1.

What are the rules governing trade

union
ANS: - Introduction:
Shri N.M.Joshi was
a pioneer in the trade union
movement. The Act was amended in
1947 to provide for the compulsory
registration of trade union, but it was
not enforced.
Definition of Trade Union:
Trade Union
means a combination, whether
temporary or permanent formed.
1. Primarily for the purpose of
regulating the relations between
workmen & employee or between
workmen & workmen or between
employee & employee or
2. for imposing restrictive conditions
on the conduct of any trade or
business & includes any federation of
two or more trade unions.

Rules Governing Trade Union Sec.6.

A trade union
qualifies for registration only if the
executive committee of the trade
union is constituted strictly according
to the provision of the act. A second
requirement is that the rules of the
trade union should provide for the
following matters.
a. The name of the trade union;

b. The objects for which the trade

union is established;

c. The purpose for which the

general funds of the trade union
shall be employed;

d. The maintenance of a list of

members and adequate facilities
for its inspection by the office
bearers and the members of the
union;

e. The admission as ordinary

members who are actually
employed or engaged in an
industry with which the trade union
is connected and also the
admission of honorary or
temporary office-bearers to form
the executive committee of the
trade union;
f. The payment of a subscription by
the members which shall be not
less than 25 paisa per month per
members;

g. The manner in which the rules

may be amended, varied or
rescinded;

h. The manner in which the

members of the executive and
other office bearers shall be
appointed and removed;

i. The safe custody of the funds of

the trade union and annual audit of
accounts and adequate facilities
for inspection of the accounts
books;

j. The manner in which the trade

union may be dissolved.
2. Describes the health provisions in the
factories act?
Ans: - Introduction:
The amended
factory Act, 1948, was introduced just
a year after independence to amend
the Act of 1881.

Definition of factory sec.2 (m)

Factory means
any premises including the precincts
thereof, whereon 10 or more workers
are working on any day of the
proceeding 12 months, with the aid of
power and 20 or more workers on any
day of the proceeding 12 months
without the aid of power but does not
include mines, mobile units belonging
to the armed forces railways running
sheds, hotels, restaurants and eating
places.

1. Cleanliness Sec.11
a. The factory has to be kept clean
and free from effluvia (bad odours)
arising from drain privy (hidden) or
other nuisance.

b. The floor of the work rooms should

be cleaned weakly by washing or by
any other effective method. If the
floor will become wet, drainage should
be provided.
c. All inside walls, ceilings, partitions
etc.
i. Should be repainted or re-varnished
at least once in five years.
ii. All doors windows frames, etc. To
be painted once in five years.

2. Wastes and effluent disposal Sec.12

There must be effective systems
to dispose off wastes and effluents.

3. Ventilation and temperature Sec.13

a. There must be effective steps to
secure and maintain adequate
ventilation by circulation of fresh
air and proper temperature to
secure reasonable conditions of
comfort and health to workers.
b. State government has powers
to prescribe standards for
ventilation and temperature.
c. The chief inspector may serve a

notice on the occupiers to adopt

measures to reduce high
temperature

4. Dust and Fumes Sec.14

 If the manufacturing process
releases dust, fumes or other impurity
which are injurious to health, exhaust
fans should be installed to prevent its
inhalation and accumulation.
Secondly, internal combustion
engines should be operated only
when exhaust is carried out in open
air.

5. Artificial humidification Sec.15

a. In the factories in which humidity is
artificially increased, the state
government has powers to make
rules to regulate (i) standards, (ii)
methods and (iii) tests for
assessing humidity of the air and
to prescribe methods for securing
sufficient ventilation and cooling of
the air.
b. Factories should use pure water or
drinking water for artificial
humidification

6. Overcrowding Sec.16
 To avoid overcrowding which
may be injurious to the health of
workmen, at least 14.2 cubic meters
should be provided per worker.
However the chief inspector has
powers to exempt in writing any
workroom from these requirements

7. Lighting Sec.17
There must be sufficient
natural or artificial lighting in the work
place and the passages. Steps should
be taken to prevent glare due to
excessive lights or eye strain due to in
sufficient light
a. Glazed windows and sunlight’s

should be cleaned on both

surfaces.
b. State Government as powers to
prescribe standards for lighting.

8. Drinking Water Sec.18

a. There must be effective
arrangements to provide and
maintain, at suitable points, at
points legibly marked as ‘Drinking
 Water’ by the language understood
by the majority workers.
b. Drinking water should not be
situated within 6 meters of any
washing place, latrine.
c. State government has powers to

make rules for examinations by

prescribed authorities relating to
supply and distribution of drinking
water.

9. Latrines and urinals Sec.19

a. There should be separate
latrines and urinals for male and
female workers
b. The Latrine and urinal shall be
of prescribed sanitary types and
maintain in clean and hygienic with
adequate lighting
c. State Government has powers
to prescribe the number of this
facilities depending upon the
number of male and female
workers.
10. Spittoons Sec.20
a. The employer shall provide
sufficient Spittoons at convenient
place and shall take steps to
maintain them in clean and
hygienic conditions.
b. State Governments has powers
to make rule relating the type and
the number of Spittoons and for
their maintenance.
c. There is a rule that spitting in

areas outside the Spittoons is

offence punishable with a fine of
upto Rs.5.