Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Entransy Dissipation Based Thermal Resistance Met 2013 International Journal
Entransy Dissipation Based Thermal Resistance Met 2013 International Journal
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Optimal design of heat exchanger performance is of the key issue in energy conservation. Based on the
Received 28 January 2011 entransy theory, this study deduced the formula of entransy dissipation-based thermal resistance (EDTR)
Received in revised form 15 June 2012 for different types of heat exchangers, analyzed the factors influencing heat exchanger performance and,
Accepted 5 December 2012
more importantly, developed an alternative EDTR method for the design and optimization of heat
Available online 31 January 2013
exchanger performance. The results indicate that the EDTR of parallelflow, counterflow and TEMA E-type
shell-and-tube heat exchangers have a general formula, which directly connects heat exchanger perfor-
Keywords:
mance to heat capacity rates of fluids, thermal conductance and flow arrangement of heat exchanger
Heat exchanger performance
Entransy dissipation-based thermal
without introducing any phenomenological non-dimensional parameter. From this formula, it is clear
resistance that there are three factors influencing heat exchanger performance, including finite thermal conduc-
Design method tance, different heat capacity rates of hot and cold fluids, and non-counterflow arrangement of heat
Irreversibility exchangers. Furthermore, based on the relation among heat transfer rate, arithmetical mean temperature
difference and EDTR, the total heat transfer rate in a heat exchanger can be easily calculated by the ther-
mal conductance of heat exchanger and the heat capacity rates of fluids. Therefore, the EDTR method can
analyze, compare and optimize heat exchanger performance conveniently.
Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
0017-9310/$ - see front matter Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.12.062
Q. Chen / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 60 (2013) 156–162 157
Nomenclature
1
Entransy, originally termed heat transfer potential capacity [18], corresponds to DT T 1 T 2
the electric energy stored in a capacitor in terms of the analogy between heat and Rh ¼ ¼ ; ð1Þ
q q
electrical conduction. It is an extensive property to represent the heat transfer ability
of an object or a system at a specific temperature without volume variation, as the
electrical energy in a capacitor describes its charge transfer ability. The zero value of where T1 and T2 are the temperatures of hot and cold surfaces in
the entransy of an object is usually assigned at 0 K. one-dimensional conduction, respectively, q is the heat flux.
158 Q. Chen / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 60 (2013) 156–162
It is founded that when the hot fluid has a much larger heat
where the first term on the right-hand side represents the entransy capacity rate than that of the cold fluid, Eq. (15) is equivalent to
output accompanying the thermal energy dq flowing out of the hot Eq. (18). That is, the formula of EDTR, Eq. (15), for heat exchangers
fluid, while the second term represents the entransy input accom- without phase-change is suitable for analyzing the thermal perfor-
panying the thermal energy dq flowing into the cold fluid. There- mance of a phase-change heat exchanger, if and only if the heat
fore, the shaded area exactly indicates the entransy dissipation capacity rate of phase-change fluid is considered as infinity. This
rate during the heat transferred from the hot to the cold fluids approach is the same as those used in both the LMTD and e-NTU
[17,20]: methods.
d/h ¼ ðT h T c Þdq: ð13Þ
3.2. Counterflow heat exchangers
The total entransy dissipation in the heat exchanger is deduced
by integrating Eq. (13) From a similar analysis as that performed in Section 3.1, Fig. 4 is
Z Uh Z Q
the fluid temperature variations versus the heat transfer rate in a
Uh ¼ d/h ¼ ðT h T c Þdq counterflow heat exchanger, where the curves ab and cd represent
0 0 the hot and cold fluids, respectively. Similar to parallelflow heat
ðT h;a T c;c Þ þ ðT h;b T c;d Þ exchangers, the area of trapezoid abcd indicates the total entransy
¼ Q ¼ DT AM Q ; ð14Þ
2 dissipation rate in the counterflow heat exchanger
where DTAM is the arithmetical temperature difference between the ðT h;a T c;d Þ þ ðT h;b T c;c Þ
Uh ¼ Q; ð19Þ
hot and cold fluids in the heat exchanger. 2
Substituting Eqs. (6), (11) and (14) into the definition of EDTR where the total heat transfer rate Q is
for heat exchangers, Eq. (3), we get the formula of such thermal
resistance for parallelflow heat exchangers: ðT h;a T c;d Þ ðT h;b T c;c Þ
Q ¼ kA : ð20Þ
lnðT h;a T c;d Þ lnðT h;b T c;c Þ
np expðkAnp Þ þ 1
Rh;p ¼ ; ð15Þ
2 expðkAnp Þ 1 Substituting Eqs. (11), (19) and (20) into the definition of EDTR,
the formula of such thermal resistance for counterflow heat
1
where np ¼ _ h cp;h
m
þ m_ c1cp;c , termed the flow arrangement factor for exchangers will also be derived as
parallelflow heat exchangers, which reflects the influence of flow nc expðkAnc Þ þ 1
arrangement on the heat exchanger performance. Rh;c ¼ ; ð21Þ
2 expðkAnc Þ 1
If the hot fluid is a condensing vapor, Fig. 3 shows the fluid tem-
perature variations versus the heat transfer rate q. In this case, the
Fig. 3. Sketch of the fluid temperature variations versus the heat transfer rate in a Fig. 4. Sketch of the fluid temperature variations versus the heat transfer rate in a
phase-change on one side heat exchanger. counterflow heat exchanger.
160 Q. Chen / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 60 (2013) 156–162
where the flow arrangement factor for counterflow heat exchang- Table 1
Flow arrangement factors for different types of heat exchangers.
ers, nc ¼ m_ 1c m_ c1cp;c .
h p;h
Type of heat exchanger Flow arrangement factor n
If the hot fluid is a condensing vapor, the formula of EDTR is
rewritten as Counterflow heat exchanger nc ¼ m_ 1c m_ c1cp;c
h p;h
h i Parallelflow heat exchanger np ¼ m_ 1c þ m_ c1cp;c
h p;h
1 1 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
_ c cp;c exp m
m _ c cp;c kA þ 1 TEMA E-type shell-and-tube heat exchanger ns ¼ 1 1
2 þ
Rh;c ¼ h i : ð22Þ _ðmc cp;c Þ _
ðmh cp;h Þ 2
2 exp m_ c1cp;c kA 1
DT 2AM
Uh ¼ : ð26Þ
Rh:s
If the hot fluid is condensing in the shell-and-tube exchanger,
i.e. the heat capacity rate can be considered infinity, the EDTR is ex-
pressed as
h i
1
exp m_ c1cp;c kA þ 1
_ c cp;c
m
Rh;s ¼ h i : ð27Þ
2 exp m_ c1cp;c kA 1
The formula of EDTR shown in Eq. (27) is the same as those shown
in both Eqs. (18) and (22), indicating that the formula of EDTR for
phase-change heat exchangers are the same regardless of their flow
arrangements, which is in conformity with our common sense, i.e.
the flow arrangement of fluid does not influence phase-change heat Fig. 5. The temperature variations of hot and cold fluids versus the heat transfer
exchanger performance. rate in different flow arrangement heat exchangers.
Q. Chen / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 60 (2013) 156–162 161
4.2. Different heat capacity rates of fluids 5. The EDTR method for thermal performance design of heat
exchangers
The differential of Eq. (28) with respect to the flow arrangement
factor n yields: A one shell and two tube passes TEMA E-type shell-and-tube
exchanger with the overall heat transfer coefficient k and area A
expð2kAnÞ 2nkA expðkAnÞ 1
R0h ðnÞ ¼ : ð30Þ of 300 W/(m2 K) and 50 m2, respectively, is used to cool the lubri-
2ðexpðkAnÞ 1Þ2 cating oil from the initial temperature Th,in = 57 °C to the desired
If the flow arrangement factor n is positive, the differential R0h ðnÞ temperature Th,out = 45 °C. The mass flow rate and specific heat of
is positive, which means reducing the positive flow arrangement the oil are m _ h ¼ 10 kg/s and cp,h = 1.95 kJ/(kg K), respectively. If
factor n will decrease the EDTR. Oppositely, if n is negative, R0h ðnÞ the cooling water enters the heat exchanger at the temperature
is negative, indicating that enlarging the negative flow arrange- of 33 °C, what are its heat capacity rate and outlet temperature,
ment factor n will also decrease the EDTR. Therefore, it is con- and what is the rate of heat transfer by the heat exchanger.
cluded that a smaller absolute value of flow arrangement factor According to the relation between EDTR and arithmetical mean
leads to a lower EDTR. temperature difference, the total heat transfer rate in the exchan-
For a counterflow heat exchanger with prescribed thermal con- ger is
ductance, when the heat capacity rates of both hot and cold fluids
DT AM ðT h;in þ T h;out T c;in T c;out ÞðexpðkAns Þ 1Þ
are the same, the flow arrangement factor n vanishes, and hence Q¼ ¼ : ð34Þ
Rh;s ns ðexpðkAns Þ þ 1Þ
the EDTR is minimal. In this case, augmenting the heat capacity rate
of cold fluid from that of hot fluid will increase the flow arrange- Numerically solving Eq. (34) and the energy conservation Eq.
ment factor n from scratch, and thereafter enlarge the EDTR. As (11) simultaneously, we can easily obtain the heat capacity rate
shown in Fig. 5, the straight line c00 d00 represents the temperature and the outlet temperature of the cooling water are 73.8 kJ/(s K)
variation of the cold fluid with a larger heat capacity rate versus and 36.17 °C, respectively, and the total heat transfer rate is 234 kJ.
the heat transfer rate. The heat capacity rate difference between In this problem, neither the heat capacity rate nor the exit tem-
the hot and cold fluids results in that the area of trapezoid abc00 d00 perature of the cooling water is known, therefore an iterative solu-
is larger than that of trapezoid abcd, i.e. increases the entransy dis- tion is required if either the LMTD or the e-NTU method is to be
sipation and EDTR simultaneously during heat transfer. Oppositely, used. For instance, if using the LMTD method, the detail steps in-
decreasing the heat capacity rate of cold fluid from that of hot fluid clude: (1) obtain the required heat transfer rate of the exchanger
will decrease the flow arrangement factor n from zero, and also en- Q1 from the energy conservation equation of the oil; (2) assume
large the EDTR of heat exchangers. In summary, increasing the heat a heat capacity rate of the cooling water, and then calculate its exit
capacity rate difference between hot and cold fluids will enlarge the temperature; (3) according to the inlet and outlet temperatures of
EDTR, and consequently reduce the heat exchanger performance. both the oil and the cooling water, obtain the logarithm mean tem-
That is, the heat capacity rate difference between the hot and cold perature difference and the correction factor of the shell-and-tube
fluids is one of the factors influencing heat exchanger performance. exchanger; (4) based on the heat transfer equation, derive another
heat transfer rate of the exchanger Q2. Because the heat capacity
4.3. Non-counterflow arrangements of heat exchangers rate of the cooling water is assumed, iteration is unavoidable to
make the derived heat transfer rate Q2 in step 4 close to the re-
When the heat capacity rates of both hot and cold fluids are the quired one Q1. Thus, it is clear from the above comparison that
same, it is clear from Eqs. (15), (21) and (24) that the flow arrange- the entransy dissipation-based thermal resistance method devel-
ment factor n decreases from the largest for parallelflow heat oped in this paper can design heat exchanger performance
exchangers, np to shell-and-tube heat exchangers ns and the lowest conveniently.
for counterflow heat exchangers nc, leading to that the EDTRs for
these three types of heat exchangers have the same sequence. As
6. Conclusion
shown in Fig. 5, the straight line c000 d000 is the temperature variation
of the cold fluid versus the heat transfer rate in a parallelflow heat
Based on the definition of EDTR of heat exchangers and its rela-
exchanger. It is clear that, the area of trapezoid abc000 d000 is large than
tion to heat exchanger effectiveness and NTU, the formulas of EDTR
that of trapezoid abc00 d00 . That is, when the heat capacity rates of hot
and the corresponding EDTR method are developed for parallel-
and cold fluids are the same, the EDTR of parallelflow heat
flow, counterflow, and TEMA E-type shell-and-tube exchangers.
exchangers is larger than that of counterflow heat exchangers.
Different from the existing design method, e.g. the e-NTU, P-NTU,
Especially, when the heat transfer area is infinity, the formulas
of EDTR of counterflow, TEMA E-type and parallelflow heat
w-P methods, where some phenomenological non-dimensional
parameters, e.g. correction factor u, heat exchanger effectiveness
exchangers are
e, and temperature effectiveness P, should be introduced, the EDTR
Rh;c ¼ 0; ð31Þ directly connect the heat exchanger performance to the heat
capacity rates and flow arrangements of fluid and the thermal con-
pffiffiffi
2 1 ductance of heat exchanger without introducing any phenomeno-
Rh;p ¼ ð32Þ logical non-dimensional parameters.
2 mc _ p
The EDTR for parallelflow, counterflow and one shell and any
and integral multiple of two tube passes TEMA E-type shell-and-tube
1 exchangers have a general formula. From this general formula, it
Rh;p ¼ : ð33Þ is clear that there are three factors influencing heat exchanger per-
_ p
mc
formance including finite thermal conductance, different heat
It is clear that the EDTR increases from the lowest for counter- capacity rates of hot and cold fluids, and non-counterflow arrange-
flow to shell-and-tube and the highest for parallelflow heat ment of heat exchangers. In addition, the total heat transfer rate in
exchangers, which is quantitatively described by Eqs. (31)–(33). a heat exchanger can be easily calculated through the thermal
Therefore, non-counterflow arrangement is also one of the factors conductance of heat exchanger and the heat capacity rates of
influencing heat exchanger performance. fluids. Therefore, the EDTR method contributes to the analysis,
162 Q. Chen / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 60 (2013) 156–162
comparison and optimization of heat exchanger performance from [16] R.K. Shah, T. Skiepko, Entropy generation extrema and their relationship with
heat exchanger effectiveness-number of transfer unit behavior for complex
the viewpoint of irreversibility of heat transfer.
flow arrangements, J. Heat Transfer – Trans. ASME 126 (6) (2004) 994–1002.
[17] Z.Y. Guo, H.Y. Zhu, X.G. Liang, Entransy – a physical quantity describing heat
Acknowledgements transfer ability, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 50 (13–14) (2007) 2545–2556.
[18] Z.Y. Guo, X.G. Cheng, Z.Z. Xia, Least dissipation principle of heat transport
potential capacity and its application in heat conduction optimization, Chin.
I acknowledge helpful discussions with Z.Y. Guo. The present Sci. Bull. 48 (4) (2003) 406–410.
work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of [19] L.G. Chen, S.H. Wei, F.R. Sun, Constructal entransy dissipation minimization for
China (Grant No. 51006060). ‘volume-point’ heat conduction, J. Phys. D – Appl. Phys. 41 (19) (2008) 195506.
[20] Q. Chen, H. Zhu, N. Pan, et al., An alternative criterion in heat transfer
optimization, Proc. R. Soc. A – Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 467 (2128) (2011) 1012–
References 1028.
[21] Q. Chen, Z.Y. Guo, Entransy theory and its application to heat transfer analyses
[1] R.K. Shah, D.P. Sekulic, Fundamentals of Heat Exchanger Design, John Wiley & in porous media, Int. J. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 11 (1) (2010) 11–22.
Sons, Inc., New Jersey, 2003. [22] J.A. Meng, X.G. Liang, Z.X. Li, Field synergy optimization and enhanced heat
[2] R.A. Bowman, A.C. Mueller, W.M. Nagle, Mean temperature difference in transfer by multi-longitudinal vortexes flow in tube, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
design, Trans. ASME 62 (4) (1940) 283–294. 48 (16) (2005) 3331–3337.
[3] W.M. Kays, A.L. London, Compact Heat Exchangers, McGraw-Hill, New York, [23] H. Jia, W. Liu, Z.C. Liu, Enhancing convective heat transfer based on minimum
1984. power consumption principle, Chem. Eng. Sci. 69 (1) (2012) 225–230.
[4] Z.Y. Guo, S.Q. Zhou, Z.X. Li, et al., Theoretical analysis and experimental [24] Q. Chen, J.X. Ren, J.A. Meng, Field synergy equation for turbulent heat transfer
confirmation of the uniformity principle of temperature difference field in heat and its application, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 50 (25–26) (2007) 5334–5339.
exchanger, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 45 (10) (2002) 2119–2127. [25] X.T. Cheng, X.G. Liang, Entransy flux of thermal radiation and its application to
[5] A. Bejan, Entropy Generation through Heat and Fluid Flow, Wiley, New York, enclosures with opaque surfaces, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 54 (1–3) (2011)
1982. 269–278.
[6] D. Poulikakos, A. Bejan, Fin geometry for minimum entropy generation in [26] L. Chen, Q. Chen, Z. Li, et al., Moisture transfer resistance method for liquid
forced convection, J. Heat Transfer –Trans. ASME 104 (4) (1982) 616–623. desiccant dehumidification analysis and optimization, Chin. Sci. Bull. 55 (14)
[7] D.P. Sekulic, A. Campo, J.C. Morales, Irreversibility phenomena associated with (2010) 1445–1453.
heat transfer and fluid friction in laminar flows through singly connected [27] Q. Chen, K.D. Yang, M. Wang, et al., A new approach to analysis and
ducts, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 40 (4) (1997) 905–914. optimization of evaporative cooling system I: theory, Energy 35 (6) (2010)
[8] O.N. Sara, S. Yapici, M. Yilmaz, et al., Second law analysis of rectangular 2448–2454.
channels with square pin-fins, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer 28 (5) (2001) [28] Q. Chen, N. Pan, Z.Y. Guo, A new approach to analysis and optimization of
617–630. evaporative cooling system II: applications, Energy 36 (5) (2011) 2890–2898.
[9] G. Grazzini, F. Gori, Entropy parameters for heat exchanger design, Int. J. Heat [29] X.B. Liu, Z.Y. Guo, A novel method for heat exchanger analysis, Acta Phys. Sin.
Mass Transfer 31 (12) (1988) 2547–2554. 58 (7) (2009) 4766–4771.
[10] E. Johannessen, L. Nummedal, S. Kjelstrup, Minimizing the entropy production [30] Z.Y. Guo, X.B. Liu, W.Q. Tao, et al., Effectiveness – thermal resistance method
in heat exchange, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 45 (13) (2002) 2649–2654. for heat exchanger design and analysis, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 53 (13–14)
[11] F. Balkan, Comparison of entropy minimization principles in heat exchange (2010) 2811–2884.
and a short-cut principle: EoTD, Int. J. Energy Res. 27 (11) (2003) 1003–1014. [31] X.D. Qian, Z.X. Li, Analysis of entransy dissipation in heat exchangers, Int. J.
[12] T.H. Ko, Numerical analysis of entropy generation and optimal Reynolds Therm. Sci. 50 (4) (2011) 608–614.
number for developing laminar forced convection in double-sine ducts with [32] X.T. Cheng, X.G. Liang, Computation of effectiveness of two-stream heat
various aspect ratios, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 49 (3–4) (2006) 718–726. exchanger networks based on concepts of entropy generation, entransy
[13] A. Erek, I. Dincer, An approach to entropy analysis of a latent heat storage dissipation and entransy dissipation-based thermal resistance, Energy Conv.
module, Int. J. Therm. Sci. 47 (8) (2008) 1077–1085. Manage. 58 (2012) 163–170.
[14] A. Bejan, Entropy Generation Minimization: The Method of Thermodynamic [33] J.F. Guo, M.T. Xu, The application of entransy dissipation theory in
Optimization of Finite-Size Systems and Finite-Time Processes, CRC, 1996. optimization design of heat exchanger, Appl. Therm. Eng. 36 (2012) 227–235.
[15] J.E. Hesselgreaves, Rationalisation of second law analysis of heat exchangers,
Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 43 (22) (2000) 4189–4204.