Frederic P Miller, Agnes F Vandome, John McBrewster

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VDM Publishing House Ltd., 2009 - 142 pages
A motherboard is the central printed circuit board (PCB) in many modern computer
s and holds many of the crucial components of th system, while providing connect
ors for other peripherals. The motherboard is sometimes alternatively known as t
he main board, system board, or, on Apple computers, the logic board. It is also
sometimes casually shortened to mobo.
Title Motherboard
Authors Frederic P Miller, Agnes F Vandome, John McBrewster
Editors Frederic P Miller, Agnes F Vandome, John McBrewster
Publisher VDM Publishing House Ltd., 2009
ISBN 613026528X, 9786130265281
Length 142 pages
Subjects Computers / Information Technology
Science / Life Sciences / Biology / General

J. Presper Eckert and John William Mauchly, invented the EDVAC, perhaps the firs
t computing machine with the "stored-program" architecture typical of modern CPU
s.
That architecture is called the "von Neumann architecture" after John von Neuman
n, who write a widely distributed paper about the EDVAC.

Some people incorrectly believe that

Intel, as a company invented the first CPU.
While it is true that the people at Intel built the first microprocessor (a CPU
on a single chip), the 4004, in 1971, which was a great achievement at the time,
there were a variety of other, previous CPUs built out of a few dozen integrated
circuits, a few thousand individual transistors, or a few thousand vacuum tubes
.

The first commercially available computer was the 1951 Ferranti Mark 1, designed
by Freddie Williams and Tom Kilburn at the University of Manchester.

IBM sold about 20,000 of the refrigerator-sized IBM 1401 CPUs first introduced i
n 1959.

Robert Heath Dennard, of the IBM TJ Watson Research Center in 1968 invented RAM
What do you mean by RAM? Do you mean solid state integrated circuit chips conta
ining RAM, or do you mean any form of rewritable memory that a computer could us
e to store data.
Before IC's (the chips you see on that card); memories were implemented in discr
ete transistor circuits; and before that in magnetic core memory (these were mil
lions of little ferrite loops, with wires running through them that could magnet
ise the loops, or could read the magnetic polarity of the loop); and before that
there were a myriad of different technologies from valves, to mercury tubes, to
various delay devices.
A computer cannot be anything but a fancy calculating machine until you have som
e memory, so from the design of the first general purpose programmable computer
there had to be some form of memory involved (even Charles Babbage's differentia
l engine, although it was never constructed in his lifetime, I assume would have
had some idea of writeable memory in the design).
In terms of integrated circuit memory, memory (in the form of RAM) was some of t
he first medium or large scale integrated circuits that were developed (there we
re smaller scale integrated circuits that were simply logic gates, and although
the did include latches, which could be considered memory of a sort, but they we
re not on a large enough scale to be used on a large scale). RAM is relatively
easy to fabricate because it is just the same design copied over and over on the
same chip (unlike a microprocessor that needs lots of different bits of circuit
doing different things). Since the design of the circuit in an IC is in princi
ple (at least for the earliest integrated circuits) little more than building in
to a single chip that which was previously built using discrete transistor circu
its, so as soon as companies such as Intel, Fairchild, Texas Instrument, Motorol
a, etc., understood how to make sufficiently complex single chip integrated circ
uits, it was fairly straight forward to build a RAM chip.
Ofcourse, the specific memory you are showing there is a DDR DIM (not sure if it
is DDR or DDR2 or DDR3). This is designed for Intel/AMD processors running in
PCs, so the standards for these things tend to be designed by Intel or AMD, and
the memory producers just follow suite. As I recollect (but me memory may be fa
ulty), when the first standard of DDR came out, there was a tassle between the D
DR design by AMD and the RAMBUS standard by Intel, but in the end Intel lost.
Dr. Robert H. Dennard, a Fellow at the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center crea
ted the one-transistor DRAM in 1966. Dennard and his team were working on early
field-effect transistors and integrated circuits, and his attention to memory ch
ips came from seeing another team's research with thin-flim magnetic memory. Den
nard claims he went home and within a few hours had gotten the basic ideas for t
he creation of DRAM. He worked on his ideas for a simpler memory cell that used
only a single transistor and a small capacitor. IBM and Dennard were granted a p
atent for DRAM in 1968.
RAM stands for random access memory, memory that can be accessed or written to r
andomly -- any byte or piece of memory can be used without accessing the other b
ytes or pieces of memory. There were two basic types of RAM, dynamic RAM (DRAM)
and static RAM (SRAM). DRAM needs to be refreshed thousands of times per second.
SRAM does not need to be refreshed, which makes it faster. Both types of RAM ar
e volatile -- they lose their contents when the power is turned off. In 1970, Fa
irchild Corporation invented the first 256-k SRAM chip. Recently, several new ty
pes of RAM chips have been designed.

A hard disk (also known as HD or HDD) drive is common data storage for computers
. Hard disks use magnets to store information. So who invented hard disk?
The hard disk was invented on September13, 1956 by IBM team led by Rey Johnson (
considered as "father" of the disk drive). Earlier hard disk drives were large a
nd cumbersome devices. A 5 or 20 megabyte hard disk capacity was considered larg
e in early 70 and 80's.
There are several different types of interface for hard drives. The most common
is the IDE or SATA interface, which is found on most home desktop PC's.
For high-end applications and business the SCSI or SAS interface is very popular
. Again, there are several types of SCSI interface. In order to safeguard agains
t data loss or corruption and to improve performance you need to use RAID (there
are many different configurations to choose from).
HDDs (introduced in 1956 as data storage for an IBM accounting computer)[6] were
originally developed for use with general purpose computers. During the 1990s,
the need for large-scale, reliable storage, independent of a particular device,
led to the introduction of embedded systems such as RAID systems, network attach
ed storage (NAS) systems, and storage area network (SAN) systems that provide ef
ficient and reliable access to large volumes of data. In the 21st century, HDD u
sage expanded into consumer applications such as camcorders, cellphones (for exa
mple the Nokia N91),digital audio players, digital video players, digital video
recorders, personal digital assistants and video game consoles.
Mathew Roper invented the QWERTY keyboard in 1875 when he produced the first com
mercial typewriter.
The invention of the computer keyboard (QWERTY keyboard) starts with the typewri
ter. The inventor of the typewriter is Christopher Sholes who also designed the
arrangement of characters of keyboard which is called QWERTY keyboard. The name
of QWERTY derives from the first six characters on the top alphabetic line of th
e keyboard.
Who Invented the Computer Mouse?
In 1963, Douglas Engelbart invented the first mouse prototype. He worked at Stan
ford Research Institute, and he developed the mouse prototype with one of his co
lleagues, Bill English.
Engelbart developed the idea, but Bill English was responsible for actually buil
ding the mouse. The mouse earned its name because of its appearance. The long wi
re that extended out the back of the device looked like a tail. The smaller size
of the device with the tail that extended out of it reminded users of a mouse.
Thus, the device was named mouse.
Engelbart's Projects
The mouse was actually only a small part of Engelbart s larger project. His larger
project concentrated on increasing human intellect. In 1972, Bill English impro
ved on the Engelbart version and created the ball mouse.
The ball mouse improved upon the original invention. The external wheels of the
mouse were replaced with a singular ball. This singular ball had the ability to
rotate in any direction, which made the mouse more convenient for users.
Inside the mouse, the design uses two rollers that roll against the two alternat
e sides of the ball. One roller is used to detect the forward-backward motion of
the mouse, and the other roller is used to detect the left-right motion of the
mouse.
The signals are then sent to the computer through the wire that comes out the ba
ck of the mouse. This ball mouse was the predominant model that was used with pe
rsonal computer throughout the late eighties and the nineties.
Adding Buttons
The first mouse only had a singular button. This was the mouse that was created
by Engelbart. The next version of the mouse had three buttons, but this was soon
reduced to two buttons.
In 1984, Macintosh reintroduced the mouse that only had one button to the market
. However, users preferred the mouse with two buttons. Thus, the mouse with two
buttons held the greatest amount of market share in the late eighties and early
nineties. On many two button mice, however, there will often be a scroll button
in between the buttons.
Other Types of Mouse Devices
Since the creation of the ball mouse, there have been numerous other types of de
vices that have been created. The SpaceMouse, a type of 3D mouse, was created in
the early nineties by the company Logitech. The 3D mice usually use ultrasound
to move, and provide three different degrees of freedom.
Recently, Wii released their own 3D mouse called the Wii Remote. The Wii remote
can determine its orientation and direction of movement, as well as detect its s
patial position. In 2008, the company Motion4U launched a 3D mouse add-on that w
as called the OptiBurst. This additional feature lets users work with six degree
s of freedom. This means that the mouse moves with natural and organic movement.
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Optical Mice
The optical mouse was created in the nineties. These mice differ from mechanical
mice because optical mice do not have any rolling parts within them. However, t
hese mice usually use more power than mechanical mice.
On the other hand, optical mice have definite advantages. Optical mice tend to o
utperform mechanical mice on certain surfaces, such as uneven surfaces, slick su
rfaces, soft surfaces, and even sticky surfaces. This is particularly important
if you do not have a mouse pad. In operation, optical mice use an image that the
infrared diode illuminates to properly move. This image detects movement undern
eath it.
Thus, now that you know the history behind the computer mouse, who invented the
computer mouse, and some of the different types, you can truly appreciate this t
echnology!
Author: Christy Rakoczy