A Gamma Camera is also known as an Anger Camera or Scintillation Camera.

Radioisotopes emitting
radiations in the gamma range are captured in an image by the use of this device. The major
applications of this device involve the development of early drugs and most importantly the nuclear
medical imaging for viewing and analyzing the images of parts of the human body which involve the
injection and distribution of a drug which is either inhaled, ingested or medically injected. These drugs
are generally radionuclides which gamma rays.

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Types of techniques of imaging involving the use of Gamma Cameras

Scintigraphy is the simplest imaging technique which involves the capturing of emitted radiation by the
application of gamma cameras from the radioisotopes injected into the body. Scintigraphy generates a
2-Dimensional image.

Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) involves the use of nuclear testing of cardiac
tests. This involves the use of gamma cameras as well. A coded aperture is used for the gamma camera
in the case of this type of imaging. One to three detectors are also used in the imaging process and are
rotated around the torso of the patient.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scanning involves the use of multi-headed gamma cameras
wherein the hardware and software of the program are configured for the detection of coincidences
which are nothing but the occurrence of events of simultaneous origin on two distinct heads. It is to be
noted that the PET scanning involving gamma cameras is substantially inferior to the PET imaging which
uses a designed-for-purpose PET scanner. However, gamma cameras with their much lower costs and
their multipurpose flexibility in comparison to a dedicated PET scanner, make this technique useful in
the cases where there are restrictions on expense and resources.

What happens inside a Gamma Camera?

A Gamma Camera consists of one or more flat planes of crystals (also known as detectors). These
detectors are arranged in an optically coupled array consisting of photomultiplier tubes. Photomultiplier
tubes (PMT) are a member of the vacuum tubes class and are basically vacuum phototubes. These are
extremely sensitive light detectors in the near-infrared, visible, and UV range of the electromagnetic
spectrum. They can multiply the current generated by incident light by as much as 100 million times!

This assembly of multiple arrays is known as a head, which is mounted on a gantry. The gantry has a
connection with the computer system which not only controls the camera operation but also stores and
acquires the images generated. The construction and working of a gamma camera are also called a
radiation construction of compartmental origin.

The most important feature of gamma cameras involves the accumulation of events or counts by the
system, which is nothing but counts of gamma photons which the crystal used in the camera absorbs.
Generally, a sodium iodide crystal with thallium doping is used. The crystal is large and flat in shape and
is kept in a housing which is light-sealed. This innovative method of gamma detection was discovered by
Sir Samuel Curran way back in 1944.

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How does the crystal work?

When a gamma photon in radiation from the radionuclide injected in the patient leaving the body, it
pushes out an electron from the iodine atom in the crystal. This dislocation of the electron generates a
very faint flash of light on the re-entry of the electron to its minimal energy state. These phenomena are
nothing but the photoelectric effect and the Compton effect. The previously mentioned array of
photomultiplier tuber which is present in the crystal captures these flashes of light produced and a
computer is used to run the counts. The computer then sums up the counts leading to the
reconstruction and displaying of a 2-Dimensional image on the monitor. This image shows the relative
concentration and distribution of the trace elements of radioactive origin injected into the patient and
shows the organs and tissues through which it passes.

On the whole, this is the most important elementary information required to understand the Gamma
Camera and going ahead this technology will open new doors in the field of medical science and
personal healthcare.

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