workmanship Class | is required. The design shear reinforcement of an area with shear reinforcement is given by the equation Vien = Vas + Vag fee 23) Tensile strength For strength classes K60 and higher the characteristic value of the tensile strength, f.,. is constant and equal to 2.50 MPa, (In BBK94, which is a revised version of BBK79, the value of where V,,[s the contribution of the conerete, which is equal t0 Vp, and V,, = contribution of the shear reinforcement{,,, will be increased to 2.60 MPa for K70 and 2.65 MPa for Ko). In the ultimate limit state the design tensile strength fa=tell-Sy) @) For concrete made with lightweight agaregate, the values t, given for concrete made with ordinary aggregate shall be reduced by applying the multiplication factor 03 + 0.7 p!2400 (32) where p Is the density (kg/m?) of the lightweight aggregate concrete. With respect to tensile strength, concrete is assigned to tensile strength classes T1.0- 4.0. The numeral designates the stipulated value of the tensile strength in MPa, determined. by spliting 150 mm cubes or cylinders of 150 mm diameter at standard age, with the tensile strength put equal to 2/3 of the splitting strength. (In BBK94 the value 2/3 will be increased to 0.8). Modulus of elasticity ‘The characteristic value E,, of the modulus of elasticity is 36.0 GPa for grade K60 and 38.5 GPa for grade KB0. The tabulated values of E,, are not equivalent to the same low percentile (0.05 fractile) as the values of the strengths f. and, but are approximately equivalent to a 0.3 percentié. In the ultimate limit state the design modulus of elasticity E,=EA1.21,) 3) For concrete made with lightweight aggregate, the value shall bbe reduced by multiplication by 9/2400. Fig. 7. Simpliog stress-strain curve for concrete - BBK 79 The stress-strain curve is sh In the figure = 0.8 L/E, eq = 0.0020 ey (0.8 + 0.7 p/2400 (34) Contribution to shear capacty For a structural element o not submitted to a tensile may be calculated trom V,=8 (1 +509) 034, bd nstar cross section which is design shear strength (35) France ‘The regulations BAEL 91 (limit stat concrete structures and BPE prestressed concrete structures) al MPa, An annexe on HPC up to f preparation and will be promulgat design of reinforced mit State design of ., values up to 60 50 MPa is under ‘The rules for manufacturing ang pl the “Fascicule 658 (Compléments) hautes performances’ g BHP are covered in Chapitre 2: Béton & Finally, the regulations for the execution of the compression test ate under revision in order to adapt them to HPC. A draft proposal on the “sand-box" method has been submitted to the relevant AFNOR-commitiee (Association Frangaise de Normalisation).Current research projects Information on current research activities has been gathered by the Working Group. Based on the answers received to a questionnaire and without attempting to be comprehensive, the following survey gives keyword information on some 100 current research projects, the related publications and detailed addresses of all researchers involved. The general reference to this database is: Rudiger Tewes, Secretary General of CEB, Case Postale 88, CH-1015 Lausanne (EPFL), Fax (+41.21) 693 50 60. Counuy Researcher Propet oe ae own” Yer inoue Hoare fa ecnpaepengat | Gin phic eae foo a a = oe Roa waaee ee a aaa ee ‘ome Seekonk pase ‘Australia Marosszeky / Carrick _Stengthdevelopmentof igh strength strength development, strength research hea Mewee ica aes Sore. eee esc coe nal (ae in gees mata Ny er Tg Se reentty ere Bulking Rosearch Contre ‘stake Marosezohy/ Foster Ductyohighstength conc diy, compression member, research Kercington 1088 tpnfrcoment eating. evry doctiy, Bulking Research Geno ceccicemeeca ‘Austaia angen ‘Several projects on high strength rescarch,dotgn, eee core concroe Scar, tl Curtin Univers of Technology ‘usta Stivivamnanon /Baweja Marine concretes close permeability, resistivity, research, materials Nehhe, 2 ‘mechanical proper, one ai, esiRO . Belgium Teowe 1 Fracture mechanics of HSC fracture mechanics research, material Cont 12 te54 Magnet Laboratory for Reinforced Concrete Boigu Taorwo 2 Intuanco of steel fores on fracture sel fbres, fracture tooghness research, materia Gat ieee 1 Nica toughness of HSC Magne Laboratory for Reinforced Concrete Boigu Taorwe 3 ‘Applicafon of HSCforprestressed prestressed concrete research, structaral ont 18 15 ‘concrete girders ‘Sements Magno Laboratory for Roinforcod Concroto Belgium Vandewale 1 Proporioning and mecharical steel fibers, mixtures, mechanical fet aos proporbes af vry Fgh seorgh roperict ‘Soncreto wth and wihout sea bers athofoke Universit LeuvenCounty Researcher Project Keywords Areas Town Year Institute Baghum Vanden 2 ‘Shoe capacyof sleet berigh shear, a fides, team, pecans vesuach ete aes «Sangh emeke bsane Katee Universit Lowen Bogum ———_Vandonalo reveech ovtco 10081004 Kaho Universit Lowen cman An research Shotrooke, ce. N18 Unvorsy of Serbooke Comin inv coonrucion, Sump, O25 ane Nooeco Canin Paulve Behar ofcanedtighstengh eve reg day, eens reearch oc ae” nwo SSRN EEG Unvoriy of Sorbecko Cana ——Tacts/ Parekh Proce Eaardfxeink seennned HPC, bide snr Boon PEL. 1003 1005 Sait Crossing doit Verne Fond pa tah seepgh concrete in power pat a, munfaing coclgy, teach, mail to ‘= op | ont icp eek Se IMATRAN VOIMA OY ‘smell anaect : Friond hy Testogoftonale conghotHSC using tenis soph dotlobenctes seca, medal ou 2" 1004 Unversty of Outs France de tarard Uttzatonofimprovedconzete ——-mixdsgn, eclogy, cmap atintage, rach, Pais 104 ERAT Sen La. Contl ds Ponts et Chaussées acy Fnce loin Behaviour of HSC srucios and cncking. pil presinsng, research, ames Tolouss 1B. mm ‘(oe and prestressed) the INSA. - Génie Oil. LMC France Pons /Cubaynos Intone tminregal conan, sega pe cme sage, ely Jotuse = 12 IS gale en ceopandskinkagoot Seer, misoamacn Fee areany ance INSA.- Génie Civ -LM.D.. Gomany ——_Hisdort Durabilty of HSC ity, capil, carbonation, research, miter Kaferbo 811984 Retin delay ao ag se Sarge nance, irsttaiig- agen, “TH Kelsuhe ‘ites fame Gem rig /Begper Crackwidth contol ahigh-atongih —crack-width ont, minimam rescarch, desig, Sores teen aor Siraciomonbes sna cane” Satie iydtdee fea: tenets Sy cateas : ‘osrant evelopment TH Darmstadt Gomary ——_-Kenig/ Grin 1 Teste behaiouofhighstengh nse snngt seep bending ess, rte, ds Cee Toon py toad «SG, Sawlcofconcehn — Grecttrrie stg sim few vou elemots TH DarmstadtCountry Researcher Project Keywords Areas foe? Yor Institute clea cea eg cea ee eee see tT Sra aah cee coma cement et bs Ro reae ee Se ein oso ee meee nee ee eee ence gs hyrorette ms moe. Pe eels eee gee ome ono oa aaa pg Cemary King Sach Daly nat chmmampsncatscoes ech Ect a ek ae aes ‘ahaa os soni = . = Fe statis ning ya lavigne cae tuaea anos Bertin wb 1995 HPC’ ‘Bundesanet. tMatoratforchung u-prating Connary Maer Mechanical poparoe ef HPC Sizo_ sin fod, esssiin bshuvor ——reetch, materi ‘fet deterinaton of complet Bertin ot ‘stress-strain curve Bundosans {Matoiarschng uring coma Paschmarn Thgotectot mer andorenc strength pemestiliy, cannon, research, material comay ae) «| MERI, | peealicioen eld Sane kde ander oer raperios fame poverty ee Verein Deutecher Zementwerko 2. ot oneroia eae Cormany Reinhard Schén ‘High strength concrete undarlocal local compression, partially loaded : Se, compression fae ‘TU-- Inst Werkstofe im Bauwosen Gormany Finharet/ Wobor 1 ‘sustgart 1901 1055 ‘TU- Inst. Werkstofe im Bauwosen Dai of high swengh conte (100 MB) dusbilsy ‘research, material, Germany FRoinharck/ Webor2 Influence of curing on HSC emnesbility,defomnations, uring research, material, ‘sungart 1904 1956 rect ‘TU- Inst. Werkstofe im Bauwoson Germany FReinharek/ Weber New curing method for HSC. curing esearch, material, Sutgert 1904 1905 sructures ‘TU-- Inst. Werkstoe im Bauwoson Germany ‘Springonschiid/ Domer Resistance of ‘concrete chemjeal resistance, acid attack, sulfate research, material Munchen 104 1966 Bauetofinetiut dor TU Munchen low porosity. ‘agaist very stony chemical aack susck Gonmany __Springenschmid/ Schrage Manchion 1891p 1904 Inuence of stiaesication on tine pendant deformations andon tracking tendenoy selfdesiation, creep, shrinkage, ‘racking tendency research, material ‘Baustotintiut der TU Monchen Gormany __Springenschmid/ Schrage Mirchon » ‘Baustofinetiut dor TU Minchan Infuence of igher curing ‘omporatirs on tho compressive StongH of high erongth sonecipe Inydaton heat, ering, sreng research, materialCountry _Resvarcher Project Keywords Areas Town Year Institute Indes ——‘Boean/ Monat ong Medel SO vaoby, cosine de oan ca, enh, mah Sh fioncy como improvement rcp, snkage fy ach, bis fomsce Semaaeton Banding 1m 8 thay HSC Werocrackinirtorice —‘hgraickel wae Insts Telnolog! Bandung ie tay Ccaeota/ Marino Ustzaionofrigh srengh conerto mix design, mechani x research, design, tala. ON 18 (eign of rrr lene cal sie, University of Agua pen Fujita Asal Research anddoveopmentet he igh slic fame, Baa fomsce sag Kawach-Gun, 1982 1005 Sumitomo Construction Co.,LTD performance concrete pan Fujta Tamaki KawachiGun, 1982 1905 ‘Suritomo Construction Co,, LTD ‘Basie resoarch on the boating stonghh oftigh stenath cones besrng avengh, compressive sxengh, atc research Seen asec ee cr Serine ty entetnioes = Tokyo 199 18 joints using high-strength materiais eran ame Scaceaeaaecaa aaa ela mg SE ec Sa ‘Shimizu Corporation sata - ee SIS ea et ea ate ea oe a Kowsar/Kimsa owt foetal ie pee kane ee ele cee Tsukuba. 192 196 for HSC road ‘strength, creep. Oe hrs ee sepan Koda {A sudy on shear srengh of hi confinement, column shear transfer research: eosin st Tro ato me Sembee eae fee a Sonpeas asian oa ae Ca cee a Tokyo: wm 18 and steel frame (AC core wall ‘elements ‘Shimizu Corporation system) we ants —C eNO gan erica ema Kenagana 1988 ee Seas sora aeteraes ike fue Nishimatsu Construction Co., Lid, " a = on nme, a Np en a SN TA Seroene eee aeeaes see ae aaaeoenaae (ean aaa Pc wen mS eerie ger uecmeh ae Ee ere r as aoa pas sae con 6 ‘sing UNS matorale - Mach. prop. of capacity, ve region, dutty, Stvetra elements ‘Ci Engincering Department Ula HSC boams wihwaithout saps,County Researcher Project Keywords Areas Town Year Institute Japan Tachibana 1 ‘High-strength lightweight concrote- research Tolye es woos pang highrpedomance areal Shimizu Corporation ne Japan Tachibana 2 ‘High-strength concrete project silica fume, blast furnace slag, creep, ‘research, “olye 1353 108 ‘Brinkage,impertre i, cneaty ‘Shimizu Corporation Span Totahash/Niskia Praca applcaton of supe fowablo silty, conston matosizaton, research, desin, cearee conse Eorabiiyrsegegaion vbacon ™ — Sontution Nshimatsu Constuction Co, Lc. span Takes Hamasaki Thedowlopmentol superigh _—_‘as-furce sag super pasiczer, research Tekyo orp we fag once shccline Set Penta Ooo Constucton Ca, Lid Soon Takeus/Hamasaki2 Thodowlopmertet super worablo Was fumace slag, yas, sper reach, Tokyo: 192 bb 196 ——_ lasticne, water-binder rato, unit ‘construction, Sign wer an Penta Owen Consnicton Co, Ld Japan Usha Deveopmontof Ack ighvsing strength development, ydrion, revere, mati, din 4 ie open lay, aby, Ena Techn. Research ina, Aoki Cor, span Yara Constuction ot Kuslaumpur Cty sesame ecention Teukubecty, Hm eee Sata tewer RLCE ree ‘Hazama Corporation Japan ‘Yaraca Konno ‘Sud onuitzaion of ira igh comin, sic modula of lascy, teil Srongtreonso COMPA 120 Si-vea sien, ces, shenkage, Teukbeciy, 19 tows mahioot Sxcitiom, exp shanks Hazama Cerporaton Japan Yamamoto Development adiancodeoncei | earhguks, cep, shrinkage, columns rescarch, material Tate eee Subeomh greene coumnieen micniai elements “Techno! Ressarch Centar of Toys oan Yonezawa ing over ridge in Takenaha pressed concrete ridge, design design, cmeraction, eae Tey sow Faroach Bovscpmorinsi Freer Si, cer Rie Sper an Takenaka Copraion pen Yornzawa 2 Newuisng ofStinagawa Prince sel columns filled with cones, design cosintion, ee scan Hew Strey Sigh la MPs, ait tomoraty Sena Tetancka Coperaton oan Yonezawa'd Seishin Minami Garden Tow RC fame actus, desin strength, 60 design, consrocton ae {O82 1605 «=< CEbstoeyresidentalbuldng) Musica ames ready min conte mated Tetonaka Corporation seon2s5 Kucha Usizaion thigh srongh concrete compressive sng eadymined research, Tauitatu, 102 scot ———(100" 180 ‘Snes weeably: mix Scorston, ‘Sag in eat ctu, Bre medal Tels Corporation ‘sane, duabliy Korea ‘tin The behaviour ofpresressed beam pac beam, joint research, desis, jj Tes gay —_ CEB Manual Structural Effects of Time-dependent Behaviour of Concrete (1984) 42> CEB Manual Cracking and Deformations (Final Draft 1981) 44 CER-EIP Design Manual Application of the CEB-FIP Model Code 1978 for Concrete Structures (1984) 45+ Design of Conerete Structures for Fire Resistance - Preliminary draft of an Appendix to the CEB-FIP Model ode for Concrete Structures (1982) ‘Shear, Torsion and Punching - Progress Report (1982) ‘Conceptional Preparation of Future Codes - Progress Report (1982) 45+ Dusbility of Concrete Structures - State-of-the-Art Report (1982) 9 ‘Seismic Design of Concrete Structures - Second Draft of an Appendix to the CEB-FIP Model Code Basic Concepts for Seismic Codes (1982) So Deiailing of Conerete Structures - First Draft of a Design Manual (1982)15% Boad Action and Bond Behaviour of Reinforcement - State-of-the-Art Report (1982), $52 Dexsbility of Concrete Structures - CEB-RILEM International We - Final Report (1983) $53 Strmctural Analysis - Enlarged Meeting of the Commission - Vol. I (1981) ‘acme 1: Nonlinear analysis and design of concrete frames - Theme 2: Nonlinear analysis and design of slabs {5+ Stmotural Analysis - Enlarged of the Commission - Vol. 1 (1981) 3. Uncertainties of the structural model and randomness of the structural behaviour - 4. Thermal effects $55 Buckling and Instability - Progress Report (1983) Concrete under Multiaxial States of Stress - Constitutive Equations for Practical Design (1983) Quality Control and Quality Assurance for Concrete Structures (1983) Manvel du CEB Fissuration et Déformations (1983) SS CEB Design Manual Cracking and Deformations (1984) 452 Application of the Finite Element Method to Two-Dimensional Reinforced Concrete Structures ~ ‘Stuplified Methods of Calculating Short Terms Deflections of Reinforced Concrete Slabs (1983) "52 Model Code for Seismic Design of Concrete Structures - Vol. 1 - Final Draft (1983) SS Model Code for Seismic Desien of Concrete Structures - Vol, 2 - Trial Calculations (1983) $62 Response of Reinforved Concrete Critical Regions under Large Amplitude Reversed Actions (1983) 162" Asses of Cone Suc ae Desi acct ox pending Reef) (0983) 453 Comportement en Service, Entretien et Réparations ~ L’apport pS omelet Sigs ==) of Intemational Activity on Behaviour in Service, Maintenance and Repair of Concrete Bridges - Lessons ‘Obsecvation of Existing Bridges - ct Processus de Décision (1983) Industrialization of Reinforeement in Reinforced Concrete Structures - Synthesis Report (1985) 155 CEB Model Code for Seismic Design of Concrete Structures (1985) 465 Draft CEB Guide to Durable Concrete Structures (1985) is7 Thermal Effects in Concrete Structures - Synthesis Repor (1985) 468 Punching Shear in Reinforced Concrete - State-of-the-Art Report (1985) 169 Draft Guide for the Design of Precast Wall Connections (1985) 179 Basic Notes on Model Uncertainties ~ State-of-the-Art Report Liquid and Gas Tightness of Concrete Structures - Progress Report (1985) TAL Special Sessions Rowterdam: "New Concepis in Detailing” + “Quality Control” ‘A Deterministic Calibration Method for the Selection of Paral Safety Factors (1985) 22) CEB-FIP 1978 Model Code Revision Process Collation of Received Observations compiled by 473 the Model Code Revision Group for Discussion by the CEB.. ‘Commitee (1986) TH Model Code for Fire Design of Concrete Structures - (First Daft 1986) 275 Summary and Analysis of Observations conceming the Revision of the CEB-FIP Model Code 1978 with Discussion Documents on New or Revised Clauses (Part A - 1987) 475 Summary and Analysis of Observations conceming the Revision of the CEB-FIP Model Code 1978 with Discussion Documents on New or Revised Clauses (Part B - 1987) 177 Summary and Analysis of Observations conceming the Revision of the CEB-FIP Model Code 1978 with Discussion Documents on New or Revised Clauses (Part C - 1987) 278/ Fundamental Developments in Design Models - Contributions to joint meeting 3 Commission It (Structural Analysis) and Commission TV (Members Design) - (1986) 380 Shear in Prestressed Concrete Members - State-of-the-Art Report (1987) 181 Anchorage Zones of Prestressed Concrete Members - State-of-the-Art Report (1987) 182 Durable Concrete Structures ~ CEB Design Guide, Second Etiton (1989) 183 CEB Design Guide Durable Concrete Structures, Printed Bition (CUhomas Telford Lad (1992) ISBN 0-7277-1620-4; 120 184 Quality Assurance for Building - Synthesis Report (1 185 Special Sessions Treviso: "Pisin and Slightly Reinforced Concrete Structures” = "Fatiguo” (1987) 186 Contributions to Tecnology and Quality Control of Reinforcement: Quality System foc Concrete Rein B Syathesis Bond of Reinforcing Bars with Small Diameters determined by the Pull-out Test - Progress Report ‘Recommendations for Welded Splices in Reinforcing Bar ( 187 _ Conorete Structures ender impact and Impulsive Loading - Synthesis Report (1988; 184 p) 188 Fatigue of Concrete Structures - State-of-the-Art Report June 1988; 312 p) 189 ‘Model Code 1990 - Supplementary Documents forthe First Predrait (1988) 190a__CEB-FIP Model Code 1990 - Fist Predraft (1988) 190b (Two Volumes)as a ae Aca Seal he Le cid Diagnosis and poet ‘Concrete Structures - State-of- Art Report (1989; 130} Sling acta ea of Hii Sten Cones 9.1 (1990; 2'S855H 0010 ‘CEB-EIP Model Code 1990 - First Draft, Chapters 1 - 5 (1990; ISBN 2-88394-002-9; 21 CEB-FIP Model Code 1990 - Fst alt Chaps 62 i Kppeaion (1990; ISBN “7; 380p) State-of-the-Art 1990; 61 CES EIP Mota Cove 1950. Et Draft Bist Dat Addendum 50: 900; BON 2asou ine Evan of te Tin Dependent Behaviour of Cs ace a oN ath 10 (1992; ISBN 2-88394-017-7; 132 pages) Se ee ey, Splices Bars Recommendations for Spacers, Chairs reecae beet ae 126 pages) ‘Structures - Final ge arees GoRr BA Seton pac) FIP MODEL CODE 1990 eo ee ISBN 2-88394-008-8 and -009-6 and ‘(Thuee volumes, 637 pages) Fastenings to Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Structures eset and aie OSD EISEN S852 01L Sand 02 6 Gootannes oozes) Fire. "Concrete Structures in accordance with CEB-FIP Model Code 90 (Final Draft) (1991; ISBN 2-88394-013-4; 204 pages) Viaton potions a Seustres Prarcl Guidenes (9915, PASE 68104 018 2,204 ages) Molune 1 Gen Moss (199118542 S94 U1S0r512 pee) pape Seis fey ene 9-98 oO" ENZO onstsions othe Dsien of Prestesed Concrets Stats (1992: ISBN 2.983940 ‘CEB-FIP MODEL CODE 1990, Printed Edition, Volume) (Gomes Te Ue 0999) SN 077711864 42 aes) Revision of ‘the CEB Design Manual ine Degen hoe Coe Jn accordance with the Pe ee Piserines oRSufored eee! ee iF Ba aes) a 15280 pe Ss Sarotentn Sn SS SISON 7 EOS Be sei ena a wa ec wgmsc terres eens Cacea See ISDN? 8604.22 325 Solan Frame Mens (SON TSEN 2 8856 051 80 pase) ‘Advanced Studies in ‘Concrete - Contributions to the 1993 Lisbon Workshop in tribute to Aanlicateor (en a iene CEB-FIP Working Group (0994; ISBN 8: 65 pages)ISSN 0378-9489 ISBN 2-88394-025-8