Why are waves of very low frequency not

used for data transmission in computer

networks?
In Computer Networking
Answered by The WikiAnswers® Community
Waves of very low frequency are not used for data transmission in computer networks because
they may attenuate and fail to transmit data. However, sometimes such low frequency waves
may be used if repeaters are installed along the transmission route.
The waves with lower frequency are not used for data transmission in the computer networks because
they can be easily hacked. This can lead to the loss of vital information.

Low frequencies are avoided for data transmission in computer networks to prevent data loss due to
attenuation of the signal. Also, low frequencies are incapable of transferring data at the speeds of higher
frequencies. Low frequency devices are losing popularity in computer networking because of
their slow transfer rates. The higher the frequency of a device the faster it can transfer data.

Waves of very low frequency are not used for data transmission in computer networks because
they may attenuate and fail to transmit data. However, sometimes such low frequency waves
may be used if repeaters are installed along the transmission route. Waves of very low frequency
are not used for data transmission in computer networks because they may attenuate and fail to
transmit data. However, sometimes such low frequency waves may be used if repeaters are
installed along the transmission route.

why do waves of very low frequency follow

the Earth's surface?
In Thunderstorms and Lightning, Earthquakes, Electromagnetic Radiation, Waves Vibrations
and Oscillations
Answer by Pradnyacse
Because lower Frequencies are for long range whereas higher frquecies such as microwave go
much shorter distances such as line of sight but can carry more information due to the
complexity of the waveform. Do a search for spectrum management and im sure you can find
what you are looking for. I just think of a radio wave as the least complex because it is a low
frequency and has lots of power behind it to broadcast to a big audience by blanketing a large
surface whereas a satellite is a small complex antenna that discharges a high frequecy burst from
point to point but can carry alot more information.
Waves of very low frequency are not used for data transmission in computer networks because
they may attenuate and fail to transmit data. However, sometimes such low frequency waves
may be used if repeaters are installed along the transmission route.

As can be seen in the spectrum above:

1. low frequencies are radio frequencies below the AM radio band

2. medium frequencies are radio frequencies spanning the AM radio band
3. high frequencies are radio frequencies in the shortwave radio band
4. very high frequencies are radio frequencies spanning the FM and low numbered TV
channel bands
5. etc.

q1 question

Frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) is a method of transmitting radio signals by

rapidly switching a carrier among many frequency channels, using a pseudorandom sequence
known to both transmitter and receiver. It is used as a multiple access method in the code
division multiple access (CDMA) scheme frequency-hopping code division multiple access
(FH-CDMA) .

FHSS is a wireless technology that spreads its signal over rapidly changing frequencies. Each
available frequency band is divided into sub-frequencies. Signals rapidly change ("hop") among
these in a pre-determined order. Interference at a specific frequency will only affect the signal
during that short interval. FHSS can, however, cause interference with adjacent direct-sequence
spread spectrum (DSSS) systems. A sub-type of FHSS used in Bluetooth wireless data transfer is
adaptive frequency hopping spread spectrum (AFH).

Definition - What does Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) mean?

Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) is a transmission technology used in local area wireless
network transmissions. In this technology, a data signal at the sending station is combined with a
high data rate bit sequence, which divides user data based on a spreading ratio.

The benefits of using DSSS are resistance to jamming, sharing single channels among multiple
users, less background noise and relative timing between transmitter and receivers.

This term is also known as direct sequence code division multiple access.

Difference Between FHSS and DSSS

• Categorized under Communication,Technology | Difference Between FHSS and DSSS

FHSS vs DSSS

Spread spectrum is a group of techniques that utilizes a much larger bandwidth in transmitting
information than would otherwise occupy a fraction of the bandwidth used. This is done to
achieve a certain effect. FHSS and DSSS, which stand for Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
and Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum, are two spread spectrum techniques. The main difference
is in how they spread the data into the wider bandwidth. FHSS utilizes frequency hopping while
DSSS utilizes pseudo noise to modify the phase of the signal.

Frequency hopping is achieved by dividing the large bandwidth into smaller channels that would
fit the data. The signal would then be sent pseudo-randomly into a different channel. Because
only one of the channels is in use at any given time, you are actually wasting bandwidth
equivalent to the data bandwidth multiplied by the number of channels minus one. DSSS spreads
the information across the band in a very different manner. It does so by introducing pseudo-
random noise into the signal to change its phase at any given time. This results in an output that
closely resembles static noise and would appear as just that to others. But with a process called
“de-spreading,” the original signal can be extracted from the noise as long as the pseudo-random
sequence is known.

In order for the receiver to decode the transmitted information, it must be synchronized with the
transmitter. For FHSS it is relatively easy as the transmitter simply waits on one of the channels
and waits for a decodable transmission. Once it finds that out, it can then follow the sequence
being used to follow the transmitter which jumps across the different channels. With DSSS, it is
not as simple. A timing search algorithm needs to be employed for the receiver to correctly
establish synchronization.

A side effect of “de-spreading” is its ability to establish relative timing between the receiver and
transmitter. With multiple transmitters that are in known locations, the relative timing can be
used to establish the relative distances of the receiver from each transmitter. This is the working
principle behind positioning systems like GPS. Since the receiver can calculate how far it is from
each transmitting satellite, it is then able to triangulate its location. This ability is not present in
FHSS.

Summary:

1.FHSS changes the frequency being used while DSSS changes the phase.
2.FHSS is easier to synchronize than DSSS.
3.DSSS is used in positioning systems while FHSS is not.

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Read more: Difference Between FHSS and DSSS | Difference Between

http://www.differencebetween.net/technology/difference-between-fhss-and-
dsss/#ixzz4yPKBLMQO
FHSS and DSSS, which stand for Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum and Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum, are two spread spectrum techniques. The main difference is in how they spread the data into
the wider bandwidth. FHSS utilizes frequency hopping while DSSS utilizes pseudo noise to modify the
phase of the signal.S

Difference ffs andf dsss

FHSS:- Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum. In this , the user trasmitted signal changes the
frequency randomly. That means, suppose user is on frequency f1 when it starts the transmission.
Then after some random time, it switches to f2 then f3 the f6 and then f9 and so on. These
frequencies are in the same band of frequencies. Thus this transmission is not easy to track or
intercept because it is not possible to know the frequecy since it is always changing.

DSSS:- Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum. In this , the user does not change the frequency but it
changes the Pseudorandom code. This code has the property of never repeating itself.This code is
unique. That means, user encrypts its signal using this code and code is changed time to time.
Thus it is not possible to intercept the users signal.

Both techniques are used for signal security. This techniques are used by military for secure
communication.

FHSS is easy to implement but the security is lesser than DSSS. DSSS is a great technique and
provides maximum security but little bit difficult to implement.

Tula answer milale ka?

Sachit

Added after 36 seconds:

FHSS:- Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum. In this , the user trasmitted signal changes the
frequency randomly. That means, suppose user is on frequency f1 when it starts the transmission.
Then after some random time, it switches to f2 then f3 the f6 and then f9 and so on. These
frequencies are in the same band of frequencies. Thus this transmission is not easy to track or
intercept because it is not possible to know the frequecy since it is always changing.

DSSS:- Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum. In this , the user does not change the frequency but it
changes the Pseudorandom code. This code has the property of never repeating itself.This code is
unique. That means, user encrypts its signal using this code and code is changed time to time.
Thus it is not possible to intercept the users signal.

Both techniques are used for signal security. This techniques are used by military for secure
communication.

FHSS is easy to implement but the security is lesser than DSSS. DSSS is a great technique and
provides maximum security but little bit difficult to implement.
Tula answer milale ka?
Sachit

Techopedia explains Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)

DSSS is a spread spectrum modulation technique used for digital signal transmission over
airwaves. It was originally developed for military use, and employed difficult-to-detect wideband
signals to resist jamming attempts. It is also being developed for commercial purposes in local
and wireless networks.

The stream of information in DSSS is divided into small pieces, each associated with a frequency
channel across spectrums. Data signals at transmission points are combined with a higher data
rate bit sequence, which divides data based on a spreading ratio. The chipping code in a DSSS is
a redundant bit pattern associated with each bit transmitted. This helps to increase the signal's
resistance to interference. If any bits are damaged during transmission, the original data can be
recovered due to the redundancy of transmission.

differences?
-FHSS uses a 'narrow band carrier' that is periodically changed usings a pseudo-random code.
(pseudo-random because it DOES actually repeat itself, for blue tooth, this means a hop
sequence of 72 hops) The spreading occurs in the RF band.

-DSSS is wideband. It 'spreads' the data using a pseudo-random spreading code (11-bit barker
code for 802.11b?). The 'spreading' effect occurs in the baseband.

-FHSS is easier to implement because its narrow band. (simple amplifiers, filters)

-DSSS is more difficult, due to its wideband nature. Also more complicated syncronising
circuitry is needed to 'extract' the data from the code sequence.

-FHSS can avoid interference, but ultimately, if a channel it uses is jammed, the information
transmitted in that channel will be lost. Because of this, as the FHSS signal gets weaker, more
channels are lost, and it degrades gracefully. That is, the more interference, the more errors in
the data, bit its linear.

-DSSS on the otherhand, 'spread' interference, when it is decoded in the reciever, it attentuates
any jamming signals, and noise in the baseband, whilst 'extracting' the desired signal. However,
when conditions worsen, the channel will colapse, and NO data can be sent. Unlike the FHSS,
DSSS will work fine up until a point, then simple stop working.

Advantages of DSSS over FHSS:

Doesn't use narrow band carriers, so, in effect, a much wider bandwidth is allocated, allowing
much more throughput (up to 11MB/s I believe).

Can operate below the noise floor, therefore giving it greater range and better stability in slightly
bad conditions.

Provides a certain level of security, since to intercept it, one must know the spreading code, and
syncronise to it.

Also, for military apps, DSSS appears as 'noise' on a spectrum. Narrow band interferers, and
signals can clearly be seen on a scope, as a 'spike'. DSSS simply increases the noise level by a
small amount, meaning the 'enemy' does not even know someone is transmitting.

I hope this helps, you didn't mention what exactly you were after, wifi? Bluetooth? 802.11x? Or
were you simply interested in the basic theory behind such methods?

Regards,
BuriedCode.

-What Are the Advantages and

Disadvantages of FHSS and DSSS
Publication Date: 2015-06-16 Views: 3281 Downloads: 0

Issue Description
What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of FHSS and DSSS?

Solution
The direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) technology has advantages in high-reliability
applications, whereas the frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) technology has advantages
in low-cost applications. Generally, DSSS fast transmits data in full-band mode, and allows for a
higher transmission frequency in the future. The DSSS technology applies to a fixed
environment or applications requiring high transmission quality. Therefore, DSSS wireless
products are usually used in wireless plants, wireless hospitals, network communities, and
campus networking. The FHSS technology applies to the endpoints requiring fast mobility.
Because the FHSS transmission range is small, more FHSS devices than DSSS devices are
required in the same transmission environment, which requires a high cost.

Q. 18. Write down the advantages and disadvantages of FHSS system. Ans . Advantages 1. The
synchronization is not greatly dependent on the distance. 2. The serial search system with FH-SS
needs shorter time for acquisition. 3. The processing gain PG is higher than that of DS—SS
system. Disadvantages 1. The bandwidth of FH-SS system is too large. 2. Complex and
expensive digital frequency synthesizers are required to be used. Q. 19. Write down the
disadvantages of DSSS system. Ans . 1. With the serial search system, the acquisition time is too
large. This makes the DSSS system slow. 2. The sequence generated at the PN code generator
output must have to high rate.

e: Disadvantages of using AM for DSSS/FHSS?

Green Xenon [Radium] wrote:
> Hi:

n [Radium] wrote:
> Hi:
>
> Most cell phones and wireless internet routers, modems, and access
> points that use spread spectrum usually broadcast and receive their data
> on FM-radio waves. Just out of curiosity, I ask, why not use AM?
>
> Let's say a DSSS/FHSS type of spread-spectrum is transmitted and
> received using the AM radio waves in the UHF spectrum [i.e. spread info
> for transmission throughout the UHF band and receive AM radio waves
> throughout all UHF frequencies]. What would be the disadvantages of this?
>
> Normally DSSS and FHSS are transmitted/received on FM radio waves. So I
> ask what would be the disadvantages of using AM instead of FM for this?
>
> AM radio tends to be more vulnerable to unwanted magnetic disruptions
> than FM, however this only affects analog reception. Digital reception
> on AM should be unaffected even by the strongest-interfering analog RF
> magnetic signal. Right?
>
>
> Thanks,

(50 points - 10 points for each question)

1. What is direct sequence spread spectrum?

List its advantages and disadvantages.
What is frequency hopping spread spectrum?
List its advantages and disadvantages.
Give an example system which uses DSSS or FHSS respectively.

Ans:
1) Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) is a transmission technology
 used in wireless transmissions where a data signal at the sending
station is combined with a higher data rate bit sequence, or chipping
sequence (code), that divides the user data according to a spreading
factor (ratio). The chipping code is a redundant bit pattern for each
bit that is transmitted, which increases the signal's resistance to
interference. If one or more bits in the pattern are damaged during
transmission, the original data can be recovered due to the redundancy
of the transmission.

2) Advantages of DSSS:
o More restance to fading and multi-path effects
o More efficient use of channel bandwidth
o Short latency time
o Constant processing gain - a better signal to noise ratio
o Quick Lock-In as radio synchronize
o No recynchronization with other radio necessary
o Long outdoor range
o Greater overall data throuput
Disadvantage of DSSS: Complex design

3) Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) is a transmission technology

used in wireless transmissions where the data signal is modulated with
a narrowband carrier signal that "hops" in a random but predictable
sequence from frequency to frequency as a function of time over a
wide band of frequencies. The signal energy is spread in time domain
rather than chopping each bit into small pieces in the frequency
domain. This technique reduces interference because a signal from a
narrowband system will only affect the spread spectrum signal if both
are transmitting at the same frequency at the same time. If
synchronized properly, a single logical channel is maintained.

4) Advantage of FHSS:
o Fundamentally much simpler to implement
o Better range, due to lower receiver sensitivity
o Good rejection of in band interference
o Good performance in multipath environments
o No "near/far" problems
Disadvanges Of FHSS:
o Long latency time
o Slow Lock-In, must search a channel
o No processing gain
o Must recynchronization with other after every hop
o short outdoor range
o Lower overall data throuput

5) Example for DSSS: CDMA, Wireless LAN

Example for FHSS: GSM, Bluetooth

2. What is the cellular system for mobile communications?

List its advantages and disadvantages.
Describe two types of the frequency assignment.

Ans:
1) Cellular systems for mobile communications implement SDM. Each
transmitter, typically called a base station, covers a certain area,
a cell.
 2) Advantages of cellular systems:
o Higher capacity
o Less transmission power
o Local interference only
o Robustness
Disadvantages of cellular systems:
o Infrastructure needed
o Handover needed
o Frequency planning
3) Two types of frequency assignment are fixed channel allocation (FCA)
and dynamic channel allocation (DCA).

3. Describe the problems when CSMA/CD is applied to wireless networks.

Describe how MACA solve the above problems.

Ans:
1) Two problems occur:
o Hidden and exposed terminals - Carrier sensing may fail to detect
another terminal or dectect a terminal outside the interference
range.
o Near and far terminals - The local signal might drown out the remote
transmission.
2) When a station is ready for transmission, it sends a request to send
(RTS) frame to the receiver and waits to receive a clear to send (CTS)
frame from the receiver. As a result, all stations within the range
will refrain from transmitting a data frame. Once CTS is received, the
sender can send packets. In this way, the CTS frame can be heard by
the hidden terminals and the medium for future use by other sending
terminal is reserved. The exposed terminal won't react to RTS and
doesn't receive CTS because the exposed terminal is not the receiver.
The near and far terminals could be solved in the similar way.

4. What is a good code for CDMA?

Redo the CDMA example of section 3.5, but now add random 'noise'
to the transmitted signal (-2, 0, 0, -2, +2, 0). Add, for example,
(1, -1, 0, 1, 0, -1). In this case, what can the receiver detect
for sender A and B repectively? Now include the near/far problem.
How does this complicate the situation? What would be possible
countermeasures?

Ans:
1) A good code for CDMA should have a good autocorrelation and should
be orthogonal to other codes.
2) The transmitted signal in this simplified example is (-2,0,0,-2,+2,0)
+
(1,-1,0,1,0,-1) = (-1,-1,0,-1,+2,-1). The receiver will calculate
for A: (-1,-1,0,-1,+2,-1) * (-1,+1,-1,-1,+1,+1) = 1-1+0+1+2-1 = 2.
For B the result is: (-1,-1,0,-1,+2,-1) * (+1,+1,-1,+1,-1,+1)
= -1-1+0-1-2-1 = -6. The receiver can decide more easily for the
binary 0 in case of B compared to the binary 1 in case of A.
Noise can obviously affect the signal. But still the receiver can
distinguish between the two signals - our simple example uses
perfectly synchronised signals (the spread symbols are in phase).

Adding the near/far problem to our simplified example does not change
 much: still the receiver can detect the signal - unless noise becomes
too strong compared to the signal. Simply multiply the noise and B's
signal by, let us say, 20. The transmitted signal is then:
As+20*Bs+20*noise = (-1,+1,-1,-1,+1,+1) + (-20,-20,+20,-20,+20,-20) +
(+20,-20,0,+20,0,-20) = (-1,-39,19,-1,+21,-39). The receiver then
receives for A: (-1,-39,19,-1,+21,-39) * (-1,+1,-1,-1,+1,+1) =
1-39-19+1+21-39 = -74, and
for B: (-1,-39,19,-1,+21,-39) * (+1,+1,-1,+1,-1,+1) = -1-39-19-1-21-39
= -120. Both results are negative, the receiver can not
reconstruct the original data of A, but that of B.
If A is a near terminal, the reciver can reconstruct A but not that of
B.

This example should just give a rough feeling what the problems are.
For our simple problem here we don't see all the effects: the
spreading codes are much too short, everything is synchronised.

5. Name the main elements of the GSM system architecture and describe
their functions. What are the advantages of specifying not only the
radio interface but also all internal interfaces of the GSM system?

Ans: See figure 4.4. Specifying all (or at least many) internal interfaces
allows for a larger variety of vendors. As long as vendors stay with
the standardised interfaces equipment of different vendors can be
combined and network operators are not completely dependent from one
manufacturer. However, reality often looks different and network
operators often use only equipment from one or two vendor(s).

hy Directional antenna are not useful for

mobile phones?
In Mobile Phones, Telephones, Wireless Communication
Answer by David Simpson
Because a directional antenna is designed to either transmit or receive signals from a small are of
space. Mobile phones need to receive from and transmit to all directions - in order to maintain a
connection to the network

Q5

How can the gain of an antenna be

improved?
In Science, Computers, Engineering
Answered by The WikiAnswers® Community
It depends upon the type of antenna. For example, a Yagi antenna's gain can be increased by
adding elements. A parabolic antenna's gain can be increased by increasing the diameter of the
antenna. All antennas can have their gain increased by lowering the loss of the feed line. By
replacing regular coaxial cable with nitrogen pressurized coax, the overall gain at the receiving
end can be increased. Gain can also be increased by inserting an amplifier between the antenna
and the receiver. Another method of increasing gain is to reduce the VSWR, or voltage standing
wave ratio.

What factors determine antenna gain?

In Uncategorized
Answered by The WikiAnswers® Community
Antenna gain is the measure of the. directionality of an antenna. It is defined as the output power
radiated in a particular direction compared to the power output in any direction by an isotropic
omnidirectional antenna. The increase in power output in one particular direction is at the
expense of power radiated in other directions. That is, power output can be increased in one
direction by decreasing it in other directions.
Another concept related to the antenna gain is effective area. Effective area of an antenna is
related to the physical size and shape of an antenna.

Sproblem of signal propation

Best Answer: I know one is power. The efficiency of how the transmitter uses power is a big area looked
at when trying to improve radio communications. Sure, if you could just give a transmitter all the power
it wants, it could theoretically transmit across the world.

Or course, we don't have that kind of power, so trying to get the transmitter to use power the most
efficient way possible is key.

There's other stuff too- atmospheric disruption (this happens all the time- one day you can get a radio
station clear as day, the next day, you can't get it at all) is another big one