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SPM Biology Form 4 Notes
SPM Biology Form 4 Notes
SPM Biology Form 4 Notes
Carrier protein
carrier for some molecules (glucose, amino acids,
proteins and nucleic acids)
ii) Osmosis: 3) Hypertonic
- only water molecules. Solute concentration in the external solution is
- not control by cell.
- movement of water from a region of higher greater than solute concentration inside the cell.
concentration to one of lower concentration and Water concentration outside the cell is lower than the
often occurs across asemipermeable membrane. water concentration inside the cell.
- strong sucrose solution = less water molecule =
low water potential. Types of solutions:
- weak sucrose solution = more water molecule = Type Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic
high water potential.
of
- example: absorption of water by root hairs.
Solut
iii) Facilitated Diffusion:
very specific: glucose, nucleic aicds, amino acids, ion
protein and mineral ions. Anim The No The cell shrinks and
control by cell.
al cell inflates due change in becomes soft anddehyd
transport of molecules (only certain molecules)
across the outer membrane of living cell by a Cell to the water the size rated due to the water
process of carrier protein(hydrophilic group) molecules enter of molecule leave the
/ channel protein (Ions: Na+, Ca2+, K+) within the cell the cell. cell. Net cell. Example: red
membrane. Eventually moveme blood cell in 5% sodium
normally take place from a region with higher
it bursts(thin nt of chloride solution.
concentration of molecules to a region of lower
concentration. plama water is
example: absorption of digested food in the villus. membrane). Exa zero. Exa
B. Process of Active Transport mple: red blood mple: red
very specific: minerals ions and amino acids. cell in distilled blood cell
control by cell.
water. in 0.85%
This process needs carrier proteins and energy
(due to against concentration gradient) from a sucrose
region of lower concentration to a region of higher solution.
concentration). Plant The No The cell
Cell must expend energy that derived from ATP
Cell cell expands and change in becomes flaccid(plasmo
(adenosine triphosphate)
example: human nerve cells (sodium ions are becomes firm / t the size lysis occurs), vacuole
constantly transport out of the cell) / ions intake by urgid due to the of and
root hairs of a plant. water molecules cell. Net cytoplasmashrink due
enter the cell. moveme to the water molecules
2) Isotonic Application
Solute concentration in the external solution is 1. Food is soaked in a concentrated salt solution to
equal to the solute concentration inside the cell. prevent bacteria and fungus to survive.
Water concentration inside and outside of the cell is 2. Chemical fertiliser (dissolved ions) increases solute
the same. concentration (decrease water molecules) in soil.
Therefore, water leaves from the cell sap of the plant
which result the plant wither.