Table 1: Labour costs per hour in euro, whole economy (excluding agriculture and pu

2004 2008 2012 2014

EA-19 19.8 21.5 23.9 24.5

EU-28 23.0 25.3 28.3 29.0
Belgium 29.2 32.9 38.0 39.0
Bulgaria 1.6 2.6 3.4 3.8
Czech Republic (³)(⁴) 5.8 9.2 10.0 9.4
Denmark (³)(⁴) 29.6 34.6 39.4 40.6
Germany 26.8 27.9 30.5 31.4
Estonia 4.3 7.8 8.6 9.8
Ireland 25.5 28.9 29.8 29.8
Greece 15.3 16.7 15.7 14.5
Spain (⁴) 16.5 19.4 21.1 21.1
France (²)(³)(⁴)(⁵) 28.2 31.2 34.3 34.7
Croatia 6.9 9.2 9.5 9.4
Italy (¹) 22.4 25.2 27.7 28.3
Cyprus 12.6 16.7 16.8 15.8
Latvia 2.7 6.0 5.9 6.6
Lithuania 3.2 5.9 5.9 6.5
Luxembourg 30.3 31.0 33.9 36.2
Hungary (³)(⁴)(⁵) 5.9 7.8 7.4 7.7
Malta 9.6 11.4 11.8 12.8
Netherlands 27.3 29.8 32.5 33.2
Austria (³)(⁴) 25.2 26.4 29.7 31.4
Poland 4.7 7.6 7.9 8.3
Portugal 11.3 12.2 13.3 13.2
Romania (⁴) 1.9 4.2 4.1 4.6
Slovenia 11.2 13.9 15.6 15.6
Slovakia 4.1 7.3 8.9 9.7
Finland 24.4 27.1 31.3 32.5
Sweden 29.0 31.6 37.3 37.3
United Kingdom 21.5 20.9 25.0 25.8
Norway 30.1 37.8 56.4 53.9
Discrepancies between the growth rates derived from the 2015 and 2016 values and the growth rates reported i
to rounding.

(¹) Italy: data up to 2012 are not strictly comparable over time due to methodological breaks.
(²) France: the aggregate shown for the whole economy for 2008 also excludes NACE Rev. 2 section P (Educat
(³) Data for 2014 are taken from national sources.
(⁴) Data for 2015 are taken from national sources.
(⁵) Data for 2016 fare taken from national sources.
y (excluding agriculture and public administration)

2016
Non-wage Change
2015 2016 costs 2016/2015, %
(% of total)
25.0 25.4 23.9 1.6
29.4 29.8 26.0 1.4
39.1 39.2 27.5 0.2
4.1 4.4 15.8 7.8
9.8 10.2 27.0 3.8
41.2 42.0 13.9 2.1
32.2 33.0 22.4 2.5
10.3 10.9 26.3 5.6
30.0 30.4 13.8 1.3
14.1 14.2 24.2 0.8
21.2 21.3 25.3 0.4
35.1 35.6 33.2 1.5
9.6 10.0 14.9 4.8
28.1 27.8 27.4 -0.8
15.7 15.8 17.0 0.6
7.1 7.5 20.6 6.4
6.8 7.3 27.8 7.5
36.3 36.6 13.4 0.8
7.9 8.3 23.6 4.6
13.2 13.2 6.6 0.0
33.2 33.3 20.4 0.1
32.4 32.7 26.3 0.9
8.6 8.6 18.4 -0.2
13.4 13.7 20.6 2.5
4.9 5.5 19.9 11.6
15.8 16.2 16.3 2.7
10.0 10.4 26.4 3.5
33.0 33.2 22.2 0.7
37.4 38.0 32.5 1.7
29.7 26.7 16.5 -10.1
51.2 50.2 18.1 -2.0
6 values and the growth rates reported in the table are due

hodological breaks.
cludes NACE Rev. 2 section P (Education).
Table 2: Labour costs per hour in national currency for non-euro area countries
whole economy (excluding agriculture and public administration)

2004 2008 2012 2014 2015

Bulgaria BGN 3.1 5.0 6.7 7.5 8.0

Czech Republic CZK 183.6 228.3 251.0 258.0 267.5
Denmark DKK 220.0 257.7 293.0 303.0 307.2
Croatia HRK 51.8 66.1 71.3 71.7 72.9
Hungary HUF 1478.7 1971.0 2133.3 2365.2 2455.1
Poland PLN 21.5 26.8 32.9 34.9 36.1
Romania RON 7.7 15.5 18.5 20.5 21.9
Sweden SEK 264.7 304.2 324.3 339.6 349.5
United Kingdom GBP 14.6 16.7 20.3 20.8 21.5
Norway NOK 252.2 311.0 421.5 450.7 458.0
 Change
2016 2016/2015
(%)
8.6 7.8
275.1 2.8
313.0 1.9
75.6 3.6
2579.3 5.1
37.5 4.1
24.7 12.7
359.7 2.9
21.9 1.5
465.9 1.7
Table 3: Labour costs per hour in euro, breakdown by economic activity in 2016

Business
Industry Construction Services
economy
EA-19 25.9 26.6 23.3 25.8
EU-28 29.8 32.6 26.1 28.7
Belgium 41.2 44.2 34.4 40.6
Bulgaria 4.4 4.2 3.6 4.7
Czech Republic 10.3 10.3 9.4 10.5
Denmark 43.4 43.9 39.1 43.7
Germany 33.4 38.8 27.1 30.5
Estonia 11.3 10.9 11.6 11.5
Ireland 29.2 32.5 27.1 28.1
Greece 13.9 15.1 11.2 13.8
Spain 20.9 23.3 20.1 20.1
France 36.3 38.3 31.4 36.1
Croatia 10.0 9.2 9.0 10.7
Italy 27.0 27.8 23.4 26.9
Cyprus 15.7 14.4 14.0 16.3
Latvia 8.0 7.5 7.4 8.3
Lithuania 7.5 7.3 7.2 7.7
Luxembourg 36.5 31.8 25.2 39.7
Hungary 8.3 8.3 6.0 8.5
Malta 12.5 13.0 9.2 12.8
Netherlands 32.4 35.3 33.7 31.6
Austria 33.1 36.0 31.7 31.8
Poland 8.4 8.5 7.6 8.5
Portugal 13.1 11.3 11.9 14.3
Romania 5.5 5.1 4.3 6.0
Slovenia 16.0 16.4 11.6 16.6
Slovakia 10.7 10.9 9.3 10.7
Finland 33.7 37.1 34.1 32.0
Sweden 40.9 42.3 39.9 40.4
United Kingdom 26.1 26.0 27.9 25.9
Norway 50.7 59.1 44.0 47.9
mic activity in 2016

Mainly non-business
(excl. public admin.)
26.6
29.7
34.3
4.4
9.6
39.7
31.7
9.9
33.8
15.1
22.7
33.8
10.1
31.3
17.3
6.4
6.8
37.4
7.3
15.5
36.1
30.6
9.1
15.4
5.7
16.7
9.5
32.1
33.3
28.2
47.6
Table 4: Labour costs per hour in national currency for non-euro area countries,
breakdown by economic activity in 2016

Business
Industry Construction
economy

Bulgaria BGN 8.6 8.2 7.1

Czech Republic CZK 278.8 277.9 255.0
Denmark DKK 322.8 327.1 291.4
Croatia HRK 75.6 69.1 67.6
Hungary HUF 2585.6 2599.8 1881.9
Poland PLN 36.8 37.1 33.1
Romania RON 24.5 23.1 19.3
Sweden SEK 387.4 400.4 377.6
United Kingdom GBP 21.4 21.3 22.9
Norway NOK 471.2 549.5 408.9
o area countries,

Mainly non-
Services business (excl.
public admin.)
9.1 8.6
283.0 259.8
325.1 295.9
80.8 76.2
2639.6 2275.0
37.1 39.8
26.9 25.6
382.2 315.1
21.2 23.1
445.3 442.3
BSXO Other costs Wages & Salaries TOTAL
EU-28 6.06 19.30 25.36
EA-19 7.74 22.08 29.82

Denmark 5.84 36.20 42.04

Belgium 10.78 28.38 39.16
Sweden 12.33 25.66 37.99
Luxembourg 4.89 31.70 36.59 Estimated hourly labour costs for the whole econ
France 11.82 23.77 35.59 Enterprises with 10 or more emplo
Netherlands 8.17 26.15 34.32
Finland 7.36 25.86 33.22
Germany 7.40 25.57 32.97
Austria 8.61 24.13 32.74 60.00
Ireland 4.18 26.19 30.37
Italy 7.61 20.22 27.83
United Kingdom 4.41 22.26 26.67 50.00
Spain 5.39 15.89 21.28
Slovenia 2.64 13.54 16.18
40.00
Cyprus 2.68 13.12 15.80
Greece 3.43 10.78 14.21
Portugal 2.82 10.89 13.71 30.00
Malta 0.87 12.37 13.24
Estonia 2.87 8.05 10.92
Slovakia 2.74 7.66 10.40 20.00
Czech Republic 2.74 7.43 10.17
Croatia 1.50 8.54 10.04
10.00
Poland 1.58 7.03 8.61
Hungary 1.95 6.33 8.28
Latvia 1.55 5.96 7.51 0.00

EU-28

EA-19

Sweden

Luxembourg

France
Belgium
Denmark

Netherlands
Lithuania 2.04 5.30 7.34
Romania 1.09 4.41 5.50
Bulgaria 0.69 3.71 4.40

Norway 9.07 41.08 50.15

 Denmark

Belgium

Sweden

Luxembourg

France

Netherlands

Finland
nterprises with 10 or more employees
Germany

Austria

Ireland
y labour costs for the whole economy in euros, 2016

Italy

Other costs
United Kingdom

Spain

Slovenia

Cyprus

Greece

Wages & Salaries

Portugal

Malta

Estonia

Slovakia

Czech Republic

Croatia

Poland

Hungary

Latvia

Lithuania

Romania

Bulgaria
 Poland

Hungary

Latvia

Lithuania

Romania

Bulgaria

Norway
 In euro Exchange rate effect In national currency
EU-28 1.6% 0% 1.6%
EA-19 1.4% 0% 1.4%

Romania 11.6% -1% 12.7%

Bulgaria 7.8% 0% 7.8%
Lithuania 7.5% 0% 7.5%
Latvia 6.4% 0% 6.4% 15.0%
Estonia 5.6% 0% 5.6%
Hungary 4.6% 0% 5.1%
Poland -0.2% -4% 4.1%
10.0%
Croatia 4.8% 1% 3.6%
Slovakia 3.5% 0% 3.5%
Sweden 1.7% -1% 2.9%
Czech Republic 3.8% 1% 2.8% 5.0%
Slovenia 2.7% 0% 2.7%
Portugal 2.5% 0% 2.5%
Germany 2.5% 0% 2.5% 0.0%
Denmark 2.1% 0% 1.9%
France 1.5% 0% 1.5%
United Kingdom -10.1% -12% 1.5%
Ireland 1.3% 0% 1.3% -5.0%
Austria 0.9% 0% 0.9%
Netherlands 0.8% 0% 0.8%
Luxembourg 0.8% 0% 0.8% -10.0%
Greece 0.8% 0% 0.8%
Finland 0.7% 0% 0.7%
Cyprus 0.6% 0% 0.6%
-15.0%
Spain 0.4% 0% 0.4%

Estonia
EU-28
EA-19

Romania
Bulgaria
Lithuania
Latvia

Hungary
Belgium 0.2% 0% 0.2%
Malta 0.0% 0% 0.0%
Italy -0.8% 0% -0.8%

Norway -2.0% -4% 1.7%

Ex
 Romania
Bulgaria
Lithuania
Latvia
Estonia
Hungary
Poland
Croatia
Slovakia
Sweden

Exchange rate effect

Czech Republic
Slovenia
Portugal
Germany
Denmark
France

In national currency
United Kingdom
Ireland
Austria

In euro
Netherlands
Luxembourg
Relative change in hourly labour costs 2016/2015 for the whole economy, in %

Greece
Finland
Cyprus
Spain
Belgium
Malta
Italy

Norway
Norway