PROBLEMATIKA SUMBER dan

TEKNOLOGI ENERGI

Kuliah Minggu 1
Teknik Konversi Energi
D4-TKK-Semester 6
2018
 Facilitated by:
Ratna Budiawati
Performance to “TEKNOLOGI KONVERSI ENERGI – 612317-A”
6th Semester of Academic Year 201672018
D4-TKK-POLITEKNIK PERKAPALAN NEGERI SURABAYA
 WHAT IS TECHNOLOGY

Technology is the application of practical or

mechanical sciences to industry or commerce Collins, 1995

Teknologi adalah kemampuan teknis yang

berlandaskan pengetahuan ilmu eksakta dan
berlandaskan proses teknik tertentu
Tim Penyusun Kamus Bahasa Indonesia, 1990

Technology as a concept allows us to understand a

set of phenomena that remain invisible even where
technologies are perceptibly manifest. John Boli-Bennett's, 1973

First week: 3rd-8th September 2007.

 WHAT IS TECHNOLOGY
A science to designate the
processes of constructing and
exploiting machines (John Boli-Bennett's, 1973)

The sequence of technology growth:

1. Tools and instruments are material systems for
increasing the efficiency of human action;
2. Machines are material/module systems replacing
man for actions (that she/)he cannot perform
(her/)himself, most often because they require too
much energy;
3. Apparatuses designate both complex instruments
and machines using a small amount of energy.
th th
Second week: 10 - 14 September 2007.
 TECHNOLOGY AND ENERGY

Technologies furnish energy; technologies that

utilize energy such as power machines replacing
man in his processing of material. John Boli-Bennett‘s, 1973.
 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

2. “The second industrial revolution” was

characterized by electricity.

1. “The First industrial

revolution" was characterized
by the use of coal as a power
source, and by the machines 3. “The third industrial revolution”causes some
built to use coal. wavering: the use of atomic energy.
 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
5. The Fifth “Bio-Technology" was
producing a genetically identical
organism. (1990)
4.The Fourth “ Cyber Technology”
deals with the development of artificial
devices or machines that can be
surgically implanted into a humanoid
form to improve or otherwise augment
their physical or mental abilities.
 WHAT IS ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
A technology (Tools and instruments, Machines, and
Apparatuses) appoint a simple to complex system
producing, distributing, and packaging/storing up amount
of energy as well as work.
Wilbur C.L. 1985
__________, 2004, from http://www.Scientific base to energy technology\Energy Scientific Principles.htm, accessed 3 August 2006.

THIS PICTURE IS A KIND OF ENERGY TECHNOLOGY (AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

which is conected to A GENERATOR); CALLED ……………….SYSTEM

Second week: 10th - 14th September 2007.

SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES OF ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
Three laws of thermodynamics:
The zeroth law of thermodynamic: the thermal equilibrium This establishes
temperature as a fundamental and measurable property of matter.

The first law of thermodynamic: the conservation of energy (energy cannot be

created or destroyed; the total quantity of energy in the universe stays the
same.

The second law of thermodynamic: the quality of energy or the dis-order in the
universe increases. A heat energy cannot be transferred from a body at a lower
temperature to a body at a higher temperature without the addition of energy

The third law of thermodynamic: the entropy or the principle of un-attainability

of absolute zero temperature.

Wilbur C.L. 1985

__________, 2004, from, http://www.Scientific base to energy technology\Energy Scientific Principles.htm, accessed 3 August 2006.

Second week: 10th - 14th September 2007.

SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES OF ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
Three laws of thermodynamics:
The first law of thermodynamic, also called conservation of energy, states that
the total amount of energy in the universe is constant. This means that all of the
energy has to end up somewhere, either in the original form or in a different
from. We can use this knowledge to determine the amount of energy in a
system, the amount lost as waste heat, and the efficiency of the system.

The second law of thermodynamic states that the disorder in the universe
always increases. After cleaning your room, it always has a tendency to
become messy again. This is a result of the second law. As the disorder in the
universe increases, the energy is transformed into less usable forms. Thus, the
efficiency of any process will always be less than 100%.
The third law of thermodynamic tells us that all molecular movement stops at
a temperature we call absolute zero or 0 Kelvin (-273oC). Since temperature is
a measure of molecular movement, there can be no temperature lower than
absolute zero. At this temperature, a perfect crystal has no disorder.
__________, 2004, from http://www.Scientific base to energy technology\Energy Scientific Principles.htm, accessed 3 August 2006.

Second week: 10th - 14th September 2007.

ENERGY AS THE ABILITY OF SYSTEM TO DO WORK

Work is a force applied to an object over a certain distance,

such as pulling or pushing a wooden block across your desk.
Work is an energy requiring process
What is the unit of WORK? JOULE (J)  1 J = 1 Nm

HEAT
The released energy is not used, it will escape and be "wasted"
usually as heat.
Heat is the quantity of energy stored or transferred by thermal
vibration of molecules. At absolute zero, a system has no heat energy.

WHAT IS TEMPERATURE?

__________, 2004, from http://www.Scientific base to energy technology\Energy Scientific Principles.htm, accessed 3 August 2006.

Second week: 10th - 14th September 2007.

ENERGY AS THE ABILITY OF SYSTEM TO DO WORK

W=FxS
MECHANICAL WORK
→
W=FxVxt

• c Δt
Q=m HEAT FLOW
p

Cx Hy + O2  E + COx + H2O
•
E = HHV x m
HEAT FLOW FROM COMBUSTION

P=IV
P = I2 R ELECTRICAL POWER
E=Pxt
Second week: 10th - 14th September 2007.
 TEMPERATURE STANDARD
Kelvin Celsius Fahrenheit

Absolute zero
(precisely, by
0K −273.15 °C −459.67 °F
definition)

Melting point of ice 273.15 K 0 °C 32 °F

(approximate) [1]

Water’s triple point

(precisely, by 273.16 K 0.01 °C 32.018 °F
definition)

Water's boiling point 373.1339 K 99. 9839o C 211.9710 °F

(approximate) [2]

________, 2005, from http://www. Scientific base to energy technology\Celsius - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.htm, accessed 3 August 2006

Second week: 10th - 14th September 2007.

RANK OF ENERGY

Second week: 10th - 14th September 2007.

 ENERGY CONTENT OF FUEL

Kind of Fuel Energy Content

Coal = 25 million BTU/ton

Crude Oil = 5.6 million BTU/barrel

Oil = 5.78 million BTU/barrel = 1700 kWh

Gasoline = 5.6 million BTU/barrel (a barrel is 42 gallons)

Natural gas liquids = 4.2 million BTU/barrel

Natural gas = 1030 BTU/cubic foot

Wood = 20 million BTU/cord

__________, 2004, from http://www.Scientific base to energy technology\Energy Scientific Principles.htm, accessed 3 August 2006.

Second week: 10th - 14th September 2007.

EQUIVALENT OF ENERGY CONTENT (in BTU)
A Match 1
An Apple 400
Making A Cup Of Tea 500
A Stick Of Dynamite 2,000
A Loaf Of Bread 5,100
A Pound Of Wood 6,000
100 Hours Of Television 28,000
A Gallon Of Gasoline 125,000
20 Days Gas Cooking Range 1,000,000
Food For 1 Person For Year 3,500,000
Heat St. Louis House For Year 90,000,000
Apollo 17 To The Moon 5,600,000,000
Hiroshima Atomic Bomb 80,000,000,000
1000 Transatlantic Jet Flights 250,000,000,000
1 Year Oklahoma Energy 1,000,000,000,000,000
1 Year Energy 30 African Countries 1,000,000,000,000,000
Energy Used By U.S.1993 83,960,000,000,000,000
Energy Used By World 1993 343,000,000,000,000,000
__________, 2004, from http://www.Scientific base to energy technology\Energy Scientific Principles.htm, accessed 3 August 2006.

Second week: 10th - 14th September 2007.

 ENERGY USE

A piece of buttered toast contains about 315 kilojoules

(315,000 joules) of energy. With that energy you could:
• Jog for 6 minutes
• Bicycle for 10 minutes
• Walk briskly for 15 minutes
• Sleep for 1-1/2 hours
• Run a car for 7 seconds at 80 kilometers per hour
(about 50 miles per hour)
• Light a 60-watt light bulb for 1-1/2 hours
• Or lift that sack of sugar from the floor to the
counter 21,000 times!

__________, 2004, from http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter13.html, accessed 3 August 2006.

Second week: 10th - 14th September 2007.

 MATTER AND ENERGY

Matter can be changed into energy. The

world's most famous scientist, Albert
Einstein, created the mathematical
formula that explains this. It is:

E= mc 2
This equation says:
E [energy] equals m [mass] times c2 [c stands for the velocity or
the speed of light. c2 means c times c, or the speed of light raised
to the second power -- or c-squared.]

__________, 2004, from http://www.aip.org/history/einstein/voice1.htm, accessed 3 August 2006.

Second week: 10th - 14th September 2007.

 ENERGY FORM
Energy form Definition
Energy stored in chemical bonds of
Chemical Energy
molecules.
Energy associated with the heat of an
Thermal or Heat Energy
object.
Mechanical Energy
Potential Energy: Energy stored in a system.
Kinetic Energy: Energy that is from motion of matter.

Energy associated with the

Electrical Energy
movement of electrons.

Radiant or Solar Energy Energy that is from the sun.

Energy found in the nuclear

Nuclear Energy
structure of atoms
__________, 2004, from http://www.Scientific base to energy technology\Energy Scientific Principles.htm, accessed 3 August 2006.

Second week: 10th - 14th September 2007.

 CHAIN OF ENERGY PROBLEMS

ENERGY TRANSMISSION STORAGE

ENERGY
SOURCES & &
CONVERSION
DISTRIBUTION CONSUMPTION

INSTRUMENT
DEMAND
&
SUPPLY
CONTROL SYSTEM
CONTROL

Second week: 10th - 14th September 2007.

 ENERGY PROBLEMS
INPUT
Supply
• Limited energy resources
• Limited fuel supply
• Storage system
• Transport & Distribution
• Cost Prod.
• Regulation
Consumption
Technology OUTPUT
Use in various
Activities
Demand
• Un-procedure operation • Over/irrational demand
• Over consumption • Higher standard
• Over time operation • Bigger quantity
• Lack of standard
First week: 3rd - 7th September 2007.
 COST OF ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION BY TECHNOLOGY
Technology Energy Source Operating Economic Gross Capacity Direct Cost
Fuel Mode Lifetime (MW) Levelized
(years) (cents/kWh)

Combined Natural Gas Baseload 20 500 5.18

Cycle
Simple Cycle Natural Gas Peaking 20 100 15.71
Wind Wind; Intermittent 30 100 4.93
Resource
Limited
Hydropower Water; Load- 30 100 6.04
Resource Following,
Limited Peaking
Solar Thermal
Parabolic Sun; Resource Load- 30 110 21.53
Trough Limited Following

Parabolic Sun; Resource Load- 30 110 17.36

Trough-TES Limited Following

Parabolic Sun/Natural Load- 30 110 13.52

Trough-Gas Gas; Partially Following;
resource Peaking
limited

Geothermal
Flash Water Baseload 30 50 4.52
Binary Water Baseload 30 35 7.37
__________, 2004, from http://www.energy.ca.gov/electricity/levelized_cost.html, accessed 3 August 2006.

Second week: 10th - 14th September 2007.

 KINDS OF ENERGY TECHNOLOGY

ENERGY
STORAGE
ENERGY
RESOURCES
ENERGY
CONSUMPTION
TRANSMISSION ENERGY
& CONSERVATION
ENERGY DISTRIBUTION
PRODUCTION
Second week: 10th - 14th September 2007.
Negara Oil : di dalam organisasi Juta barrel/hari Cadangan terbukti (milyar
Konsumsi produksi Import/export barrel)
USA 18,555 11,109 -7,444 26,54 1,74 %
China 10,277 4,416 -5,860 25,58 1,68 %
Jepang 4,715 0,135 -4,579 0,04 0,0 %
India 3,622 0,990 -2,631 5,48 0,36 %
Rusia 3,195 10,396 +7,201 80 4,54 %
Saudi Arabia 2,861 11,725 +8,864 267,91 17,56 %
Brazil 2,807 2,651 -0,155 13,15 0,86 %
German 2,388 0,169 -2,218 0,25 0,02 %
Korea Selatan 2,301 0,061 -2,301 0 0.0
Kanada 2,287 3,856 +1,569 173,11 11,34 %
Meksiko 2,144 2,936 +791,84 10,26 0,67 %
Prancis 1,740 0,072 -1,667 0,09 0,01 %
Iran 1,709 3,589 +1,879 154,58 10.13 %
UK 1,503 1,008 -494 3,12 0,20 %
Indonesia 1,384 0,974 -0,409 4,03 0,26 %
Total cadangan dunia (milyar barrel) 1.526
Negara Gas: Millyar cubic feet Cadangan terbukti (trillion cubic
Konsumsi produksi Import/export feet)
USA 25.502 24.063 -1.516 334.07 5%
China 5.151 3.827 -994 124.20 2%
Jepang 4.387 115.59 -4.313 0.74 0%
India 2.075 1.426 -578.81 43.83 1%
Rusia 17.803 23.775 +6.314 1.688 26%
Saudi Arabia 3.644 3.644 0.00 287.84 4%
Brazil 1.031 601 -455.56 13.97 0%
German 2.905 434.34 -2,464 4,41 0%
Korea Selatan 1.752 15,43 -1,670 0,19 0%
Kanada 3.144 5.054 +2.012 68.17 1%
Meksiko 1.952 1.905 -608 17.22 0%
Prancis 1.503 17,94 -1.473 0,38 0%
Iran 5.415 5.360 -54,39 1.187 18%
UK 2.757 1.447 -1.311 8,69 0%
Indonesia 1.327 2.692 +1.365 108.40 2%
Negara Gas: Millyar cubic feet Cadangan terbukti
Konsumsi produksi Import/export (trillion cubic feet)
Rusia 17.803 23.775 +6.314 1.688 25%
Norway 113,29 4.052 +3.435 73,10 1%
Qatar 689,70 4.705 +4.015 890 13%
Kanada 3.144 5.054 +2.012 68.17 1%
Netherland 2.852 1.610 +1.353 43.44 1%
Aljajair 1.085 2.922 +1.836 159 2%
Indonesia 1.327 2.692 +1.365 108.40 2%
Malaysia 1.081 2.179 +1.098 83 1%
Total cadangan Gas dunia(Trilliun Cubic feet) 6.845
 Pembangkita Kapasitas
Penduduk GDP/ Kapasitas /Kapita
No. Negara n energi Pembagkit (kWh/Kapita)
(Juta Jiwa) Kapita (Kw/kapita)
(Miliar kWh) GW

Brunei 54,40
1 0.41 3 0,76 1,8 8.507
Darussalam 0

2 Singapura 5.35 45 48,500 10,49 1,9 8.404

3 Malaysia 29.18 129,1 14,200 28,40 0,97 4.4246

4 Thailand 67.09 155 7,900 48,5 0,722 2.316

5 Vietnam 98 2,500 22,06 0,24 1.073

91.52

6 Indonesia 237,64 180 3,500 45 0,19 800 an

7 Filipina 103.77 67 3,100 647

8 Kamboja 14.95 2 1,800 164

40
9 Myanmar 54.58 6 1,100 110
(2014)
No Nama Kapasita Jumlah Kapasitas GDP/Capita
Negara s Penduduk Per Capita: U$
Terpasan (juta) Kw/Cap
g (GW) 2013
1 China 1.247 1,393,783,836 0,89 9,800

2 India 199,9 1,267,401,849 0,157 4,000

3 USA 1.039 322,583,006 3,22 52,800

4 Indonesia 51 252,812,245 0,20 5.200

5 Rusia 223,1 142,467,651 1,57 18,100

6 Brasil 113,7 202,033,670 0,55 12.100

7 Jepang 287 126,999,808 2,261 37.100

8 Korea 84,660 49,512,026 1,7 33,200

Selatan
9 Canada 138,6 35,524,732 3,89 43,100

10 Perancis 124,3 64,641,279 1,922 35,700

Second week
 Celsius temperature conversion formulas
To find From Formula
Fahrenheit Celsius °F = (°C × 1.8) + 32

Celsius Fahrenheit °C = (°F − 32) /1.8

Kelvin Celsius K = °C + 273.15

Celsius Kelvin °C = K − 273.15

Rankine Celsius °R = (°C + 273.15) × 1.8

Celsius Rankine °C = (°R ÷ 1.8) – 273.15

For temperature intervals rather than specific temperatures,

1 °C = 1 K
and
1 °C = 1.8 °F

_______, retrieve from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius

Second week: 10th - 14th September 2007.

 ELECTRIC POWER
Power = Current x Voltage (P = I V)
• 1 Watt is the power from a current of 1 Ampere
flowing which plug from 1 Volt.
• 1 kilowatt is a thousand Watts.
• 1 kilowatt-hour is the energy of one kilowatt power
flowing for one hour. (E = P t).
• 1 kilowatt-hour (kwh) = 3.6 x 106 J = 3.6 million
Joules

_______, retrieve from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius

Second week: 10th - 14th September 2007.

 Konsumsi listrik per kapita di setiap wilayah provinsi di Indonesia
Jumlah Penduduk Konsumsi Listrik Konsumsi Listrik/kapita
Wilayah
(Jiwa) (GWh) (MWh/jiwa)
NAD 3.960.400 494,0 0,1247
Sumatera Utara 12.153.400 4882,5 0,4017
Sumatera Barat 4.508.700 1581,6 0,3508
Riau 5.098.300 1578,1 0,3095
Sumatera Selatan, Jambi
dan Bengkulu 11.768.000 2344,7 0,1992
Bangka Belitung 990.300 284,8 0,2876
Lampung 7.005.300 1349,2 0,1926
DKI Jakarta & Tangerang 13.738.900 24316,3 1,7699
Jawa Barat 42.408.300 28970,7 0,6831
Jawa Tengah 35.748.100 11488,0 0,3214
Jawa Timur 36.969.700 17329,6 0,4688
Bali 3.214.800 2104,6 0,6547
NTB 4.101.000 438,3 0,1069
NTT 4.136.000 253,2 0,0612
Barat 4.354.000 876,2 0,2012
Kalselteng 5.206.900 1260,7 0,2421
Timur 2.893.900 1300,9 0,4495
Suluttenggo 5.246.600 1029,0 0,1961
Sulselra 10.944.000 2243,8 0,2050
Maluku 2.193.600 311,6 0,1420
Papua 2.454.000 424,0 0,1728
Sumber: RUKN, 2006 First week: 3rd-8th September 2007.
 Konsumsi listrik per kapita di beberapa wilayah di Amerika

Natural
State Consumption Percent
Million MWh Imported
Hydro
Percent
Nuclear Coal Gas
Percent Percent Percent

California 227.9 20 42.4 30.1 - 23

Washington 88.3 - 81.8 - - -
Oregon 47.6 - 85.2 - - -
Arizona 54,5 - - 37.3 44.6 -
Nevada 24.2 49 11.9 - 64.6 23.3
Idaho 21.2 54 100 - - -
Utah 20.4 - - - 94.4 -
Colorado 38.1 33 - - 93.3 -
New Mexico 17.5 - - - 87.5 11.6
Wyoming 11.8 - - - 96.8 -
Montana 11.9 - 40 - 59.8 -
______, 2001, from http://www.physics.uci.edu/~silverma/national.html, accessed 3 August 2006

First week: 3rd-8th September 2007.