Chapter 2

The z transform

2.4. IMPORTANT PROPERTIES AND THEOREMS OF Z TRANSFORM (Con.)

2.5. THE INVERSE z TRANSFORM

2.6. z TRANSFORM METHOD FOR SOLVING DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

2.4. IMPORTANT PROPERTIES AND THEOREMS OF Z TRANSFORM

Multiplication by a constant:
If x(z) is the z transform of x(t), then

, where a is a constant

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2.4. IMPORTANT PROPERTIES AND THEOREMS OF Z TRANSFORM

Linearity of z transform:
If f(k) and g(k) are z-transformable and α and β are scalars,
then x(k) formed by a linear combination

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2.4. IMPORTANT PROPERTIES AND THEOREMS OF Z TRANSFORM
2.4. IMPORTANT PROPERTIES AND THEOREMS OF Z TRANSFORM
2.4. IMPORTANT PROPERTIES AND THEOREMS OF Z TRANSFORM

Example 2.3:

Solution
Using the shifting theorem

Also

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2.4. IMPORTANT PROPERTIES AND THEOREMS OF Z TRANSFORM

Example 2.4:
Obtain the z transform of
Solution
Referring to , we have

The z transform of 𝒂𝒌 is

And so
2.4. IMPORTANT PROPERTIES AND THEOREMS OF Z TRANSFORM

Example 2.5:

Solution

Hence,
Therefore or
Which yields
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2.4. IMPORTANT PROPERTIES AND THEOREMS OF Z TRANSFORM

Complex Translation Theorem:

If x(t) has the z transform of X(z), then the z transform of

𝒆−𝒂𝒕 𝒙(𝒕) can given by X(z𝒆𝒂𝒕 )

To prove this theorem note that

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2.4. IMPORTANT PROPERTIES AND THEOREMS OF Z TRANSFORM

Example 2.5:

solution
Noting that

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2.4. IMPORTANT PROPERTIES AND THEOREMS OF Z TRANSFORM

Example 2.7:

solution

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2.4. IMPORTANT PROPERTIES AND THEOREMS OF Z TRANSFORM

Initial Value Theorem :

If x(t) has the z transform of X(z) and if exist, then the initial value
x(0) of x(t) or x(k) is given by:

Example 2.8

solution
2.4. IMPORTANT PROPERTIES AND THEOREMS OF Z TRANSFORM

Final Value Theorem :

Suppose that x(k), where x(k)=0 for k < 0, has the z transform of X(z), then

Example 2.8

solution

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2.4. THE INVERSE z TRANSFORM

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2.4. THE INVERSE z TRANSFORM

Methods for finding the inverse z transform:

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2.4. THE INVERSE z TRANSFORM

Methods for finding the inverse z transform:

or

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2.4. THE INVERSE z TRANSFORM

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2.4. THE INVERSE z TRANSFORM

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2.4. THE INVERSE z TRANSFORM

Direct Division Method

We obtain the inverse z transform by

or

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2.4. THE INVERSE z TRANSFORM

Direct Division Method

Example 2.10

Solution
2.4. THE INVERSE z TRANSFORM

Direct Division Method

2.4. THE INVERSE z TRANSFORM

Direct Division Method

thus

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2.4. THE INVERSE z TRANSFORM

Partial-Fraction-Expansion Method

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2.4. THE INVERSE z TRANSFORM

Example 2.13:

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2.4. THE INVERSE z TRANSFORM

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2.4. THE INVERSE z TRANSFORM

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2.4. THE INVERSE z TRANSFORM

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2.4. THE INVERSE z TRANSFORM

Example 2.10

Solution

thus

and

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2.5. z TRANSFORM METHOD FOR SOLVING DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

Self Study