IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 23, NO.
3, MAY 2008
An Improved Control Strategy of Limiting the
DC-Link Voltage Fluctuation for a Doubly
Fed Induction Wind Generator
Jun Yao, Hui Li, Yong Liao, and Zhe Chen, Senior Member, IEEE
Abstract—The paper presents to develop a new control strategy
of limiting the dc-link voltage fluctuation for a back-to-back
pulsewidth modulation converter in a doubly fed induction gen-
erator (DFIG) for wind turbine systems. The reasons of dc-link
voltage fluctuation are analyzed. An improved control strategy
with the instantaneous rotor power feedback is proposed to limit
the fluctuation range of the dc-link voltage. An experimental rig
is set up to valid the proposed strategy, and the dynamic perfor-
mances of the DFIG are compared with the traditional control
method under a constant grid voltage. Furthermore, the capabil-
ities of keeping the dc-link voltage stable are also compared in
the ride-through control of DFIG during a three-phase grid fault,
by using a developed 2 MW DFIG wind power system model.
Both the experimental and simulation results have shown that the
proposed control strategy is more effective, and the fluctuation of
the dc-link voltage may be successfully limited in a small range
under a constant grid voltage and a non-serious grid voltage dip.
Index Terms—Back-to-back pulsewidth modulation (PWM)
converter, DC-link voltage, doubly fed induction generator
(DFIG), instantaneous power feedback, ride-through control,
wind power generation.
I. INTRODUCTION
OUBLY fed induction generators (DFIGs) are popular
D configurations for large variable-speed constant-fre-
quency wind generator systems [1]–[8]. As the penetration
of wind power continually increases, more wind turbines are
required to stay in grid connected during a grid fault. The DFIG
may successfully ride through by using appropriate control
strategies, and the power electronic devices [such as insulated
gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs)] connected in rotor circuits
may also be effectively protected during a grid fault [9]–[16].
A back-to-back pulsewidth modulation (PWM) converter is
usually used in the rotor circuit of a large-scale DFIG system
[1]. Several control methods have been proposed to control the
rotor-side converter in order to realize the DFIG ride-through
[9]–[16]. For example, an improved control strategy has been
Manuscript received March 1, 2007; revised October 23, 2007. Recom-
mended for publication by Associate Editor J. Guerrero.
J. Yao and Y. Liao are with the State Key Laboratory of Power Transmis-
sion Equipment and System Security and New Technology, Chongqing Uni-
versity, Chongqing 400044, China (e-mail: topyj@163.com; yongliaocqu@vip.
sina.com).
H. Li is with the State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment
and System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing
400044, China and also with the Institute of Energy Technology, Aalborg Uni-
versity, Aalborg East DK-9220, Denmark (e-mail: cqulh@163.com).
Z. Chen is with the Institute of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Aal-
borg East DK-9220, Denmark, (e-mail: zch@ iet.aau.dk).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPEL.2008.921177
0885-8993/$25.00 © 2008 IEEE
1205
proposed to control the rotor current to counteract the effect of
the transient components in the stator flux, and make the DFIG
ride through a grid fault [14]. Whatever the control strategy of
the rotor-side converter is used, the grid-side converter should
be properly controlled and the dc-link voltage should be kept
stable to realize the ride-through control of a DFIG, if possible.
However, when a grid fault occurs, the corresponding strategies
of the grid-side converter and dc-link voltage have not been
discussed in detail.
The rotor-side converter may be protected with “crowbar pro-
tection” technology that shorting the rotor windings through re-
sistors. After the fault is removed, the grid-side converter can
be controlled again to establish the dc-link voltage; however,
the dc-link voltage is likely to be fluctuated during this period.
In addition, the rotor current control might be affected by the
dc-link voltage fluctuation when the DFIG is running back to
the normal condition. In the paper [6], the ride-though capability
of a DFIG system has been evaluated under different levels of
voltage dips. It is shown that power electronic converters may
be kept in operation during a non-serious voltage dip. However,
it is important to keep the dc-link voltage stable and limit the
fluctuation of the grid-side converter current during a grid fault,
so that the dc-link capacitor could be protected and the adequate
voltage on the rotor could be provided.
In this paper, Section II illustrates some reasons of dc-link
voltage fluctuation based on the power flow characteristics of
converter. In Section III, an improved control strategy for grid-
side converter is proposed to limit the dc-link voltage fluctua-
tion. In Section IV, an experimental rig is presented, and some
experimental results of the dynamic performances are obtained
and compared with the traditional strategy when the grid voltage
is constant. In Section V, a 2 MW DFIG wind power genera-
tion system with a back-to-back PWM converter is further sim-
ulated during a grid fault, and the proposed control strategy is
also demonstrated.
II. ANALYSIS OF DC-LINK VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION
Fig. 1 shows the main circuit topology of a DFIG system
with a back-to-back PWM converter, which is composed of a
grid-side converter, a rotor-side converter and a dc-link capac-
itor [4]. Though a few schemes of control the dc-link voltage of
the back-to-back PWM converter have been studied [17], [18] ,
an improved control strategy of limiting the dc-link voltage fluc-
tuation in the DFIG system is further proposed in this paper.
The grid-side converter is usually controlled with a vector
control strategy with the grid voltage orientation [2]. The axis
1206 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 23, NO. 3, MAY 2008

Fig. 1. Main circuit topology of a back-to-back PWM converter for DFIG.

Fig. 2. Vector control block diagram of grid-side PWM converter.

voltage component is fixed with the orientation of grid voltage When the bidirectional power is dynamically changed be-
space vector, and the axis voltage component is zero. So the tween the grid-side converter and the rotor-side converter, the
active power and reactive power of the grid-side converter can instantaneous power of the dc-link capacitor can be described
be described as as

(1) (3)

where is the axis component of grid voltage, and are Therefore, from the viewpoint of keeping the instantaneous
the axis and axis components of grid current, respectively. power balance, the power, is equal to the sum of the instan-
The active power and reactive power can be independently con- taneous input rotor power and
trolled with the double closed-loop strategy [2]. Fig. 2 shows the
control block diagram of a traditional vector control strategy for
the grid-side converter. The outer voltage control loop and inner (4)
current control loop are used to realize the stable control of the Thus, the above equation can be also rewritten as
dc-link voltage.
In the back-to-back PWM converter of DFIG, the bidirec-
tional power is transferred between the grid side and the gener-
ator rotor side. Under a constant dc-link voltage, the input power (5)
from the grid side should be equal to the input power of the gen-
erator rotor when ignoring the power losses of power electronic Assuming the value of the instantaneous voltage, , is
devices, the following (2) can be derived as: constant under a normal condition, the variation of dc-link
capacitor voltage is determined by the axis component
of grid current, , and the instantaneous power, . The
(2) current of dc-link capacitor will suddenly change as long
as is varied, so that it may make the dc-link voltage
where , and are the instantaneous grid voltages, re- fluctuate. In addition, for the grid-side converter, the dynamic
spectively, , and are the instantaneous grid currents, response of outer dc-link voltage control loop is much slower
respectively, is the instantaneous input power of grid-side than that of the inner current control loop, so that the grid-
converter, , and are the instantaneous rotor voltages side converter can not transfer enough instantaneous energy
of a DFIG, respectively, , and are the instantaneous to the rotor-side converter when the generator rotor current
rotor currents, respectively, and is the instantaneous input suddenly increases. On one hand, the capacitor will release
rotor power of a DFIG. some stored energy to feed the rotor-side converter and the
YAO et al.: IMPROVED CONTROL STRATEGY OF LIMITING THE DC-LINK VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION 1207

Fig. 3. Control block diagram of grid-side converter when grid voltage is constant.

dc-link voltage will decline. On the other hand, when the

rotor-side converter runs at the energy feedback status, the
grid-side converter can not feed more instantaneous power
back to the grid so that the dc-link voltage will increase due
to the overmuch instantaneous energy. So, the dc-link voltage
may fluctuate because of the imbalanced power flow between
the input and output instantaneous energy of the converter
during the dynamic regulation of DFIG. Furthermore, if the
dc-link voltage excessively fluctuates, the DFIG might not
realize the accurate power regulation even under the normal
condition.
Fig. 4. Control block diagram of grid-side converter during a grid voltage dip.
III. IMPROVED CONTROL STRATEGY
OF GRID-SIDE CONVERTER
When a grid fault occurs, the input grid voltage ( ) of the
A. Control Strategy Under a Constant Grid Voltage grid-side converter will drop down to a low value, and the grid-
side converter can not feed enough current ( ) to the rotor-side
As shown in Fig. 2, in the traditional control scheme, the ac-
converter if the traditional double close-loop control strategy
tive current setting value of the grid-side converter is usu-
is used. In this case, the above two factors would introduce a
ally set as the output of the dc-link voltage PI controller when
great instantaneous power difference between the instan-
the grid voltage is constant. However, as the above analyzed, in
taneous power ( ) of the grid-side converter and of the
order to keep the dc-link voltage stable, the setting value should
rotor-side converter, so that the control of dc-link voltage will be
be properly changed to realize the instantaneous power transfer.
extremely restricted and the dc-link voltage would excessively
As it can be seen from (5), the term reflects the vari-
fluctuate [13]. In fact, a grid fault period is rather short (100
ation of the output power of the rotor-side converter. After the
ms 300 ms), and it may be not necessary to keep the dc-link
fault, the voltage of the grid-side converter will recover to the
voltage constant when a grid voltage drops. The ride-through
steady state value. So, the item can be used as a
control can be effectively realized as long as the fluctuation of
forward feed variable to describe the rotor power variation. In
the dc-link voltage is limited to a small range.
the proposed control strategy, the active current setting value
As analyzed above, the fluctuation range of the dc-link
of the grid-side converter is set to be the sum of the output of
voltage may be reduced by considering the effect of the in-
the dc-link voltage PI controller and the item . In this
stantaneous output power of the rotor-side converter. Thus, a
case, the item is named as a new variable , which
single inner current control loop is proposed to limit the dc-link
represents the compensated current component of the instanta-
voltage fluctuation. Fig. 4 shows the control block diagram of
neous rotor power. Fig. 3 shows the proposed control block di-
the grid-side converter during a voltage dip.
agram of the grid-side converter when the grid voltage is con-
The active current setting value of the grid-side converter is
stant. The item in active current setting value ( )
set to be ( ), which reflects the instantaneous output
is considered to keep the dc-link voltage stable in the proposed
power of the rotor-side converter, and enough instantaneous
control strategy.
power of the rotor-side converter could be supplied with the
B. Control Strategy During a Grid Voltage Dip input power of the grid-side converter. From (6), if the input
current of the grid-side converter is fed enough and the instan-
From (4), the variation of the dc-link voltage can be also de- taneous power ( ) is nearly equal to , the instantaneous
scribed as power difference under such condition would be equal
to zero and the dc-link voltage would be kept as a constant.
(6) However, it is difficult to realize that equals to zero
1208
Fig. 5. Block diagram of an experimental DFIG excitation system.
because the instantaneous power ( ) is not enough equal
to when is low. So, as the single current regulation
control is used, the maximal input instantaneous power of the
grid-side converter will depend on two factors: the grid voltage
during the fault and the maximal input current . When
the grid voltage drops down to a fixed value, the fluctuation
range of the dc-link voltage will be ultimately determined
by the current limitation (e.g., the peak value ) of the
converter semiconductors. In the proposed control scheme, the
item should be limited by a saturator and then set as
the active current setting value of the grid-side converter. The
maximal active current setting value should be set according
to the peak current of the semiconductors to fully utilize the
current capacity of the semiconductors. Then the inner current
control loop can rapidly regulate the grid current to the
setting value , the power error between the instanta-
neous input power ( ) and with the proposed
scheme is much smaller than that of the traditional scheme, i.e.,
, when the grid voltage drops down a same
value. So, a smaller fluctuation range of dc-link voltage would
be achieved by the proposed control strategy.
After the grid fault is cleared, the control strategy of the grid-
side converter should be switched back to the control strategy
described in Fig. 3. As the active current setting value ( ) is
the sum of the output of the dc-link voltage PI controller and the
item , the grid current can be regulated smoothly
with respect to the reference current when changing the con-
trol strategy, and the maximal current of the grid-side converter
can be controlled in a safe range.
IV. EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION
An experiment rig is set up to validate the proposed control
strategy of the grid-side converter when the grid voltage is under
the normal condition. Fig. 5 shows the block diagram of the
DFIG experimental system.
A digital signal processor TMS320F2812 made by TI Inc.
is used to realize the high performance control algorithm. The
two intelligent power modules (PM100RLA060) made by
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 23, NO. 3, MAY 2008
Mitsubishi Electric Corporation are used to construct the main
power circuits including grid-side converter and rotor-side
converter. A direct current motor is used to simulate the prime
mover -wind turbine. The DFIG system parameters are given in
the Appendix A. The active power and reactive power are con-
trolled independently with the vector control strategy described
in [2].
Figs. 6 and 7 show the experimental results including stator
and rotor currents, active and reactive power and rotor speed
of the generator when the grid voltage is constant. The ac-
tive power, reactive power and rotor speed are calculated via
TMS320F2812 and the waveforms are recorded. The stator
and rotor currents are the actual waveforms recorded by the
oscillograph. In this case, it is assumed to output active power
to the grid when the active power is negative in the following
figures, while the positive reactive power means the outputting
lagging reactive power, and vice versa. Figs. 6 and 7 show the
results when the generator changes operation mode suddenly
from delivering reactive power to absorbing reactive power, re-
spectively. Fig. 6 shows the results when the grid-side converter
is controlled by the traditional double closed-loop strategy, and
Fig. 7 shows the results by using the proposed control strategy
in this paper.
From Figs. 6(c) and 7(c), it can be seen that the rotor cur-
rents will rapidly decline when the generator absorbs reactive
power, and the instantaneous input power of the converter
should rapidly decline. Figs. 6(d) and 7(d) show the wave-
forms of variable ( ), grid active current setting
value ( ) and grid active current ( ). As it can be seen
from Figs. 6(d) and 7(d), the reference value drops
down rapidly, but in Fig. 6(d), the active current setting value
declines slowly without instantaneous power feedback con-
trol. This has been also clarified in Fig. 6(b), the input grid
converter current, , declines slowly. So, the dc-link voltage
will rise up in Fig. 6(a) because of the overmuch instanta-
neous input power of the grid-side converter, and it will be
harmful to the dc-link capacitor and converter. However, as
from Fig. 7(d), the declines rapidly with the change of
YAO et al.: IMPROVED CONTROL STRATEGY OF LIMITING THE DC-LINK VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION 1209

Fig. 6. Waveform diagram without instantaneous power feedback control (P = 01 kW, Q = 1 kvar to 0 1 kvar).

with instantaneous power feedback control, and from
Fig. 7(b), the current of the grid-side converter rapidly de-
clines. The dc-link voltage can be kept constant in Fig. 7(a)
while the generator absorbs reactive power and the generator
operation status changes smoothly.
Therefore, the experimental results demonstrated that the dy-
namic performance of the DFIG can be effectively improved by
the proposed method when the reactive power of the DFIG is
changed suddenly. It is helpful to keep the dc-link voltage stable
and improve the DFIG system stability.
1210
Fig. 7. Waveform diagram with instantaneous power feedback control (P
V. SIMULATION COMPARISONS DURING A GRID FAULT
In this section, a 2 MW DFIG wind power generation simu-
lation system with a back-to-back PWM converter is set up to
demonstrate the proposed control strategy for the grid-side con-
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 23, NO. 3, MAY 2008
= 01 kW, Q = 1 kvar to 0 1 kvar).
verter under a grid fault. The simulated DFIG system parameters
are given in the Appendix B. Fig. 8 shows the typical configu-
ration of the DFIG wind generation system.
Some assumptions for the simulation are as follows: 1) The
generator rotor speed keeps as a constant during a grid fault. 2)
YAO et al.: IMPROVED CONTROL STRATEGY OF LIMITING THE DC-LINK VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION
Fig. 8. The configuration of DFIG system.
The over-modulation PWM technology for the rotor-side con-
verter is used to improve the ride-through control effect, and the
maximal rotor voltage is assumed to be a high value (1.35 p.u.).
3) The rated maximal current of the grid-side converter is set to
be 800 A, and the current limitation of the grid-side converter is
1700 A during a grid fault. 4) The over-modulation PWM tech-
nology for the grid-side converter is also used and the maximal
control voltage is set to be 1.5 p.u. 5) A three-phase symmet-
rical grid fault occurs at 3.5 s at the wind farm busbar, and it
is removed at 3.61 s. The fault causes the busbar voltage drops
down to 0.6 pu. The fault location is at the high voltage side of
the step-up transformer at the wind farm busbar.
Before the fault, the generator is controlled with the vector
control strategy described in paper [2]. The output reactive
power of DFIG is zero and the generator outputs the rated ac-
tive power (2 MW) at a speed of 1950 r/min (the maximal slip
0.3). When the fault occurs at 3.5 s, the DFIG is controlled
to ride through the fault. In this case, the grid-side converter is
controlled by the proposed control strategy described in Fig. 4,
and the rotor-side converter is controlled by the control strategy
described in [14] and the back-to-back converter is still con-
nected to the generator. After the grid fault is cleared at 3.61 s,
the control strategy of the grid-side converter is switched back
to the proposed control strategy described in Fig. 3. In addition,
when the grid voltage recovers at the time of 4 s, the rotor-side
converter is controlled again under the normal condition by the
vector control strategy described in paper [2].
Figs. 9 and 10 show the simulation results of the DFIG ride-
through control under a three-phase symmetrical grid fault.
is the three-phase modulation indices of rotor voltage. is
the grid voltage, and the is grid current of the grid-side con-
verter. Fig. 9(a) and (b) show the simulation results of the DFIG
system with the traditional control strategy of the grid-side con-
verter during the fault and Fig. 10(a) and (b) show the simula-
tion results with the proposed control strategy of the grid-side
converter.
1211
As it can be seen from Figs. 9 and 10, the DFIG can suc-
cessfully ride through the grid fault by using either of two dif-
ferent control schemes when the stator voltage drops down to
0.6 p.u. However, it can be observed from Fig. 9(b), the dc-link
voltage excessively fluctuates in a large range with the change of
grid voltage by using the traditional double closed-loop control.
From Fig. 9(b), the variable changes rapidly with the
change of the grid voltage, but the variable changes slowly.
So, the grid-side converter can not feed the overmuch active cur-
rent back to the grid or provide the enough active current to
supply the dc-link capacitor and rotor-side converter, and the
input peak current is only 1000 A. From Fig. 9(b), the max-
imal value of the dc-link voltage has arrived at 1520 V (the
rated value is 1200 V) during the fault, and the capacitor would
be under excessive voltage stress and possibly destroyed. The
minimum value of the dc-link voltage is 960 V, and it would
drop down to the much lower value if the input voltage of the
grid-side converter declines more deeply. As it can be seen in
Fig. 10(b), compared with the traditional control scheme, the
fluctuation range of the dc-link voltage can be limited to 50 V
by using the proposed control strategy. From Fig. 10(b),
changes rapidly with the change of , so that the rapid
response of the input grid current can be realized whatever the
fault occurs or cleared.
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, an improved control strategy of limiting the
dc-link voltage fluctuation is proposed for the grid-side con-
verter based on the instantaneous power feedback scheme.
Furthermore, a single inner current control loop is also pro-
posed for the control during a grid voltage dip. An experimental
rig is set up to validate the improved control strategy when the
grid voltage is constant, and a 2 MW DFIG wind power gener-
ation system is simulated to demonstrate the proposed control
strategy during the grid fault. The proposed control strategy has
been validated. Both the experimental and simulation results
have shown that the fluctuation of the dc-link voltage can be
effectively controlled by using the proposed control strategy.
Therefore, it may be helpful to improve the stability of the
doubly fed induction wind power generation system during the
grid faults.
APPENDIX A
EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM PARAMETERS
Machine parameters
rated power: 7.5 kW Frequency: 50 Hz;
pole pairs: 3 Connection: Y/Y;
stator rated voltage: 380 V Stator rated current: 18 A;
rotor rated voltage: 185 V Rotor rated current: 28 A;
stator resistance: 0.8285 ;
stator leakage inductance: 3.579 mH;
rotor resistance: 0.7027 ;
rotor leakage inductance: 3.579 mH;
magnetizing inductance: 62.64 mH;
inertia: 0.15 kg m .
During the course of experiment, the line to line voltage of gen-
erator stator is 210 V, and the generator is connected with the
grid via a step-up transformer.
1212 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 23, NO. 3, MAY 2008

Fig. 9. Simulation results of DFIG ride-through control (with the traditional control strategy of the grid-side converter).

Fig. 10. Simulation results of DFIG ride-through control (with the proposed control strategy of the grid-side converter).

Grid-side converter parameters magnetizing inductance: 3.9527 p.u.;

reactor: 5 mH, 0.1 ; H: 3.5 s.
DC-link capacitor: 6800 F 450 V; Step-up transformer parameters:
DC-link resistance: 960 ; rated power: 2.5 MW Frequency: 50 Hz;
DC-link voltage reference value: 80 V; primary winding: 20 kV-Delta Secondary winding:
SPWM and unity power factor control. 690 V-Yg;
Base value in p.u. system: short circuit impedance: 0.0098 pu
: 100 V, : 50 A, : 5000 VA Grid-side converter parameters:
reactor: 0.6 mH, 6m ;
APPENDIX B DC-link capacitor: 38000 F;
SIMULATION SYSTEM PARAMETERS DC-link voltage reference value: 1200 V;
Machine parameters: SPWM and unity power factor control.
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1213
Jun Yao received the M.Eng. and Ph.D. degrees in
electrical engineering from Chongqing University,
Chongqing, China, in 2004 and 2007, respectively.
He is currently a Lecturer of electrical machinery
and apparatus at Chongqing University. His research
interests include renewable energy and distributed
generation.
Hui Li received the M.Eng and Ph.D. degrees in
electrical engineering from Chongqing University,
Chongqing, China, in 2000 and 2004, respectively.
In 2000, he joined the Electrical Engineering
Department, Chongqing University, where he is
currently an Associate Professor. Since 2005, he has
been a Visiting Researcher and then a Postdoctoral
Researcher at the the Institute of Energy Technology,
Aalborg University, Denmark. His main research
areas are renewable energy systems and distributed
generation.
Yong Liao received the M.Eng. degree in electrical
machinery and the Ph.D. degree in power system con-
trol from Chongqing University, Chongqing, China,
in 1988 and 1997, respectively.
He is currently a Professor of electrical machinery
and apparatus at Chongqing University. His research
interests include the control of doubly fed electrical
machines as used in renewable energy systems,
including wind and micro-hydro generators. In
1998, he participated in the Global Development
Programme of Rockwell Automation, Milwaukee,
WI. From 2001 to 2002, he was a Visiting Professor at Norhtumbria University,
Newcastle, U.K.
Zhe Chen (M’95–SM’98) received the B.Eng. and
M.Sc. degrees from Northeast China Institute of
Electric Power Engineering, Jilin City, China, and the
Ph.D. degree from University of Durham, Durham,
U.K.
He was a Lecturer and then a Senior Lecturer
with De Montfort University, Leicester, U.K. In
2002, he became a Research Professor and is now a
Professor with the Institute of Energy Technology,
Aalborg University, Denmark. He has more than 140
publications in his technical field. His background
areas are power systems, power electronic, s and electric machines; and his
main current research areas are renewable energy and modern power systems.
Dr. Chen is an Associate Editor of the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER
ELECTRONICS, a Member of the Institution of Engineering and Technology
(London, U.K.), and a Chartered Engineer in the U.K.