גדי שגיב, ינוקא PDF

zeciqga micliÎmiwicv lr :'`wepi'
ai by i c b z`n
.zizlyey dyxed zepiit`nd zel`y dxxer zeciqgd zrepza miwicv zelyey ly ozginv
`vnp `l xy`k xhtpy bidpnd ly enewn z` `lni in dl`yd ìd oday zeifkxnd zg`
j` 1,zelyey ly ovw¦ z` mizrl xyia mpn` df avn .mixbea ozg e` oa ± irah yxei el
epa zxzkdl dliaed eini inca wicv zxiht mday mixwn xtqn eid dxyr ryzd d`na
`wepid' did mlekn mqxetnde d'vyiaxdetn mdxa` d`xpk did mday oey`xd .cli epcera
`wepid' :zereci opi` hrnky zeiyxt izy siqedl xyt` dl` mixwn lr 2.'oilehqn
.mitqep zewepi lr ynn ly zerici oi`y hrnk ,mdl xarn .'dplhn `wepid'e 'liaepx'vn
'`wepi' gpend .uegan mippeazn ita od miciqgd ita od 'zewepi' epek dl`k micliÎmiwicv
dbdpdl elry miwicv mb ik m` ,zeevnl ribd mxha wicvl xzkedy inl llk jxca qgiizn
did leki wicvy xazqn .'zewepi' oirnl eaygp oiicr ,zeevn lib xg`l j` ,mzexirva
aygp eay mkqen lib did `l mvrae ,jkl xarn s` ileè eièyip cr `wepi aygidl
.ezrca ayeind xbeal wicv
z` xziine drtezd ly dzeiley lr riavn zeciqga zewepid herin ik oerhl xyt`
z`han zewepid zrtez .o`k reawl xen` epi` izenkd oeixhixwd mleè .da ixwgnd weqird
zepcnl ly mixeyik oibtdl yxcp epi` yxei cli oky ,zihnehe` dyexi ly zipeviw dqitz
mixkfpd mihrnd zewepid on cgè cg` lk ,jk lya .zizxag dbdpd zleki ly e` dwihqine
.el dvegn od iciqgd dpgnd jeza od ,zecbpzd ly od dkinz ly od ,zefr zeaebz xxer
ly zipiite`d dxbyd on hand z` hiqdl zexyt`n zewepid zrtezl zeaebzd ,cere z`f
mikexk eidy mihald z` zecga zetyege xayn irbx xar l` zeiciqgd zexvga miigd
miwicv znbec ,mixg` mixwna mb erited izlyeyd jildza mixayn .izlyeyd oexwira
wicvd xvga mnewn lr s` cenrl mixyt`n zewepid j` ,mdini aexra cwtzl eywzdy
xabÎwicv oday zeaiqpa dax al zneyzl zekef opi`y zeienc ± mizxyne micli ,miyp ly
.onlb lìxeè xi`n ozpei ,xey yia` mdxa` 'x ,onvled xpa` 'text ,sq` cec 'textl dcen ip` *
.ipirn enlrpy zexewnl diptda e` dvra ,ekxca riiq cg` lk
dkynp `le cala zepa el eclepy ,h"yrad ly eckp ,'feai'fnn jexa od jkl zenqxetn ze`nbec 1
zeciqg ly oexg`d x"enc`de ;ezeclia xhtp (zepa cvl) cigid epay ,alqxan ongp ;zlyey epnn
c"aga zeizlyeyd zwqtdl .yxei `lae mi`v`v `la xhtpy ,oeqxeìpy lcpn mgpn ,c"ag
.dfd xn`nd zeleabn mibxeg mde ,miigiyn mixywd mb yi alqxaae
dxrd ,177 'nr ,(e"kyz) dl ,uiaxz ,'?"h"yrad igay"n "gay" ' ,oiihypiaex mdxa` raew jk 2
.16
[(`"ryz) er dpy ,l`xyi zeclez xwgl oerax ± oeiv]

[2] ai b y i c b 140
ly eyny xy`k wx zeler elld zeiencd ,icenlz xn`n lr dfxtxta .xvgd y`xa cner
.dxi`d mxh enewn `lnn ly eynye zrwey wicv
dpey`xd zeqgiizdd ik dnec .zixwgn al zneyzl dzkf `ly hrnk zewepid zrtez
zpya qtcpy ,'(miixezqn miqeth) `wepi' iwvcexed à` lèny ly exn`na ìd jkl
,`xwna miriten dl`y itk ,zecdia miyecwÎmiclia wqr xn`nd 3.'mipf`n' oereaya h"txz
xarn j` ,zeciqga zewepid zrtez lr dxvwa cnr èd .zeciqgae dlawa ,l"fg zextqa
.llk elld zeyxta oc `l èd ,dplhne oilehqn ,liaepx'vn zewepid ly mdizeny oeivl
exn`n xg`l zeciqga zewepid zrtezl zecigid zeixwgnd zeieqgiizdd ,il recid lkk
lr exwgn zxbqna d'vyiaxdetn mdxa` lr sq` cec azky mixac eid iwvcexed ly
zxbqna oilehqn `wepid zyxtl zexetq zeieqgiizd 4;mdxa` 'x ly eig` ,oi'fexn l`xyi
mdxaà wqry oilet dingp ly xn`n ± xwirae 5;oilx`w zlyey ly miillk mixeìz
6
.oilehqn `wepiae d'vyiaxdetn
,mirecid zewepid lkl qgiizdl ywan èd .zewepid zrtezl ycwen igkepd xn`nd
oeebn epicia xzepy zeiencd yely lr mixac aigxdle ,dpey`xd mlerd zngln cr zegtl
`ly zewepid ipye ,xara hrn oecp xen`k xy` ,oilehqn `wepid :ozece` lr zexewn ly
èd .oilet ly efn dpey izyib 7.dplhn `wepide liaepx'vn `wepid :llk xwgna epecp
ztwzynd zillk diihpn wlgk ile` ,mdizen` ly onewna xzeie mnvr zewepia zegt cwnzn
oeekzn ip` igkepd xn`na ,z`f znerl .zeciqga miypd ly onewn z` mivrdl eixwgna
zedn`d .zewepi mze` ly mdizeienc aiaq oilneb iqgi lye mikildz ly lelkn oegal
'`wepi' ;9±7 'nr ,(h"txz) i ,` ,mipf`n ,(`) '(miixezqn miqetih) `wepi' ,iwvcexed à` lèny 3
zecdi ,iwvcexed ly mixn`nd xtqa minil mqxtzd xn`nd .10±8 'nr ,(h"txz) ai ,my ,(a)
ite` zlra dniyx azk mb iwvcexed .144±130 'nr ,f"yz aia`Îlz ,` ,ybxd zecdie lkyd
.4 'nr ,e"yz lelà 'i ,xac ,'`wepi' :oilehqn `wepil zqgiiznd ihqixhlaÎitxbeibd
.83±81 'nr ,f"pyz milyexi ,zeciqgd zecleza enewne oi'fexn l`xyi 'x :zeklnd jxc ,sq` cec 4
zeciqgd ,uiaepiax a`f ;9±7 'nr ,`"iyz wxeiÎeip ,(ditxbepen) oilehqn '`wepi'd ,`xfrÎoa àiwr 5
,oe`xa oinipa ly miaezkay exeaige ;87±86 'nr ,`"kyz milyexi ,epini cre dziy`xn zi`hild
.b wxt ,zenwzyd ilage dèy ,diilr oia mixyrd d`na oilx`w zeciqg :'mia zlhlhind dpitqk'
Nehemia Polen, ‘Rebbetzins, Wonder-Children, and the Emergence of the Dynastic 6
Principle in Hasidism’, The Shtetl: New Evaluations, ed. Steven T. Katz, New York–
London 2007, pp. 53–84
,oihypiaex mdxa` zxecdn ,miciqgd zk zedn lr ,lxt sqei :e`x `wepi ly zegt mqxetn dxwnl 7
mdxa` l`xyi 'x ,eia`y ,bexhqe`Îipx'vn `xity qgpt d`xpk did df .94 'nr ,f"lyz milyexi
wicvl aygp èd .34 dxrd ,77 'nr ,my ,oilet :e`x df dxwn lr .ezexirva xhtp ,(1814±1772)
Ada Rapoport-Albert, ‘The :mb e`x m`d lr .a`d iciqg z` bidpdl dkiynd enè cli epcera
Emergence of a Female Constituency in Twentieth-Century Habad Hasidism’, Let the
Old Make Way for the New: Studies in the Social and Cultural History of Eastern
European Jewry Presented to Immanuel Etkes, eds. David Assaf and Ada Rapoport-
Albert, Jerusalem 2009, 1, p. 59*
141 zeciqga micliÎmiwicv lr :'`wepi' [3]
z` mb yibcdl ywan ip` j` ,zewepil dbdpdd zxard ikildza ifkxn mxeb eid mpn`
miwizeed miciqgd ly mnewn z` ,zewepid ly mzeqqazd jildza mixg` miwicv ly mnewn
.xvgd iyp` ly mnewn z` oke ('miciqgd ipwf')
miizeaxz ,miizxag mixywd xtqnl mixac cgiil yi ,mnvr zewepia oecp mxh ,mleè
zenc ly izcÎizextq xywda oiadl yi '`wepi'd zrtez z` .'`wepi'd byen ly miizextqe
`wepid z` .zeblten zeipgex zebyd lra cli ly zi`lt zenc ± 'xdefd' xtqn `wepid
zinnrd zextqa i`ltd clid zenc ± xzei agx izextq xywda obrl xyt` envr ixdefd
zizeaxzd daiaqa miriten dl` miaihen 8.hxta zizcd zextqa yecwd clid zence ,llka
zeìvnl xzei aexwd agxnae 10.zinlqend zeaxza od 9zixvepd zeaxza od 'xdefd' xtq ly
dtexi` gxfn icedi ly izeaxzd milwà mb iedifl zpzip `ltd cli ly ezenc ,ziciqgd
11
.dxyr rayd d`na
df oiipra zenqxetne ,zeax zeieaxza zeaeyg zeilnq zeiernyn yi zEclile clil
mqiqaa eze`vnid lre zcae zeaxza clid tihikx` ly ezeifkxn lr bpei ly eizepaez
mlbne xard orhn z` `yep clid ,ef zillk zizeaxz han zcewpn 12.miax miqezin ly
levit lkl dncwy ziziy`xa zecg` ;xdehe zeninz ,zehyt lnqn èd .cizrl zeewzd z`
enk .ziaihnxepd zizxagd zkxrnd ly dizelabnl xarn lekiak ievn oiicr ède ;dpgade
yi ,z`f znerl .xvide dee`zd irbt ea miwac oi` ok lre ,ipinÎ` xevi aygp clid ,ok
zewif .miiyep`d miigd jldn ly zeevwd ipy mzeida ,mipwf oiae micli oia zeax zewif
xbeanl dxqg ileè ,`weec owfd z` zpiit`nd dnkg lrak clid ly ienic eqqia dl`
zppeknd del` zzn aygp ède ,zecg` lye zenly ly zepekz zexywp clia ,ok enk .libx
,miiciqg miwicvl mb mrt `l zqgeind ,ef dpexg` dpekz 13.ininyd oiae ivx`d oia zecg`
.iciqg wicv ly mipeit` clil qgiil xfen df oi` recn hrn dxidan ile`
lìcb iax dyrn" ly eizexewn' ,mely myxb :e`x zicedid zextqa `lt icli ly zeienc lr 8
lr .283±270 'nr ,e"lyz aia`Îlz ,digze dyxen iwxt :eba mixac ,'dlawd zextqa "wepizd
,oexe` lkin :e`x zicedi `lde zicedid zextqa `lt icli ly mixywda 'xdefd' xtqa `wepid zenc
,y`xd oa ozpei ;164±129 'nr ,(f"qyz) ak±`k ,dcerz ,'xdefd xtqa ezernyne `wepid aihen'
zaihga `wepid zenc aevira miihètezine miihèt mihaid ± àq ly exeè `wepi ly eceq
.g"qyz ,milyexia zixard dhiqxaipe`d ,jnqen zcear ,xdefa 'wlac `wepid'
.8±7 'nr ,my ,y`xd oa 9
.h"qyz aia`Îlz ,ontiy xiì ziaxrn mbxz ,o`'hwi oa` ig ,liteh oa` 10
David Ruderman, ‘Three Contemporary Perceptions of a Polish Wunderkind of the 11
Seventeenth Century’, AJS Review, 4 (1979), pp. 143–163
C.G. Jung, ‘The Psychology of the Child Archetype’, The Collected Works of C.G. 12
Jung, 9, 1, London 1959, pp. 151–181
Wallace B. Clift, ‘Child’, Encyclopedia of Religion, ed. Mircae Eliade, 3, New York– 13
izcd mcnrn z` minivrnd zeil`x¥ zecnre miizextq miqeteh lr .London 1987, pp. 242–245
zecli ,xgy zinley :e`x ,miipiad inia mixvep miyecw ly mzecli xeìza mi`hazne ,micli ly
.29 'nr ,my e`x owfdÎclid lr .34±29 'nr ,o"yz aia`Îlz ,miipiad inia
[4] ai b y i c b 142
yie ,xedh izextq rwxn miraep mpi` yecwd clid ly aihende clid ly zeilnqd
miixehqid mixeaib zece` lr eazkpy zitxbeibd zextqe zeibelezin rwx lr mb mpiadl
milbn xak xeaibd ly ezeclie ezcil ,elld miaihend it lr .zeax zezcae zeieaxza
libn xak eil` ekxc z` dyer ède cerii el yi lekiak ,ezexbaa eizexew lr edyn
zedfl xyt` zexvpa .xzei mixge`n zexewna sè `xwna miriten dl` miaihen .zewpid
ditxbeibda mb .miyecw ly mzecli lr mixetiq mpyie wepizk eyi ly mipey miienic
lv` elbzdy zeipgexd zelekid lye dyecwd ly zizextq dybcd zedfl xyt` ziciqgd
14
.mzexrpe mzecli jxe`le mzewpin zeciqga mipey mixen
drtezd lr mb cenrl yi ,miizeaxzde miizcd ,miizextqd mixywdd on zegt `l
dyxedd z` zpiit`n ef drtez .mzeclia exzkedy mikln ly zihiletdÎzizxagd
daiqn helyl wiqtd hilyd mday mixwna driten ìde ,dixehqidd jxe` lkl zizlyeyd
zeax minrt .mi`zn xbea yxei el `vnp `le (oevxn dyixt e` dgcd ,gvx znbec) idylk
,mixver mdl zepnl yi ,mzexbal cr ,miipiad ztewza ik micli mze` ly mzaiaq dxikd
libl xirvd xvrd yxei ribiy cr dklnnd z` ldpl mixen`y ,miipnf mihily xnelk
dnvra dklnl dxzked `ly s` ,creind hilyd ly en` zxverd dziid mizrl 15.zexba
wx oehly zecnrl eribdy zenqxetn zFhily eid ,lreta .miyp zklnd lr zelabn lya
jxe` lkl riavdl xyt` micliÎmihily ly dl` oirn mixwn lr 16.zexverk ocnrn lya
dnbec 18.zizèeyd dyib jezn dxwgp `l drtezd ik m` 17,zepey zeieaxzae dixehqidd
Susanne Galley, ‘Holy Men in :e`x miiciqg miwicv ly mzecli ly miitxbeibd mixeìz lr 14
Their Infancy: The Childhood of Tsadikim in Hasidic Legends’, Polin, 15 (2002), pp.
169–186
xyr dyelyd ièl ly ezecli lr .ztxv iklnn miipy epievi izexixy oteà exgapy ze`nbeck 15
,dxyr yely libl eribd cr zxver dyniy enè dpeny oak ezeida xzked xy` ,(1643±1601)
Elizabeth Wirth Marvick, Louis XIII: The Making of a King, New Haven–London :e`x
yniy dxyr yng libl eribd cre ,yng liba xzkedy ,(1774±1710) xyr dyingd ièl lr .1986
Olivier Bernier, Louis the Beloved: The Life of Louis XV, London 1984 :e`x ,xverk ecec
diteq lr .dxyr dpenyd ± dxyr rayd ze`nd ly diqexn zenqxetn ze`nbec izya wtzq` 16
,dciwtzn dzgcde ,lecbd xht ,dig` ly zexbal eribd cr diqex ly zxver dziidy ,(1704±1657)
.Lindsey Hughes, Sophia, Regent of Russia, 1657–1704, New Haven–London 1990 :e`x
,lee`t dpa ly zexbal eribd cr zxverk dhly dligzklny ,(1796±1729) dlecbd dpixzwi lr
Simon Dixon, Catherine the Great, Harlow–London 2001 :e`x ,dzen cr dhly lreta j`
Ian :e`x .oey`xd tzegpn` ixvnd jlnd ly ìd cli ecera xzkedy hily ly zncwen dnbec 17
Shaw and Paul Nicholson, British Museum Dictionary of Ancient Egypt, London 1996,
:e`x dwizrd mixvna mixverl xirv hily oia zakxen miqgi zkxrna xzei agx oeicl .p. 28
Peter F. Dorman, ‘The Early Reign of Thutmose III: An Unorthodox Mantle of
Coregency’, Thutmose III: A New Biography, eds. Eric H. Cline and David O’Connor,
Ann Arbor 2006, pp. 39–68
zè df megza deeyn xwgn ly excrid z` dyibcnd ,miclidÎmiklnd zrtez lr zillk dxiwql 18
Steffen Heiberg, ‘Infant Rulers’, Encyclopedia :e`x ,miitivtq mixwna mixwegd zecwnzd
ezeqga ray liba jlnedy ,dcedi jln yèdi ly ìd eppiiprl mb zihpeelxd zi`xwn
19
.xver dyrnl yniy rciedie ,odkd rciedi ly
1889 qxna ezxzkd ìd ,df xn`nl zihpeelx ìd mby ,dxyr ryzd d`nd on dnbec
jlnd ,eia`y xg`l ,dxyr yely el e`ln mxh xy`k ,diaxq jlnl oey`xd xcpqkl` ly
xcpqkl`l .e`qk lr riztna xzie ,(dxyr rax` liba ,ezexrpa xzked èd s`y) o`lin
cer ,1893 lixtà j` ,zexbal eribd cr ezeell dziid dxen` ìde mixver zvren dzpen
mixverd z` gicde oehlyd lhpa z`yl lya yg èd ik riced ,dxyr ray el ze`ln iptl
dklnnd ly cigid dhilyk envr lr fixkde ,dil` epnfed mdy cxblaa daiqn jldna
zrtyd zxkip xcpqkl` ly df edyrnay zexyt`d z` elrd dtewzd ipa mipyxt .ziaxqd
dnbec 20.okl mcew miizpyk diaxqn dze` eyxiby lr mixverl dglq `l xy` ,dilhp ,en`
.mixyrd ± dxyr ryzd ze`nd dptna cxtqn ìd ,jynda xkfez ìd mby ,onfd za ztqep
,mleè .ezcil mr xzkede eia` zen xg`l clep (1931±1886) xyr dyelyd eqpetl` jlnd
,opkeznk oehlyd z` eicil laiw `l` eixver z` gicd `l eqpetl` ,iaxqd dxwnl cebipa
21
.dxyr yy libl eribda
zeibeql mb `l` dbdpd zxard lye oehly ly zeibeql wx zrbep dpi` zewepid zrtez
yi zewepid zrtez z` .dyexi ixcqde oièyip ixyw ,miclie mixed iqgi ly zeizgtyn
dixehqidd on wlgk hxtae ,dgtynd ly dibeleiveqde dixehqidd rwx lr mb èt` ze`xl
22
.dtexi` gxfna zizxeqnd zicedid dgtynd ly
dv gn l z ew ep i .`
l`xyi ly xekad eig` ,d'vyiaxdetn mdxa` ,xen`k ,aygp zeciqga oey`xd `wepil
eiciqg zbdpd z` ,ihnxc rexià ,envrl gwl èd 1802 zpya mdia` zxiht xg`l .oi'fexn
of Children and Childhood in History and Society, ed. Paula S. Fass, New York 2004,
pp. 478–480
.ck±ak 'a minid ixac ;ai±ì 'a mikln 19
zetwzyd lr .Alex N. Dragnich, Serbia Through the Ages, Boulder 2004, pp. 77–82 20
The New York Times, 15.4.1893, p. 8 :dnbecl e`x zepezira zerxe`nd
The New York Times Magazine Supplement, 4.5.1902, :e`x dwegd it lr dietvd ezxzkd lr 21
The New York Times, :e`x ,micgein mirexi` `ll hrnk dxary ,dxzkdd lr .p. SM11
Charles Petrie, King Alfonso XIII :e`x dxzkdde zExverd ztewz ,ezecli lr .18.5.1902, p. 1
and His Age, London 1963, pp. 11–65
ewqr mihrn mixweg wx j` ,hxta dtexi` gxfnae ,llka zicedid dgtyna miwqer miax mixwgn 22
Glenn Dynner, Men ;(4 dxrd ,lirl) sq` :lynl e`x .miwicvd zegtyn jeza miqgid zekxrna
.of Silk: The Hasidic Conquest of Polish Jewish Society, New York 2006, pp. 117–135
e`x .zeciqga miypd lr dixwgn zxbqna miwicvd zegtyna hrn `l dwqr hxal`Îhxettx dcr
.149 dxrd ,oldl mixkfend dixn`na jk lr
[6] ai b y i c b 144
dxzkdd mday mixwn epecii miàd mitirqa 23.cala dxyr yng oa ède eia` ly
xg`l wx `wepid aygp xzei inihibl wicvl j` ,deevndÎxa mcew cer dkxrp zipey`xd
zeccenzd .'dvgnl `wepi' d'vyiaxdetn mdxaà ze`xl xyt` df oaena .deevndÎxa qwh
èvnl xyt` ,'dvgnl `wepi' ly dnec dxwn df llkae ,mzexirva exhtpy miwicv mr
epa did enewn `lnn 24.(1838±1775) onxheb iav dyn aygp dcqiinly ,o`xee`q zeciqga
ly eipa ipy .1848 zpya ezexirva xhtp j` ,wipl'vi'v dxiira enewn z` rawy ,dnly
dyn 'x ik oiivl aeyg eppiiprle ,liaepx'v iwicv icia evnE` ,cec 'xe dyn 'x ,dnly 'x
xhtp dyn 'x mb .(1895±1816) dweeixhqingxn opgei ,creind epzeg ly exvga jpgzde lcb
,cizrl epzeg icia une` dyn 'x m` .raxè miyely oak ède ,1870 zpya ,ezexirva
ei`v`v mixtqny itk ,zxg` mirexi`d elblbzd (1919±1858) dnly epa ly dxwna ixd
:xge`n xewna
b"i oak dide ,g"ixz zpya clep dnly 'x (yecwd axd=) w"dxd [dyn 'x ly] epa
,wipliyhiyhl àe eilbx `waixhqingxn opgei iax w"dxd epwf èt` zzik .eia` zxihta
in lr ezcr ldpiy ekxiae ,jxd eckp lr eici jnq mzegkepae ,epzg zia iciqg z` sq`
25
.eil` miàd z` jxaiy eizekxa eniiwziye ,miyecwd eizea` zx`tzl zegepn
eckp z` dpin ,liaepx'v zlyeyn wicv ,dweeixhqingxn opgei ik dler elld mixacd on
ac mdxa` .onfd ipa miilikyn zexewnn dler dnec dpenz .dxyr yely oa ezeida wicvl
eiptl enewi miyiyie ,xrp epcer ède' dbdpdl dlr wipl'vi'vn wicvd ik oiiv xaelheb
rqn lr azekd xtqn ,1879 zpyn i`pezir xeìzae 26.'ekgli eilbx xtre el eegzyi mipwfe
:dpi`xweà zelidwl dweeixhqingxn opgei ly
dpbn 'miciqgd zk zedn lr' exeaiga .65±57 'nr ,(6 dxrd ,lirl) oilet ;83±81 'nr ,my ,sq` 23
mby oeeik .dxyr yng liba dbdpdl dlry d'vyiaxdetn mely ly epa z` lxt sqei likynd
,sq`) lxt oeekzd mdn inl xexa `l ,dnec liba dbdpdl dlr ,mdxa` 'x ly eig` ,oi'fexn l`xyi
'gekie xtq' ly dwzrd lleke ,lxt oeikxà `vnpd ci azka ,jkl sqep .(41 dxrd ,86 'nr ,my
oa ezeida iaxl lawzp xy` cg`d' i`pbl oievn ,envr lxt ly eizexrd sexiva lal l`xyi ly
oeikx` ,ci iazkl dwlgnd ,milyexia zine`ld diixtqd) 'a"k el e`ln zrke dpy dxyr yng
'nr ,'ciqg mya dpeknd ixnf mr izn`d icenlz gekie' ,91 ,64 miwiz ,ARC 4Ë1153 ,lxt sqei
cid azk ,xi`n ly ezwica itl .df ci azk ly meliv il xqny lr xi`n ozpeil dcen ip` .(4
.dpeekd weica inl reawl xyt`n epi` xacde ,1825 aiaq azkp
Gad Sagiv, ‘Savran-Bendery Hasidic Dynasty’, The YIVO :e`x o`xee`q zlyey lr 24
Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, ed. Gershon D. Hundert, New Haven–London
.(zetqep zeiptd mye) 2008, pp. 1668–1669
lkid ,'r"if wipliyhiyhÎo`xee`qn dnly iax yecwd oxn i`v`v zeclez' ,xbd lyit mgexi sqei 25
.v 'nr ,(e"qyz) ai ,h"yrad
xtqn xaelheb .6 'nr ,(`"nxz) e ,xe` xwad ,'ixerp inin zepexkf' ,xaelheb odkd xra mdxa` 26
j` 'dyn' did wicvd ly enyy oiiv èd ,mpn` .`"nxz zpy aiaq ,epnfa miwicvd lr eixaca
.wipl'vi'va wicv dnly 'x did f`y oeeikn ,drhy okzii
wegd `vi xy` mein ,mipy dnk df ma eàgzd xy` mdixegn e`vi mdiaxe miciqgd iwicv
27
opgei 'x wicvd .dpè dp` myn `vi `le eayen xira ayi mdn cg` lk ik
,mezid eza oa eckp lr el xy` zeqtexhet`d gka ekaqn ix`k `vi rweeixhq`ng`xn
,mixtke mixr aaqie oril`c`t lilba xy` (wipl'vi'v :l"v) rweeiliviv ezclen xira ayeid
ayei eckp xy` xird l` eèa cr ,sqk xtrk xavie eizepeictae eizekxaa mrd z` lvpie
eiwxtn miwxt iy`x opgei 'x edcnlie ,wixe xra xrp dpy dxyr dpeny oa ède da
dwfga gwie ,dllwd zè dkxad z` ecia minqw ozie ,el dyxen mdn xy` zea` iwxtne
28
eaed` eckpl dpzn mze` ozie ,gily cia d"awd mxqn `l xy` zegztnd zyly z`
29
.daqn lkae exira wicve axl xrpd idie egexn eilr lvìe ,eici z` eilr jnqie ,df
dpwa dler epi` xacd .dxyr dpeny oa ezeida wicvl dpnzd dnly 'x ,elld mixacd itl
xaecny e` cnrn eze`l miqgiizn mixeìzd ipy m` reawl dywe ,ziciqgd dqxbd mr cg`
xaecn m` .zexbal eribda ipyde a`d zen xg`l cin oey`xd :dknqd ly mirexi` ipy lr
jk oia .xrxern did ile`y wicvd ly ecnrn z` wfgl crep ipydy okzii ,mirexi` ipya
,xrp ecera ,xirv liba dbdpdl dlr wipl'vi'vn dnly ik miyibcn zexewnd ipy ,jk oiae
.ecnrn qeqiaa ifkxn ciwtz did dweeixhqingxn opgei eaql ike
(1 87 3) o i le hq n ` we pi d . a
oilx`wn ipyd oxd` dxyr ryzd d`nd ly ipyd yilyd jxe`l bidpd oilx`w zlyey z`
z` `lin ezxiht xg`l .oilehql exvg z` wizrdl ul`p ezpedk jldnae ,(1872±1802)
dn onf .cala zg` dpy xg`l xhtp xy` 'x j` ,(1873±1827) oilehqn xy` ,epa enewn
yngn zegt oa '`wepi' ,(1921±1868) l`xyi epa z` wicvk miciqgd exizkd okn xg`l
zedfl xyt` dyxtd lr daizka .mdicbpzn zè miciqgd z` dxirqd dxzkdde ,mipy
lr 'minikqn' mdipy ik m` ,ihbelet` iciqg aihxp oiae izxewia ilikyn aihxp oia zenir
dligz cenrl yi ,dfa df mifeg` elld miaihxpdy oeeikn 30.ozepyxta wx miwlgpe zecaerd
.ef dyxtl zexewnd lr
miiaxrnÎmexcd mikltd on miwicv lr dxq`y ,miiqexd zepehlyd ly 1865 zpyn dpwzl dpeekd 27
zeyw drbt ìde ,'miwicvd zxfb'
¥ mya icedid xeaiva drcep ef dpwz .mdixebn zenewnn z`vl
zecleza dkeane xayn iwxt :jaqa fg`p ,sq` cec :e`x .1896 zpya dlehial cr miwicvd cewtza
dziy`xn dizexeze dizeclez :liaepx'v zeciqg ,aiby cb ;199±189 'nr ,e"qyz milyexi ,zeciqgd
.182±175 'nr ,r"yz ,aia`Îlz zhiqxaipe` ,xehwec zcear ,dpey`xd mlerd zngln axr cre
.('miznd ziigz ly gztne dig ly gztn ,minyb ly gztn') `"r a ziprz ,ilaa 28
.195 'nr ,h"lxz xcà b"k ,uilnd 29
dxrd ,lirl) sq` :dnbecl e`x .dagxda oda oce 'iqenlet oexkif' dl` oirn zertez dpik sq` cec 30
.61 'nr ,(27
[8] ai b y i c b 146
oil eh q n `w ep id zyx t l zex e w n d .1
`wepid zelbzd' mya dniyx 'xgyd' zrd azka dnqxtzd (1874) d"lxz ixyz ycega
xxazd minil ik m` ,(oilx`w iciqgn cg` lekiak) 'ìxag on cg' dilr mezg .'oil`hqn
dxihq¨ ìd ef dniyx 31.(1925±1844 ,l"ldi) oiel aiil dcedi likynd xteqd èd dxagny
mihlead cg` didy aexehn ax ly azkn àen dfkxna j` ,`wepid zxzkd dyrn lr
azknd .`wepia jenzle oilehqa xvgl reqpl oilx`w iciqg z` ccernd ,oilx`w iciqgay
zi`pilx`wd xvga zifkxn zenc did ,aexehn miealcpn jexa axd ,exagne 32,ihpze` d`xp
33
.ipyd oxd` 'x ly einia cer
ixace eileyay zexrdd ,èand ± azknl zxbqnd md dyxtd lr l"ldi ly eixac
zedfl ozipy 'xzqdd zpiga' ly wdaen iehiak `wepid zyxt z` bivn l"ldi .meiqd
zeipevig `l` mpi` midenz zegtl e` miilily mi`xpd miwicv iyrn ditly ,zeciqga
xaqddy jkl fnexe 'xzqd zpiga' dze`l brel l"ldi .dyecw zeinipt lr dqknd ,drhn
.miwicvd ly dkian e` dleqt zebdpzday dkeand lr zeqkl oeiqip `l` epi` dfd
.q"xz zpya exxazd '`wepid zelbzd' dyrn lre `wepid zyxt lr mitqep mihxt
xagny ,zexyt`d dzlred 'digzd' oezira dnqxtzdy zeniyxe miazkn ly dxcqa
dniyx oezirl l"ldi gly daebza 34.qwv`y oxd` dyn likynd did '`wepid zelbzd'
xagnd ly eiedif zl`yl yicwd l"ldi .d"lxz ixyz ,xgyd ,'oil`hqn `wepid zelbzd' ,l"ldi 31
:xtqa oexkf ,l"ldi) eizepexkifa z`f oiiv mb minile ,(35 dxrd ,oldl e`x) dnvr ipta dniyx
.(45 'nr ,r"xz xin`hif ,izexewe izeclezn mineyx
'nr ,b ,[42 dxrd ,oldl] xey ;[5 dxrd ,lirl] `xfrÎoa) ihpze`k azknd l` qgiizdy in yi 32
ly wdaend xwegd ,(5 dxrd ,lirl) uiaepiax a`f .(67 'nr ,[6 dxrd ,lirl] oilet ;bpw±apw
zexrddy okzii .eteq cre eziy`xn dxihqk ¨ l"ldi ly exeaig z` d`xpk d`x ,oilx`w zeciqg
eixacn .azknd z` mb xaig l"ldiy drcl eliaed ,'oixinh dlbn' z` zexikfnd ,azknl zeixihqd
lr oilx`w iciqg mb migipn jke ,z`f wiqdl xyt` (36 dxrdl jenq ,oldl) envr l"ldi ly
,aexehn jexa 'x ly eazkn ly zxg` dwzrda èvnl xyt` jkl dgked .zeinipt zexeqn jnq
rcin seq`l ywia xy` ,lyd ryedi mdxa` xwegde dbedl dglype okn xg`l mipy dzyrpy
`l i`ceea wizrnd .(YIVO Archive, Heschel Hasidism Collection, 127/4/m-6 ) zeciqgd lr
ip` .l"ldi hinydy meiqd zekxa z` zllek ezwzrd ik ,xg` gqepn `l` dxihqd ¨ on wizrd
.ef dwzrd ly meliv il xqny xi`n ozpeil dcen
.(67 'nr ,[6 dxrd ,lirl] oilet) onqiie ozp awri axd mr azknd xagn z` ddif oilet dingp 33
laiwy df mya ax aexeha didy dcaerd lr wx jnzqdy okziie ,iedifd qqean dn lr rcei ipi`
zxge`nd dwzrda .xexa miealcpn jexa mr axd iedif ,z`f znerl .`wepid on extql dnkqd
'a"x ax'k epiivn envr l"ldi mbe ,'ee`xehn jexa' myd riten (32 dxrd ,lirl) lydl dglypy
iciqg ly dtÎlra zexeqnae zi`pilx`wd ditxbeixehqida rcep miealcpn ,jkl sqep .(jexa iax=)
eywiay dl` oia did ik eilr xqnpe ,ipyd oxd` 'x ly exvga zehlead zeiencd zg`k oilx`w
.bk 'nr ,(f"nyz) d ,l`xyie oxd` zia uaew :eilr e`x .`wepid z` xizkdl
diagxne aia`Îlz ,mipexg`d zexeca zixard zextqd oewiqkl ,lqxw lvb :e`x qwv`y lr 34
.976±975 'nr ,a ,f"kyz±d"kyz
dprh .dxihqd ¨ z` xaigy df èdy jk lr sweza cnr dae ,'dlfbd z` aiydl' dzxzeky
,qwv`ya i`xwà ybt ik l"ldi xtiq ezniyxa 35.oezirl eazky mixg` mb exyi` ef
i`ceeay aiyd l"ldi .'xgyd'a enqxtl eze` ccere miealcpn ly eazkn z` el xqn dlde
a"xd ilelrz lk z` ynyd ipirl riwedl mly xn`n' epnn dyri sè ,azknd z` mqxti
lr mitqep mixetiq l"ldi siqed `wepid zyxtl ,okè .'llka miciqgd irezrze eerxehn
mixaca .miciqgd z` jiadl ick mda yiy ,qwv`yn rnyy ,oilehqÎoilx`w iwicv zgtyn
ly ezlert eliè ,xagnd èd èd ik gikedl l"ldi ywia ,ìady mitqep mixacae elld
36
.xn`nd azkp mqiqa lry mixetiqde azknd zxiqnl wx dnvnhvd qwv`y
dnk erited '`wepid zelbzd'ay jkl daiqd zxxazn mb 'dlfbd z` aiydl' dniyxa
wicvd ziaa dkian zEvixR zyxt ly xeìz :ef dyxtl oixyina mixeyw mpi`y mipiipr
oilx`wn oxd` oia zwelgn ly xeìz oke 37,wicvd ly epzg ltyed dkldnay aex`w`nn
mr oeayg èal ick ok dyr ik l"ldi xtiq 'dlfbd z` aiydl'a 38.wqpitn ax oiae
± wqpitn axde aex`w`nn wicvd ozg ± zeyxtd ozeà mirbtpd ik ,miwicvd zegtyn
did dyw ok lre ,enya l"ldi ddcfd `l '`wepid zelbzd'a ik xekfl yi .exya ix`y eid
,dllkp '`wepid zelbzd'a ,cere z`f .iyi` rwx lr zepeayg leqiga xaecny jk lr cenrl
z` azky ,xlin cec l`xyi iqwecezxe`d xagnd lr zxewia mb ,qwv`y ly ezywal
oiev `l qwv`y ly eny mbe lièd 39.qwv`y ly 'gztnd' xtq cbp 'mixteq zngln' xtq
.mixacd ly iyi`d xywdd lr cenrl did ozip `l o`k mb ,azknd xewnk
md '`wepid zelbzd'a l"ldi ly eixac ik ,èt` dler 'dlfbd z` aiydl' dniyxd on
40
.mipey miiyi` zepeayg leqig lye miciqgd lr zeixihq¨ zeilikyn zeipaz ly aeliy
dkxrdd z` zwfgne ihpze` miealcpn ly eazkny dxryda zknez mb dniyxd ,jkl xarn
.eiynyn lye `wepid ly en` ly dyxta ifkxnd mnewn xaca jynda oecizy
od zepexkif ly zxbqna od ,mixyrd d`nd on miiciqg zexewna zeqgiizd yi dyxtl
,2 'qn ,(ebwiy) digzd ,[bxaxeh odkd qgpt] izn` oa dihty :e`x zeniyxde miazknd zxcql 35
,my ;7±6 'nr ,q"xz elqka h"k ,7 'qn ,my ,bxraqiiee awri wgvi ;5±4 'nr ,q"xz oeyga b"k
;4±3 'nr ,q"xz zaha f"k ,11 'qn ,my ,izn`Îoa 'y ;('dhnyd') 6 'nr ,q"xz zaha 'e ,8 'qn
;5±4 'nr ,q"xz 'a xcà '` ;5 'nr ,q"xz '` xcà c"k ,19 'qn ,my ,bxraqiiee awri wgvi
'a xcà h"k ,24 'qn ;4 'nr ,q"xz 'a xcà a"k ,23 'qn ,my ,'dlfbd z` aiydl' ,l"ldi
,xebfi` ield oxd` ;5 'nr ,q"xz oqipa c"i ,26 'qn ,my ,od`fpinipa 'l mdxa` ;4±3 'nr ,q"xz
.3 'nr ,q"xz fenza 'h ,37 'qn ,my
iazk ly ditxbeilaiaa zxkfen ef dniyx .4±3 'nr ,24 'qn ,my ,'dlfbd z` aiydl' ,l"ldi 36
.(31 dxrd ,lirl) xtqa oexkfa dnqxety l"ldi
'nr ,(27 dxrd ,lirl) aiby :e`x ef dyxt lr .30±27 'nr ,(31 dxrd ,lirl) zelbzd ,l"ldi 37
.135±134
.36±31 'nr ,my ,l"ldi 38
`"lxz zpya qtcp xlin ly extq .e"kxz zpya `yxèea qtcp qwv`y ly extq .31±30 'nr ,my 39
.353 'nr ,a ,(34 dxrd ,lirl) lqxw :e`x xlin lr .`plieea
.201±200 'nr ,a ,my ,lqxw :e`x ezgtyn zexew oiae dxihqd oia alyl l"ldi ly eziihp lr 40
[ 10 ] ai b y i c b 148
zeqgiizdd 41.ditxbeibdd on daxd da yiy ,oilx`w iciqg ly ditxbeixehqidd zxbqna
iciqgn xweg ,xey yia` mdxa` 'x ehr ixt xn`na z`vnp `wepid zyxtl xzeia dtiwnd
oxd` zia' ,oilx`w iciqg ly zrd azka `"pyz zpya mikynda qtcp df xn`n .oilx`w
42
.oilehqn l`xyi ly dvgnlÎzinyx zipilx`w ditxbeia ea ze`xl xyt` dyrnle ,'l`xyie
mihxt mb .`wepid zyxt lr xey ly eizericil ifkxn xewn ynyn miealcpn ly eazkn
.miinipt mii`pilx`w zexewn mr cg` dpwa miler '`wepid zelbzd'a miàend mixg`
z` qitcdy jka ìd `wepid zyxt ly dzpadl l"ldi ly zixwird eznexz ,mekiql
didy in ly ehan zcewp z` swynd ,onfd oa jxr ax iciqg xewn ,miealcpn ly eazkn
ditxbeixehqida btqpe hlwp azkndy dcaerd mvrn zxkip ef dnexz .ynn mirexià axern
xarn .inipt i`pilxw xewna `le '`wepid zelbzd'a èd exewne ,'zinyx'd zi`pilx`wd
ileè ,milikyn axwa i`ceea ,dpnfa dyxtd meqxtl d`xpk mxb l"ldi ly exeaig ,jkl
43
.'xgyd' oeilib z` etxy md cg` xewn it lr oky ,onfd ipa miciqg lv` s`
ezx zk d e `w ep id l y e zec l i zep y .2
ezcila zgè mirax` oa did eia` :diitiv ly zeax mipy xg`l clep oilehqn `wepid
lr miiciqgd mixeìzd 44.mi`v`va ekxazd `l mipey`xd eièyipy xg`l zipya ieype
mipeire zlyeyd ix"enc` ly mdiig zkqna miwxt :oilehqÎoilxw zia ,(`lew) il`xyi awri 41
.bqx±`px 'nr ,`"nyz aia`Îlz ,ziciqgd mzpyna
zia ,'`"rif oil`hqn l`xyi xe` oxn ly 'wd eznype àdcc `zliyey lr' ,xey yia` mdxa` 42
cl (b) ;fpw±dnw 'nr ,(`"pyz) bl (a) ;fnw±flw 'nr ,(`"pyz) al (`) :mikynda ,l`xyie oxd`
mitqep mixn`n erited r"yz zpya .`pw±blw 'nr ,(`"pyz) dl (c) ;aqw±fnw 'nr ,(`"pyz)
.fqw±dpw 'nr ,(r"yz) pw (e) ;drw±fqw 'nr ,(r"yz) hnw (d) :`yepl mixeywd
miwicvd ilbx xtra wa`znd ohwd' icia dnezgd dniyx 'iavd' oezira dnqxtzd e"nxz zpya 43
xekad epa zcled lbxl ztva eixage èd ekxry zebibgd z` dxìzy ,'ciqg yi` ,miciqgde
brl xy` "xgyd" lra lecbd qexewt`d mb' :'`wepid zelbzd' z` i`pbl dxikfde ,'`wepid' ly
j` ,"`yicw `wepi" eze` `xwe ze`ltpe migay eply wicvd lr azk èd mb ,miwicvd lk lr
,el dzid dpek dfi` rcei ine ,miny myl oeekzd `l i`cea lecb qexewt` èdy oeik epxn` epgp`
mixacd dxe`kl .(n 'nr ,e"nxz elqka e"k ,iavd) 'epyxcn ziaa dtxya xgyd z` eppc okle
dcnr z`han ìd mby myexd z` xxern dlek dniyxd oepbq j` ,oilx`w ciqg itn miàen
dptdy xey yia` mdxa` 'xl dcen ip` .erxi`y miyrn lr gxkda dcirn dpiè zixihq zilikyn
ly e` zewepi ipiipr ly xywda `ly ,xikfd melapiilil ail dyn .df xewnl ial zneyz z`
,uilnd) 'oil`hqn `wepid c"r recid azknd z` azky' aexehn jexa axd z` ,oilx`w zeciqg
,iyiyd ipeivd qxbpewl diqexn driqp ly xeìz zxbqna .(3 dxrd ,460 'nr ,e"nxz oqipa d"k
ybty ciqgl mipeivd on cg` xn`y mixac diqexn mixivd cg` xìz ,1903 zpya lfaa jxrpy
rxd xviy ,eizepy ax exar xaky xeittà mixgea milezwd :e`xe e`v miciqg mz`' :zakxa ea
'h ,uilnd) 'cg` oil`hqn `wepid dpd .mixegae micli miaxa mixgea mkpd mzè ,ophvp xak ely
.(2 'nr ,b"qxz lelà
jyndl oad xy` 'xe aqd oxd` 'x ly mzb`ca d`hazd ef diitiv ,mii`pilx`w zexewn it lr 44
.anw±`nw ,hlw 'nr ,` ,(42 dxrd ,lirl) `wepid ,xey :e`x .xkf jiynn xcrid z`tn zlyeyd
ly miilpeivpapew miitxbeibd mixeìzn ipexwr oteà mipey mpi` `wepid ly ezecli zepy
lr lekiak zcnln wicvd ly ezecli mdit lry ,miiciqg miwicv hxtae ,mzeclia miyecw
,wicv ly zegek lra dide xbean mc`k bdpy ink xèz l`xyi clid ,`qib cgn .ezexba
oeivl die`x 45.ddeab zizc dbxcnl iehiak eyxtzd ely zEcliÎzebdpd ,`qib jci`ne
itxbeibdd oevxd o`k hlea m` mb .eizelrna biltd mb dlde ,eaq el ygxy zcgeind daigd
daigd z` oiadl xyt` ,y`xn jkl xgapy ink `wepid ly icizrd ecnrn z` wfgl
.zlyeyd jyndl zeitivd zenybzd gkepl mb z`fd zcgeind
miax mihxt oi` .mipy yngn zegt oa l`xyi ecli zeida ,xen`k ,xhtp oilehqn xy`
iciqg ly mpeftgl j` 46,eia` ly zine`ztd ezxiht xg`l `wepid zxzkd irexi` lr
lr micner miiciqg zexewn .cg` xaqdn xzei zzl xyt` `wepid z` xizkdl oilx`w
uipfewn dyn lìngxi ,en` cvn `wepid ly eig`y ,miciqgd lv` xxerzpy yygd
`xity dxeac dxy ly dpa did dyn lìngxi 'x .wicvl xzkeiy èd ,(1909±1860)
lìngxi 'x mziizd ,yy oa ezeida .miipyd dièyipn dpa did `wepide ,mipey`xd dièyipn
,dyrnl .zexbal eribd cr epiznd dlè uipfew iciqg bidpnl dpnzd `l j` ,eia`n dyn
ly ezxiht xg`l mixetq zereay 47.dxyr ryz oa ezeida ,h"lxz zpya wx dpnzd èd
lre ,oilehqa xvga en` mr xxebzd xy` ,dyn lìngxi 'x zeevnl ribd oilehqn xy`
:oilehq zeciqg bidpn exizkdl eywiay in eid ,i`pilxw xewn it
mze` izxkdy dl`k mdipia eide ...df i`vipfew xvp xg` ehpy miyp` xtqn eid oilehqa
'x=) '`yicw àq'a miweac eidy dl` xwirae ,miwdaend oilehq iciqgy oaenk .ziyi`
okÎlr .`wec zi`pilxwd zlyeyd jynda evxe dfd oeirxd mr enilyd `l (ipyd oxd`
aexe dpipn aex zrc lr dlawzp ef drc .cine ± enewn `lnnk '`wepi'd zxzkd lr evgl
cg`Îdt mfixkda oilehqa ecreezde miciqgd ipwf ,èti` ,eqpkzd ...y"p` zxeag ly dpipa
Îynynd z` epin md s` .eizea` mewn `lnnk '`wepid' dw'l`xyi iax z` mdilr xizkdl
jyna miyecwd eizea` z` cer yniyy ,onxaielb oinipa l`xyi 'x g"dxd èd ,ycewa
48
.oilehqa xvgd z` ldpl oke miwicvd eizea` gexa ekpgl eilr elihde ,zeax mipy
,dxeac dxy ,zipaxdy eyyg miciqgd ,oilx`w ciqg ly enyn àend ,xg` xewn it lr
znerl 49.l`xyi 'x z` xizkdl exdine 'ivip'fewd dl'dyn dpal zeìypd z` aqz'y ìd
.e ,a 'qn ,my 45
.apw 'nr ,b ,my 46
wgvi mdxa` ixac z` mb my owzn xey .blw 'nr ,c ,my e`x dxyr ryz liba ezepnzd lr 47
.apw±`pw 'nr ,`"kyz milyexi ,uip'few zia :gi ,zeciqgde dxezd ilecbn ,bxanexa
,zelretd zeytpd on dnk envra xikdy oreh xagnd .fpx±epx 'nr ,(41 dxrd ,lirl) (`lew) il`xyi 48
.`wepid ly 'adlp ciqg' did eia`y xtiq xtql dncwdae
dix` zkixra ,daiaqde oilehq zlidwl oexkfÎxtq :oilehq ,'iàbde "`wepi"d' ,`xity dcedi 49
,zeciqga cewixde oebipd ,ixeyb oerny xi`n ;153 'nr ,a"iyz aia`Îlz ,i`kfÎoa opgeie igiha`
.182 'nr ,h"iyz aia`Îlz ,a
[ 12 ] ai b y i c b 150
,dnbecl 50.`weec `wepid ly ecnrn z` qqal dywia m`dy ¥ mipreh mixg` zexewn z`f
oiae dpia wecd dlert seziy ixt dyrnl did `wepid ly ezxzkd dyrn ik azk l"ldi
ixacl ,dcizr ìde 51,en`l clid xqen zepeictd itqk z` .miealcpn my`xae ,diaxewn
52
.zexbal eribd cr lrtzy `wepil mixver zvren zepnl ,miealcpn
dyn lìngxi dpa z` oilehqa wicvl zepnl dxeac dxy dzqip m` rixkdl èt` dyw
dnk :micnrend on cg` lka miciqgd zkinz dbltzd cvik reawl dyw mb .`wepid z` e`
dfetgd dxzkdd ,mewn lkn .dyn lìngxi z` eticrd dnke `wepid ly eiepina eknz mdn
jkn yygd zè ,zibeleiad zlyeyd z` xnyl miciqg zveaw ly dpevx z` ztwyn
.oilx`w ix"enc` ly xiyi `v`v epi`y in cenri zeciqgd y`xay
lekiak ,l"ldi ly exn`na exèz ezxzkd xg`ly dtewza `wepid l` miciqgd zeriqp
:'ìixag on cg' eze` ly eitn
lk lre `yicw `wepi i`d oec`d ipt z` ze`xdl oil`hq xirl ycwd mewnl miler eplke
ède yecwd eit z` milèye mià eaal irbp itl yi` yi` dhhw lke dlwz lke dxv
`qkdl dweacd daiza `wztd ozepe wicvd epwf `qk l` ybpe oeictde `wztd z` gwel
eia` mr mrt ynn xacn èdy mirneye l`ny cvl dweacd daiza oeictd zè oini cvn
mewn rwee`pilnl izr yi` i"r eglyi mevr jql zetq`pd ze`wztd zè epwf mr xzeiae
54 53
.mze` ecwt mei cr eidi mye r"if oxd` 'x wicvd xaw
lekiak zevriizdd ixd ,dxihq¨ mda d`xpe zecaerk elld mixacd z` lawp `l m` mb
zewepi ly mkxc z` mb mipiit`n aqd xawl ze`wztd zgiwle eizea` mr `wepid ly
,ycgd wicvd ly ezeknq z` z`han mcewd wicvd mr ef oirn zevriizd .jynda exèziy
zexec ly zprynl dwewf oiicry ziwlg zeknq lr driavn ,`qib jci`ne ,`qib cgn
55
.mincew
,lirl xkfpy onxaielb oinipa l`xyi xvFrd ly ezgbyd zgz `wepid ly ecewtz lr
:eiciqgn cg` ly enya àedy xeìzn edyn cenll xyt` ,miciqgd mr ybtnd zxby lre
micrenae dkepgle zereaydÎbgl oilehql zelrl bdep did ,r"p `xity sqeiÎqgpt 'x ,iaq
,oi` sqke uixtl dxikgÎinc ly oerxtd onf axwzda :icnl migiky eidy ,mnxb onfdy
lìngxi ,xzei lecbd dpa z` xizkdl dywia m`d ¥ mditly mii`pilx`wd zexewnl rcen oilet dingp 50
.(68±67 'nr ,[6 dxrd ,lirl] oilet) `weec `wepid z` xizkdl dywia ìdy dcnrl dhep j` ,dyn
.44 'nr ,(31 dxrd ,lirl) zelbzd ,l"ldi 51
.42 'nr ,my 52
.epaecl dkenqd oileea dxiir ,aepilna xawpe eiciqg l` rqn jldna xhtp oilx`wn (ipyd) oxd` 53
.35 'nr ,(31 dxrd ,lirl) zelbzd ,l"ldi 54
oexg`d x"enc`d ly ìd znqxetn dnbece ,mixbea miwicv lv` mb èvnl xyt` ef oirn drcez 55
Avrum M. :e`x .ea ureeidl ick epzg xawl xicz qpkp did xy` ,lcpn mgpn 'x ,c"ag ly
Ehrlich, Leadership in the HaBaD Movement: A Critical Evaluation of HaBaD
Leadership, History, and Succession, Northvale, NJ 2000, pp. 108–109
151 zeciqga micliÎmiwicv lr :'`wepi' [ 13 ]
,ezial aeyl ciqg ly exez ribdae ...'cke àvl aviizdl mipad cg` ly ezry ribda
mikex`d mixecfextl eicgi mi`veie ,oeict sexiva 'dwzt' yibn ,oinipaÎl`xyi 'xl qpkp did
iàbd did ,eiwgyna sehy ede`vnyke .dcixtdÎzkxa epnn zgwl ick 'iax'd z` èvnl
à ède ,avixbl ezial xefgl dvex qgpt ,iax ± :ceakdÎzxcd lka xneè eil` dpet
'x axwzn !qgpt ,melyl rq ,ecra akrn in ,melya rqiy ± .dcixtd zkxa z` lawl
jzkxa z` ywane àvd oganl `xwp oxd`Îcec ipa ,iax ± :el xneè '`wepi'd l` qgpt
,xity ,xity ± .xteyz izqpxty ,iax ± !xxgeyiy ,qgpt ,jixack idi el ± .xxgeyiy
ixac lr `zegipa xfeg iàbd did .eiwgynl dpt ± micner mcerae !qgpt ,mely !xteyzy
,jpa xxgeyi miwicv ly mzekfae ,xefri z"iyd ,qgpt 'x ,melyl erq ± :xneè '`wepi'd
ugel ipxezd ciqgde ,eiwgyna weqr '`wepi'd .xteyz (myd dvxi m`=) y"di` jzqpxte
56
.dewzÎ`lne ccern ezgtynle ezial xfege ,oinipaÎl`xyi 'xl melyl ci
cg` ly eckp ly `l` oier likyn ly ehr ixt mpi` mipexg`d mixacd ik yibcdl yi
,mipin` mi`xp mixacd .oilehqn miizgtynd zepexkifd lr dbxra wtxzdy ,`wepid iciqgn
57
.miciqgd zvwn cvn dl dkf `wepidy dvxrdd o`k dler ,mze` lawp `l m` mb j`
`we pid l y ec n r n z` q q a l u n `n d e oi lx `w z ec iq g a x a yn d .3
miiciqgd zexewnd mb ,ezxzkd xg`l oilehqn `wepid dl dkfy znieqnd dvxrdd zexnl
58
.`wepid ly dbdpdl eziilr zeawra xaynl drlwp oilx`w zeciqg ik miyigkn mpi`
,miciqgl reiqe zeknq ly xewn ynyiy gipdl dyw xy` ,mipy yng oa wicv ly ezxzkd
ly mcvn wx `l d`xpd lkk ,mditlk brl dxxer sè dkeana oilx`w iciqg z` dìad
mikldn micirny itk ,eil`n oaen xac dziid `l `wepid ly ezxzkd ,ok` 59.milikynd
un`na .ecnrn z` qqal mini mze` ly oilx`w zeciqg iy`x eqip mzervnày mipey
,`wepid ly en` ly dfn zegt `l ,oiipr mdl didy ,'miàb'l ifkxn mewn xeny did df
.mzqpxt lre mcnrn lr xenyle zlyeyd z` miiwle jiyndl
,l"ldi mqxty azknd z` azky aexehn miealcpn jexa :dk cr exkfed 'miàb' ipy
.154 'nr ,(49 dxrd ,lirl) `xity 56

xtqn ìan xey .oilehqay xvgl ìngn epi` dxe`kly ,df xeìza miknez miiciqgd zexewnd mb 57
ipa micli mr eiwgyn ick jez zblten zeripvae xzqda ekxc dzid d`ltp' oditly zehecwp`
dxrd ,lirl] `wepid ,xey) 'lekiak zecli iyrna ab` jxcak xizqn did miabyp mipipr'e 'elib
gxea did ,ogleyd y`xa eze` miaiyen eidyky eilr xteq ,dnbecl ,jk .(aqw±`qw 'nr ,b ,[42
,(aqw 'nr ,my) ecbpl cner dieed myyk ogleyd y`xa zayl leki epi`y exnà ,eizgz àgzne
.ef oirn zehecwp` cere
zeciqg z` eafry miciqg eidy dcaerd z` yigkn epi` (apw 'nr ,b ,my) xey ,dnbecl ,jk 58
.dax zeaiyg jkl qgiin epi` ik m` ,xy` 'x zxiht xg`l oilx`w
.oilehql reqple daiaqd brln rzxidl `ly miciqgd on miealcpn ly ezywan lawzn df myex 59
.hpw 'nr ,b ,my ,xey :mb e`x
[ 14 ] ai b y i c b 152
iàbd didy ,onxaielb oinipa l`xyie 60,'clid ly en`l iàb oirk' mb didy oiiv xy`
yi m` .dxexa dpi` miipyd oia miqgid zkxrn .ekpgnk mb yniy dyrnle `wepid ly
,xekad dpa z` wicvl xizkdl zywan zipaxdy eyyg miwizeed miciqgdy dkxrda ynn
lr ecird ileè ,migezn eid miàbd ipy oia miqgidy okzii ,dze` bvii miealcpn mè
elrt miipyd ,z`f mr .dfn diaxewne `wepid ly en` oiae dfn miwizeed miciqgd oia gzn
dlert etziy mdy zexyt` yi .`wepid ly ecnrn wefig ± ziyrn dxhn dze` ornl
,xvgd ly sheyd dledipl i`xg` did onxaielb :uegÎxye miptÎxy zpiga ,dligzkln
61
.zelidwd on dkinzd qeiba ltih ,oldl d`xpy itk ,miealcpne
ly ecnrn z` xval mivn`nd z` swynd ifkxnd xewnd èd miealcpn ly eazkn
.ziciqgd dixebpqd qiqaa od zilikynd dixebhwd qiqaa od cner ède ,wicvk `wepid
z` qqal dcrep ef dybcd j` ,`wepid ly ddeabd ezbxcn z` yibcdl à eaexa azknd
.c"lxz zereayd bga d`xpk ,`wepid l` oilehql reqpl miciqgd on ziyrnd dyixcd
eywiae z`f zeyrl epìny miciqg lr cirn xacdy okzii ,dfky cecira jxev did mè
62
.mixg` miwicva xywzdl
z` y`xn dfg ,oilx`wn (ipyd) oxd` 'x ,eaqy gikedl oeiqipd èd azkna hlea aihen
ìd oky ,`wepid ly zeinihibld z` qqal dxen` ef zncwen drici .`wepid ly ezlecb
,fnxae ielba ,qgii mb miealcpn .zlyeyd ly y`xn fxkende iwegd yxeik eze` zpbrn
edil` ly zenlbzdk mibven eaq od `wepid od .`wepid ly ezencl zepey zeigiyn zepekz
miakxen mixyw zeniiwn elld zeiencd yely 63.giynd znypke h"yrad znypk ,ìapd
cgeinae) zenewn dnkay ,z`f j` oiivp .mdilr cenrl mewnd df oi`y zicedid zxeqna
mr dzdef h"yrad ly ezenc mb ik xekfl yie 64,clik xèzn giynd (alqxa zeciqga
rwx lr mb oiivl yi miigiynd mipeit`d z` 65.(giynd mr ybtpy ink wx `le) giynd
zlyeyd iwicv lky ,(xzei mixge`n mii`pilx`w zexewna oke) azkna ybcend sqep aihen
66
.icizrd giynl dwif dl yiy dkeln zgtyn ly mi`v`v èt` mde ,iyi rfbn xheg md
d`vnl ozipe oilx`w zlyeyl zcgein dpi` 'ciec zia zekln' ly zinvrd drcezd ,z`f mr
67
.oi'fex zeciqg oy`xae zexg` 'zeizekln' zeieciqga mb
.3 'nr ,24 'qn ,(35 dxrd ,lirl) l"ldi 60

gwly d`xp xy` ,wqpitn dxiyr dgtynl oa ,yhiciip a`f z` mb oiivl xyt` elld miipyl sqep 61
b"i ,uilndl mb dptnd ,qw±hpw 'nr ,e ,[42 dxrd ,lirl] `wepid ,xey) xvgd ledipa ifkxn wlg
.(255 'nr ,h"lxz oqipa
.58 dxrd ,lirl e`x 62
.z`fd mifnxd oeyll l"ldi brl miileyd zexrda .38±37 'nr ,(31 dxrd ,lirl) zelbzd ,l"ldi 63
.gpw 'nr ,b ,(42 dxrd ,lirl) `wepid ,xey :e`x elld mifnxd on dnk geprtl
,129±104 'nr ,e"qyz milyexi ,alqxan ongp 'x ly iceqd igiynd epefg :mixzq zlibn ,wxn iav 64
.138±137
.243±242 'nr ,my 65
.hlw 'nr ,a ,(42 dxrd ,lirl) `wepid ,xey 66
.310±307 'nr ,(4 dxrd ,lirl) sq` 67
eizepekz z` mb miealcpn hilan ,eqegii swezn `wepid yxiy dnfixkd ipeit` cvl
'zten'l cr didy xtqn azekd .ely dbdpdd zleki z` lekiak mixy`nd ,clid ly eiyrne
68
.dwiqend megza micgein zepexyik el eidi ik dfege ,elky agex z` yibcn ,clid llegy
mixg` zexewn yi ,z`f mr 69.dwiqenl zcgein daig lrak minil rcep oilehqn `wepid ,ok`
70
.oebipa dgnen ly zepekz giynl mixyewd
.minrh xtqna zwnepn ìde `wepia jenzl miciqgl dìxw driten azknd ly eteqa
ci' ik ,oilx`wn ipyd oxd` ,eaq ly enyn `wepid lr zxeqn ìan miealcpn ,ziy`x
,raew mb miealcpn .ziaeig zibn¨ drtyd yi `wepia rbnd mvrl ,xnelk .'dxiny ìd clid
mzpyna hlea dninzd dpen`d oexwr mpn` .eixac zrinyn xzei daeyg wicva dpen`d ik
exeaicl qgia dpen`de rbnd jxr ly dnvrdd df dxwna ,mleè .llka oilx`w iwicv ly
ìvei `l `wepidy yygd mr zccenzn ìdy d`xpe ,`wepid l` driqpd z` ccerl zywan
l"ldi x`zn df yyg .ciqgl wicv oia dyibt ly df cnrna wicvl miie`xd mixeaic eitn
:miealcpn ly eixacl dxrda
lk ixgè dpn` iphw epa yi (miaxd epizepeeray=) x"deray 'igi [aexehn] axd rceie
qqdn mal didi f` e`xie eèaie [oilehql] elriyk ik zeid lkei mgihadl lenrpy lnrd
cli m` izla (miny z`xi=) y"xi `le dxez `l dne`n e`xi `le ernyi `ly dn iptn
`l ile` dn [xac] edel`yi mè .dyn icba lr hpaà xebge milrey raeka jled ohw
,clil ie`xd dpebn xac `weec f` dyriy xytè mipy yng oa cli epcer ik ,obedk aiyi
èd xwird lky axd ylyne èd litkn z`fl .elnre axd zgxh lk eidi mpgl fè
71
.dpen`d
okle ,xgy zxqg ìd iwae dqepn wicvk bdpiy clin diitivd ik ,xnel èt` ywan l"ldi
divletipn `l` dpi` (miealcpn znbec) xvgl miaxewnd cvn wicvk eil` zeqgiizdd
.xvgd ly dgek z` xnyl zywand
gihad miealcpne ,jenqiy dn lr d`xpk did dyecw ixeaic rinyi `l clidy yygl
,xnelk .enr ecxi¥ eizea` zenype ecal `wepid didi `l oilehqa zeieqpkzda ik miciqgl
denk `l` wicvk cwtzl ezlekia oi`y `wepi mr ybtn wx zpnfn dpi` oilehql driqpd
ribi `wepidy cr ezriqp z` dgciy in ik azekd mii` seqal .dlek zlyeya zewaczdk
zbitqe `wepil deeda driqpay dyead oia miealcpn deeyd¦ df oiipra .dwpii `l zexba libl
dyeady raw ok lr .mèa z` edyiy dl` da elwziiy dyead oial brl ly zepeziw
:jk miealcpn miiq eixac z` .xzei cer dlecb cizra
.40±38 'nr ,(31 dxrd ,lirl) zelbzd ,l"ldi 68

.184 'nr ,(49 dxrd ,lirl) ixeyb 69
.90±83 'nr ,(64 dxrd ,lirl) wxn 70
.bk dxrd ,41 'nr ,(31 dxrd ,lirl) zelbzd ,l"ldi 71
[ 16 ] ai b y i c b 154
zeaexwd zexiird ici znizga mikex` miazk aexwn mzlaw ik ,iytp iaed` mkl erce
fere gex zzl uin` xywd zeidl cg` ala cg` yi`k mytp lre mdilr miiwl zewegxde
zipaxd enè ,l"egne dyecwd ux`n oipr lk wiprdle ldpl `"hily x"enc` oal zenevrze
cr dpevxk cnrn iypè dyecwd zxnyn lr micnerd cnrn iyp` miwdl dgka ,digz
abype wicvl rexf xeà dkeyn jixg` dpk dkyg jezn xi`dl wicv gnv dxdn lcbi
72
.l"c yèdi oipr rcep xake
.zexbal `wepid ribiy cr mixver zvren zepnl dcizry ink o`k zbven `wepid ly en`
dwifl xarn .odkd rciedi zeqga ,ray oa ezeida dcedia jln èd :xexa yèdil fnxd
miealcpn ly ecnrn z` qqan df fnx ,(miigiynd mipeit`l mb oitiwrae) ciec zial ztqep
73
.ezrya rciedik ,inihibl xverk envr
zecrd ly ozexxetzd z` repnl xvgd ly obxe`nd un`nd xxazn mb elld mixacd on
dxcq oilx`w iciqg l` gly miealcpny azknd on dler s` .zepeyd zexiira zei`pilxwd
dìxw mda dllkpy xexa j` ,mincewd eiazkna llkp weica dn xexa `l .miazkn ly
ziiab .mixg` miwicv jxc `le oilehqa xvgd jxc 'l`xyi ux` itqk' z` gelyle jiyndl
dtexi` gxfna zexiira wicvd ly ezeknqle ecnrnl iehia wx dziid `l elld mitqkd
.l`xyi uxà znieqnd ziciqgd dlidwd meiwl igxkd qiqa mb `l`
uxà 'oilx`w llek' ceqii zyxta dxeyw miealcpn ly ef ezywa ik gipdl ceqi yi
`wepid ziilr zeawra oilx`w iciqg z` cwty xaynd iiehian cg` .c"lxz zpya l`xyi
xqegy xazqne ,c"lxz zpy onl l`xyi ux`l elry oilx`w iciqg xtqna lecibd did
dfl qgia l`xyi ux` ly dkiynd gek z` xiabd xbean wicv xcrida jxkpy zeaivid
z` eniwde 'oilee llek'n l`xyi uxà oilx`w iciqg ewzpzd ef dpya .oilehqa xvgd ly
,mxga miyxetd lr enii` sè dyixtd cbp zetixga e`vi 'oilee llek' ipEnn .'oilx`w llek'
z` dfkix dycgd zipebx`d zxbqnd .zihtyn dpigan xcqed sè epk lr xzep belitd j`
,dxe`kl 74.mxear zce jepig zecqen znwdl db`ce l`xyi uxày oilx`w iciqgl zenexzd
'oilee llek' ipenn oiae mpia rlbzdy itqk jeqkq dziid mi`pilx`wd ly dyixtl dlird
,z`f mr 75.oilehqn ipyd xyè oilx`wn ipyd oxd` ly mipy zekinqa mzxiht xg`l
x`ydl ,ycewd uxà oilx`w iciqg z` cg`l jxevd' mb mxz llekd znwdl ik okzii
millekd levit zyxty xyt` ,ok m` 76.'mixg` zecya erxi lale ,`yicw `wepil mipn`p
.42 'nr ,my 72

.68 'nr ,(6 dxrd ,lirl) oilet :e`x yèdil fnxd lr 73
,'c"lxz zpya dixahae milyexia "oilx`w llek" ceqi' ,xey yia` mdxa` :e`x ef dyxt lr 74
nw (b) ;drw±hpw 'nr ,(h"qyz) hlw (a) ;rw±hpw 'nr ,(g"qyz) glw (`) :l`xyie oxd` zia
.erw±fqw 'nr ,(h"qyz)
.aqw±`qw 'nr ,` ,my ,xey 75
oilx`w ciqg ly llekd znwda ifkxnd enewn lr riavn mb xey .14 dxrd ,arw 'nr ,b ,my ,xey 76
xg`le ,`"lxz zpya oilehql xfg ,f"ixz zpya l`xyi ux`l dlr xy` ,xy` mdxa` 'x mya
dineyixe ,oilx`w zeciqg lr `wepid zyxta xvepy xaynd ly zicqen drtyd z`han
belitd z` xiaqdl miticrn ile` meik oilx`w iciqg .mipy jxe`l mixkip ef drtyd ly
xcrida la` 77,itqk jeqkq ipt lr `wepid ly ezbdpd qeqial crepy crvk milleka
eidi .zewzpzd dze` ly caekd fkxn did dn reawl dyw ,ef dl`ya zeyxetn zexin`
`ly wx `l l`xyi uxà oilx`w iciqg zcry jkl ìad èd ,belitl miripnd eidi xy`
78
.dzedf z` dccige zexg` zecrl qgia dlcazd s` `l` dxxetzd
ehwppy mitqep mirvn` oiivl xyt` ,'oilx`w llek' ceqiile miealcpn ly eazknl sqepa
ipepwd xeaigd ,'oxd` zia' xtqd zqtcd dyrny okzii .`wepid ly ecnrn z` qqal ick
j` ,qetca ritedl xen` df xeaig did `l dligzkln .jk myl crep ,oilx`w zeciqg ly
zewlzqda dqtcdd dyrn wnepn xtqd zncwda .d"lxz zpya riztn oteà qtcp èd
dcrep' dqtcddy rivn xey yia` oilx`w ciqg j` ,xy` 'x epa lye oxd` 'x ly ,dletkd
79
.'`yicw `wepid ly ezbdpdl aiaqn miciqgd xeav z` ckll mb
mixbea miwicv qeib èd ,zewepi ly mixg` mixwn mb d`xpy itk oiit`nd ,sqep irvn`
wgvi glyy azkna 80.`wepid ly ezeknq qeqial ± dgtyn iaexw llk jxca ± mixg`
mewnn mnvr z` ecixti lal' oilx`w iciqgn ywia èd ,liaepx'v zlyeyn wicv ,dxieewqn
ly ifkxnd enewn z` oiivl yi s` 81.'mcewnk mdl cgeind mewna lltzdl wx ...mzlitz
riiqy ink lirl bved xy` ,opgei 'x .`wepid ly ecnrn qeqiaa dweeixhqingxn opgei
.oilehqn `wepid ly eaq mb did ,wipl'vi'vn dnly `wepid eckp ly dbdpdl eziilrl
ywan xrpd ik azk èd ,zeevnl `wepid ribd mxh oilx`w iciqg llkl glyy azkna
on ywia opgei 'x .xvgd ly mixahvnd zeaegd lya wicvd ly dxynd zlawn rpnidl
wcal milecb mipewiz zeyrl' hxtae ,ea jenzl ,mbidpnl `wepid z` xizkdl miciqgd
dweeixhqingxn opgei ly eazkn 82.'ziad ze`ved lr witqiy àdl lr zecnrnd owzl ziad
zetevx mipy dxyr yly my ayie oil`hql rqp' :epa xy` 'x lye ipyd oxd` 'x ly mzxiht
,` ,my ,xey) 'ezklnn `qk lr ayei oil`hqn l`xyi xe` x"enc` oxn z` ze`xl dkf xy` cr
.dxyr dpeny libl ribi `wepidy oiznd xy` mdxa` 'xy okzii .(15 dxrd ,aqw 'nr
epizeax ly maxewne mxyaÎx`y odea` xa didy ,(xy` mdxa` 'x=) df blten ciqg m`de' 77
zrcd... ?micigi ly oennay mipiipr llba wx miwacd oia cixti ,(mixedhde miyecwd=) h"dewd
.(aqw 'nr ,` ,my ,xey) 'xzei dwenr ,zxg` daiq zxzzqn oennd zprh dhrnl zgzn ik zpzep
zpekya dnc` zwlg lr zeiekf l`xyi uxà oilx`w iciqg epwd eay xhya dxnzyd jkl zecr 78
eze` mipkn mpi` oiicr ik m` ,eixg` ei`v`vle dxyr zg`d oa `wepil milyexiay 'awri zia'
'nr ,c ,[42 dxrd ,lirl] `wepid ,xey) 'ee`lxrt xy` 'x v"dxda l`xyi 'x axd' `l` 'wicv'
.(flw
zqtcde zaizk ikxc lr' ,xey yia` mdxa` :mb e`x .hnw 'nr ,c ;`pw 'nr ,b ,my ,`wepid ,xey 79
.nw±hlw 'nr ,(`"pyz) `l ,l`xyie oxd` zia uaew ,i wxt ,' "oxd` zia" w"dtq
.qw±hpw 'nr ,b ,my ,xey 80
.hpw±fpw 'nr ,e ,my 81
ly deevndÎxal hrn dncwy dtewzl azknd z` jx`zl yi ,xey ixacl .cnw±bnw 'nr ,c ,my 82
.`wepid
[ 18 ] ai b y i c b 156
'oneq' wx èd ,yng oa ezeida wicvk xzked `wepidyn xzeiy ,myexd z` xxern mb
èd xvgd inxeb ipira la` ,eitlk dvxrd iielibl ìad mpn` oeniqd mvr .icizrd wicvk
.inyx wicv aygp mxh
miiywl drlwp efy xxazn j` ,xvgd ly iziirad ilklkd davn lr riavn df azkn
drcep exvge izekln wicvk rcep oilx`wn ipyd oxd` mpn` .`wepid ztewz iptl cer
epae ,minevr zeaeg ezxiht ixg` xi`yd èd ± jk lya `weec ileè ± z`f mre 83,dxyera
zecre ,xy` 'x ly ezxiht xg`l mb dkynp zilklkd dwevnd 84.mzeqkl dywzd xy` 'x
mdn yi`) `wepid lye dyn lìngxi 'x ly mnya `"nxz zpya glypy azkna yi jkl
zldpn d`xpk dziidy ,mn` xear dèeld ywand ,(liawn xèz lk e` 'wicv' dpekn epi`
èlna wicvl xzked mxh `wepid ik cirn azknd ,zilklkd dwevnl xarn .lreta xvgd
lìngxi 'xe dxyr mizyd oa `wepid ,miipy lr dyrnl dpryp xvgd zeknqe ,dlind oaen
wx dlind oaen èlna wicvl jtd oilehqn `wepid 85.uip'fewn wicvd f` did xaky ,dyn
87
.'zeìypd iazk' el exqnp xy`k ,(1881) a"nxz elqka 'ia 86,zeevnl eribda
(1 88 1) li ae px ' vn ` we p id . b
ly diipyd zivgna dpi`xweà xzeia zhlead ziciqgd zlyeyd dziid liaepx'v zlyey
eicinlz ixirvn ,(1797±1730) liaepx'vn megp mgpn did zlyeyd ia` .dxyr ryzd d`nd
liaepx'vn ikcxn epa did enewn `lnn .'uixfnn cibnd ly eicinlz ipwfne h"yrad ly
.zi`nvr zlyey dtrzqd mdn cgè cg` lkne mipa dpeny eclep ikcxn 'xl .(1837±1770)
wipl'vi'vn `wepid ly od aqd didy ink lirl xkfed xak ,dweeixhqingxn opgei ,mipad xirv
dxwnd .mkxc ziy`xa miwicvk qqazdl elld eickp ipyl riiqe ,oilehqn `wepid ly od
.(1871±1784) oxd` 'x ,ikcxn 'x ly xekad epan jynpy spra ygxzd df wxta xèziy
'x ,eipa ipy liaepx'va miwicvk epdik ezxiht xg`le ,liaepx'va eia` mewn z` `lin èd
dcedi ly 'dbez dgny zixg`'n mb `l` 'oil`hqn `wepid zelbzd'n wx `l z`f cenll xyt` 83
wqpite dlrn ly wqpit' ,lhxa l`xyi ;74±73 'nr ,(5 dxrd ,lirl) uiaepiax :e`x .oecxeb aiil
mzeaxzae mdizecleza mixwgn :milyexil dplieen ,'oeicae zeìvn ,milikyne miciqg :dhn ly
milyexi ,mixgè lhxa l`xyi zkixra ,qqxe lèny xeqtextl miyben dtexi` gxfn icedi ly
.276±275 ,269 'nr ,a"qyz
lecb ux`d mr didy eilr elilrd') 32 'nr ,(31 dxrd ,lirl) zelbzd ,l"ldi :e`x zeaegd lr 84
z` ìydy zrae k"ex sl` mixyrn xzei eilr zeaeg ezen ixg` xi`yd ok lre mibeprz adeè
,xey ;85 'nr ,my ,uiaepiax ;('micbade ocpd cal k"ex sl` e"hn xzei dpezgd lr ìved ezckp
.13 dxrd ,`nw 'nr ,c ,(42 dxrd ,lirl) `wepid
.`nw±hlw 'nr ,c ,my ,xey 85
eazkpy h"lxz zpyn miazkna èvnl xyt` jkl iehia .183±182 'nr ,(49 dxrd ,lirl) ixeyb 86
e` 'x"enc`' ,'wicv' dpekn epi` èd mday ,(b"nxz idlya dkxrp ezpezg) ezekczyd zeawra
.(flw ,dlw 'nr ,my ,xey) xzei mixbean miwicv ly mckp heyt `l` ,xg` ceak xèz lk
.dnw 'nr ,my ,xey 87
88
miwicvk elrt miipyd .(1905 xhtp) xy`Îjexa 'xe (1881±1814) ìqef mleyn diryi
.mipy xeyrk mdipia mikqkeqn eide liawna
oeivpa dnly ,cigi oa eixg` xizede ìqef mleyn diryi 'x xhtp `"nxz fenza g"ka
mipy dxyr zg` oa ezeida ,okn xg`l ax `l onf x"enc`l xzked df oae ,(1939±1870)
df oiipra dpelz zxbi` liaepx'v iayezn dnk eazk okn xg`l mixetq zereay .cala
iwicv owf f` didy ,liaepx'vn ikcxn ly oa èd s` ,(1889±1806) wqixhn mdxa` wicvl
dglyp zxbi`d m` xexa `l dyrnle ,epicia dievn dpi` mdxa` 'x ly ezaeyz .zlyeyd
miciqgd ly zeiecr dìan ìd oky ,zewepi lr oeica zeaiyg dl zrcep ,z`f mr .llk
z` ,lirl oecpy miealcpn ly eazknl cebipa mleè .mirexi`d zeygxzd zra mnvr
azkn dpey`xl o`k znqxtzn ef daeyg zxbi` .`wepid ly eicbpzn eazk z`fd zxbi`d
:liaepx'va zeciqgd avn z` miazekd mix`zn ,zlaewn dgizt xg`l .ci
liihl d"dllwevf oxd` x"xdn `yicw àq i`d x"enc` w"k dlrzpe dlr xy` zrn dpde
cre f`ne .epinia dxdna epilèb epl glyi xy` 'dn oevx witdl epiwcv giyn ly lkida
`"hily epixen zyecw ceakl rcep xy`k .dgpà ekld minid aex ik dgepn ep`vn `l dzr
ohwd eig` mleè .dax dnvre fer aexa lyn (ìqef mleyn diryi 'x=) lecbd epa xy`
dl`y zqpkp dl`y=) witp iliiy liir iliiy zeidl ycewa ekxc lcbi (xy`Îjexa 'x=)
xy` in z` wgxl dnipt èaln eikxc zevwa xvw lecbde .zelecba yexcl `le (z`vei
89
lecbd epa xy` meidk dpde .'d z`xie dxezn ewgx eiaiaq xy` mbya ,mig`d oia ìxti
,miheyte miwix miyp` ehwlzp ,(minexn ifpba=) n"ba eznype ,(ocr oba=) r"ba liihl dlr
evawzpe .ml`nyl mpini oia erci `l xy` ,miare miqb ,(dk`ln ilrae=) n"rae milret
ohwd epa z` eaiyede mnvrl dna epae ,(ìiqdxta=) `qiidxta miny my llgl dfl df
,mlern dpy `le `xw `l oiicr xy` wipie jx cli ède .zepax `qk lr (oeivpa dnly=)
mipzepe [ei]'teie egek milalany miwixd oia drnhp ycew avgnn zavgpy dxwid eytpe
zevir el milèy `kde iax el mi`xew mzde ,ycewd oEiv lr eze` mikilene zepeict el
90
z`f cale .dz` ia` url mixneè ,(el mixne`y dn xàl=) dil ixn`w xà rci `le
ikxca jxci hrn hrnae ,'d jxc edixez xy` ,'d zxez cenll clidl migipn mpi` xy`
cr eze` migipn mpiè eze` milalan .eizea` iyrnl hrn eiyrn ribi ile` ,'wd eizea`
mièx ep` miinybd epipira 'itè .e"g xwi ytp mica`n ynne ,epwf `lnzie lcbziy
zilbxn zcia`n dgep mzrc oiè ,oeilrd r"ba 'wd eizea` mixrhvny xrvd lceb mipiane
dfd xeca eicare 'd zpen` oeitx mbya ,dfn deedzp xy` myd l[e]lig lcebn y"ke dxwi
yexcl ,mrd iheyte l`xyi ala qipkdl ezpenè 'd zyecw lr mytp exqn mdini lk xy`
bidpn dyri wixe jx cli xy` zeèx epipir xy` meide .dpen` mzvre dnkg zvra mkg it
lecbne ferna wifgdl lig epxf` z`fl j` .e"g dpen`n epici etxi dpryne oeryn ilae
.(27 dxrd ,lirl) aiby :e`x elld zeiencde liaepx'v zlyey lr 88

.eh ,bi ryed :it lr 89
.fk ,a edinxi 90
[ 20 ] ai b y i c b 158
jxc epl zexedl epiferna wifgiy `"hily xy` jexa 'x yecwd axd èd caekn 'd yecw
epiaxwa (mixyin cibne=) n"ne bidpne y`xl epl 'idi ède ,ycewa ekxck ezpenè 'd
,`pl `kinq oic on lke ,eze` xikn `"hily epixen zyecw mbe .eny mixrya rcep xy`k
epigeka oi` mrd iheyt ci zgz xy` dliyknd zyxn ok` .r"if oeilr iyecw eingne eia`n
epici z` wfgi `"hily epixen w"k xy` zelgiine zeitv epipir ok ik dpde .epinvr wfgl
oixir zexifba dplek lr zeevl ycewd mzeg igezit azkna zexi`n zeizeà epipir xiìe
91
.oiyicw xn`nae oinbzt
liaepx'va dyrpa axrziy ick wqixhn mdxa` l` xy`Îjexa 'x iciqg mipet ef zxbià
dbdpd zcnrl inyxd iehiad .liaepx'v iciqg ly mbidpn ynyl ie`xd èd maxy rawie
zezaya zepyxcl wx dnvnhvd `l ìd .liaepx'v ly 'mixyin cibn'd zxUn¦ did ef
ilk' iiepin df llkae ,dlidwd ly zizcd dbdpdd lk z` dyrnl dllk `l` micrenae
,zlyeyd ia` e`yp ef dxyna 92.dznver dpenh dziid jkae ,miilklk zepeikife dly 'ycewd
miwicvk epdik oxd` 'x ly eipa ipy xy`k ,mleè .oxd` 'x eckpe ikcxn 'x epa ,megp 'x
'x iciqgy okzii 93.mdn cg` cia ef dxyn xeqnln liaepx'v zlidw drpnp ,liawna
diryi 'x ly ezxiht mr zwelgn `la liaepx'va cibnk lawzi maxy eeiw xy`Îjexa
oeivpa dnly `wepid ly zex"enc`l ezxzkd gkepl dafkp mzeewz mleè .ìqef mleyn
'x iciqg .xy`Îjexa 'x ly ezbdpdl dtelg dcnred aey jke ,eia` zxiht xg`l cin
'x z` eliè ,diilr ipal ie`xe dxxyn wgxznd ocnl wicvk max z` ebivd xy`Îjexa
.'dk`ln ilrae milret' ± miheyt miyp` md eiciqgy siwz wicvk ìqef mleyn diryi
lr zcnln ìd ,miciqgd ly il`xd ¥ izxagd akxdd lr zcnln ef dpga`yn xzei ,mleè
zeinihibld z` lelyl mpevx lre xy`Îjexa 'x iciqg ly zihqihil`d zinvrd mzrcez
.oeivpa dnly 'x ly dbdpdl ez`lrd ly
dbdpdl milrn mdy ,zg`d :ìqef mleyn diryi 'x ly eiciqg cbp eprhp zeprh izy
el migipn oi`y ,zxg`d .xzkl ie`x epi` oiicry in xnelk ,ekxev ic cnl mxhy cli
ceaka dxe`kl zcwnzn mzprh .mdizeywaa epnf z` mzelka ,ekepig jildz z` milydl
mzrcly ,'irah'd cnrend on zenlrzdd lr migen md dyrnl j` ,clid zaehae ciwtzd
gqep mixqg zxbià .a/10 'qn ,ARC 4° 1699 ,ci iazkl dwlgnd ,milyexi ,zine`ld diixtqd 91
dpyd mb .dglyp `ly dheih efy okzii ik m` ,xnyp oey`xd wlgd wxy xyt` .zenizgde meiqd
a"nxz aà 'ca 'zecibn azk' mzgp xy`Îjexa 'x mr .lel` g"x ± meid wx xkfpe zpievn dpi`
liaepx'va cibn dpen mxhy rnzyn azknd gqepny oeeikne ,(`/10 'qn ,my ,zine`ld diixtqd)
ozip ,(miiga eid oxd` 'x ly eipa ipy cer lk zecibn azk lr dnzg `l dlidwd ik oiivl yi)
jix`z .`"nxz zpya azkp azkndy èt` d`xp .a"nxz a` yceg iptl azknd ly epnf ik wiqdl
oia d`xpk eygxzd mixèznd zerxe`nde ,ìqef mleyn diryi 'x ly ezxiht jix`zl aexw df
ly ezxiht xg`l ce`n xvw onf llk jxca eygxzd zewepi ly zeyxt ,mpnè .elld micrend
.dcrd axwa miwcqd z` mvnvle dbdpd ly svx lr xenyl ick ,mcewd wicvd
.146±140 'nr ,(27 dxrd ,lirl) aiby :e`x df cqen lr 92
.9 'qn ,(91 dxrd ,lirl) zine`ld diixtqd 93
diryi 'x eig` iiga mb ciwtzl ie`x did èdy mixaca fnxp s` ileè ,xy`Îjexa 'x èd
lry okziie ,eia` xaw l` zepeictd mr gwlp `wepid ik mipiivn miazekd .ìqef mleyn
cnrna xaecn m` xexa `l .xhtpd a`l zepeictd zxiqn ly ilnq cnrn jxrp xawd
lk lr .dxby jxc `wepid lrt jky e` ,zlyeyd zeikynd z` yibcnd ,inrtÎcg dxzkd
iehia ea yi ,xen`ke 94,oilehqn `wepid lr oeica lirl xèznl dnec df dlert ote` ,mipt
.dyleg ly od zeinihibl ly od
liawna eyniy xy`Îjexa 'x ecece èd .drpnp `l oeivpa dnly 'x ly dbdpdl eziilr
dgkyp `l df jex` onf wxt xg`l mb ,mleè .mitqep mixeyr ipy jyna liaepx'va miwicv
azekd xvn ,c"qxz sxega 'uilnd'l liaepx'v ayez glyy zerici izya .`wepid zyxt
dliaedy ,`wepid zxzkda z`f dlez èd .liaepx'v zlidw zecqen ly iewld mavn lr
95
.dlidwd ipiiprn ald zneyz zgqdl enxby mikeqkq ,miwicvd zgtyna miinipt mikeqkql
dyrnle ,`wepid zxzkd iptl cer zekqkeqn eid miwicvd zegtyn izy ,lirl xen`k ,mleè
dl` envred `l` (oilx`w zeciqga rxi`y itk) miycg mikeqkq df dxwna evxt `l
.mipyid
zxewiad znerle ,`wepid zxzkdl liaepx'v iayezn dnk ly ililyd qgid znerl
dyrp eay lecbd meid eze`' lr eizepexkifa xtqn iwvcexed ixd ,'uilnd'a zilikynd
zayd ogley z` x`zn èd 96.'eia` `qk lr dlre "devnÎxa"l iliaepxyhd "`wepi"d
inil xzei mi`znd cnrn) a`d xawl dkildd zè zepeictd zxiqn z` `le jxry oey`xd
.`wepid ly xirvd elibl dlilya qgiizn epi` ède cdeè ibibg iwvcexed ly exeìz .(leg
dxzkdd cnrnl oeekzd m` xexa `l .'inyx wicv' dyrp oeivpa dnly 'xy oiivn s` èd
.miipyd oian xzei laewnd wicvd did ik gipdl ozip j` ,znieqn zizlidw dwptyebl e`
aexra xìz ,dxyr ryzd d`nd iwicvn ehay z` jqg `l mincwend eixtqay ,iwvcexed
.ziblhqep dcdà `wepid z` eini
(1 88 2) d p lh n ` we pi d .c
.dplh zeciqga `wepi dbdpdl dlr liaepx'vn `wepid ly dbdpdl eziilr xg`l dpyk
eclep cec 'xl 97.liaepx'vn ikcxn ly iriayd epa ,cec 'x icia dbdpede dcqep ef zeciqg
1882 zpya .eia` iiga cer xhtp ,(1876±1847) ikcxn 'x ,oad j` ,cg` oae zepa rax`
.zeevnl eribd meia ,(1915±1869) megp mgpn 'x ,epaÎoa dbdpdl dlrede envr cec 'x xhtp
.55 dxrdl jenq ,lirl e`x 94

.4 'nr ,c"qxz zaha f"h ,my ;3±2 'nr ,c"qxz elqka e"k ,uilnd 95
.20±19 'nr ,f"iyz aia` lz ,zepexkf ,iwvcexed à` lèny 96
Paul I. Radensky, Hasidism in the Age of Reform: A Biography of :e`x dplhn cec lr 97
Rabbi Duvid Ben Mordkhe Twersky of Tal’noye, Ph.D. Dissertation, Jewish Theological
Seminary, 2001
[ 22 ] ai b y i c b 160
epicia yi o`k mb ,oilehqn `wepid zyxta enke ,mini mzeà miciqgd z` dxirqd ef dyxt
,oilehqn `wepid zyxta xy`n xzei ,ef dyxta .han zecewp dnkn dze` mixi`nd zexewn
98
.oexkifd aevir lr yxetna mdipia mixgzn mb mipeyd zexewnd
zex g zn oex k if zex eq n .1
Îmicli ly xywda dyxtd z` dpey`xl obiry df èd (1922±1860) onyixt cec xteqd
jlnd ly diaxq zbdpdl eziilr aiaq mirexi`d xg`l ax `l onf ,1894 zpya .mihily
onyixt azk 99,cxtqa xyr dyelyd eqpetl` ly dxwnl zeqgiizd jeze ,oey`xd xcpqkl`
100
:'envrl dlecb lhpy ohw' ezxzeky xn`n
me`zt rztl mw xy` ,rcei ip` cg` ohw cer .cg` ohw cer me`zt xekfè ial lr dlr f`
`vnpy dn lk .lecbl me`zt idie envrl dlecb lehie eilr mipennd eiqtexhet` z` yxbie
lkida mb `vnp (cxblaa=) ec`xbeliaa zeklnd lkida `vnpy dn lke ± mia `vnp dyaia
,rny `l xy` yi` mka `vni ik okzid ?dplh xird z` mzrcid .dplha xy` 'xvgd'
101
.ce`n mi`xep miyrn miyrnde ?i`plhd l'cec 'x my z` lynl
lr ,cec 'x lre xvgd lr xtiq dligz .dplha mirexi`d xeìzl onyixt dpt okn xg`l
ikcxn 'x ly ezpnl` ,cakei lre ,megp mgpn 'x eckp lr ,eia` iiga xhtpy ikcxn 'x epa
:cec 'x ly ezxihtl zekenqd zeieygxzdl dpt okn xg`l .megp mgpn 'x ly enè
cetql ax oenda eà wegxn mbe aexwne ,mitegc e`vi mivxd .dxihtd ixg` zayÎi`ven
eci sk dpde e`x ,xhtpd zteb l` miwqrznd eybp xy`k .ezekale xhtpd x"enc`dl
liyndl xhtpd x"enc`d evi ea xy` zepnzddÎazk `vnp z`f eci skae ,dxebq zipnid
102
?z`fa dzid 'igz cakei [zx]'n cid .eizgz xrpd eckp z`
¥ onyixt xìz ,cakei ly diaxewnn cg` icia dtief dèevdy jkl fnxy xg`l
dtq`
ly ezxzkd ziigca jenzl miciqgd ehp dkldnae yxeid zl`ya dwqry dplh iciqg ly
repnl ick micrv ly dxcq cakei dhwp z`f zeawra .hrn lcbiy cr wicvl megp mgpn 'x
,dbdpdl cin dlri `l dpay jkl mikqz `ly dricede dtq`d¥ z` dxfit ìd .xacd z`
,lirl) sq` :e`x zeciqga iqenlet oexkif lye zexgzn oexkif zexeqn ly ef drteza illk oeic 98
.49±15 'nr ,(27 dxrd
.21 ,20 zexrdl jenq ,lirl e`x 99
lr .[138±129 'nr] ,(c"pxz) a ,sqìg` gela dpey`xl qtcp 'envrl dlecb lhpy ohw' xn`nd 100
,(e"lyz) 23 ,zextqd ,'onyixt cec iazkl ditxbeilaia' ,realb dgepn :e`x zepeyd zeqtcdd
,(elaei bgl dcgein d`ved) mixgap miazk ,o`nyixt cec :itl eidi oldl zeàdd .141 'qn ,144 'nr
.204±195 'nr ,b"rxz dyxe ,zegxet zeize` :a
.196 'nr ,my ,onyixt 101
.202 'nr ,my ,onyixt 102
'xy ,dxyt dbyed dae diipy dtq`¥ dqpik ìd .cec 'x ly lekiak epevx xtei jka oky
dbdpdl dlri ± lcbiyke ,mixver xnelk ,miqtexhet` ly mzeqg zgz jpgzi megp mgpn
icia zepctwa dppkez onyixt ixacly ,zihnxc ziptz drxi` la`d ini meza .envra
:cakei
mdl dzyr xy` dzynd l` etq`p mièxwde ,devnÎxal xrpd zeida èdd meid mvra
evie ,eilbx lr ohwd x"enc`d m`zt rztl mw f` ,'igz cakei [zx]'n dyecwd zipaxd
103
lecb dyrp xaky eala èd yibxn ik drcen xeqnie ,eipirl eiqtexhet` z` xeq`l
dfd rbxa ...lyend didi ecal ède ecia hiaxyd z` gwi dlrne dfd rbxd one ,xbazpe
ci lr xeqnie ,dlil ceran xacl eze` epikd xy` ,mitevgd miciqgd on cg` eil` ybp
dxdhae dyecwa dl` z` law x"enc`de ,oey`xd 'oeictd' mr '`wztd' z` ycgd x"enc`d
epwfÎeia` xaw lr 'ld`' epaie dev ohwd x"enc`de meid zxgnne .libxe owfk enigxe eligcae
gipi ède el mixeqnd ze`wztd lk z` ìai eci mvra èd ik xnìe ,d"dlf x"enc`d
104
!gilvd ,zewihilet zeleagza ieyrd ,dfd xywde .ycwd l` eèaa 'owfd' xaw lr mze`
105
.envrl dlcb lhpy ohwd cbp svtvne dt dvet cer did `l dlrne dfd meid onl
xikdy gipdl dyw ,oileta lcbe clepy dcaerd xe`le ,exetiql xewn lk oiiv `l onyixt
zeiciqg ze`qxb minèz eixac zizcaerd dpigad on ,mleè .dplh zeciqg z` aexwn
izla zexewnn xy`l ozip dplha xvgd lr mnez itl eàedy rwx ihxte ,oldl ebveiy
106
.izxewiaÎitihe`xhq ilikyn aihxp zxbqna mipbern md m` mb ,miielz
iwqa'vicxa sqei dkin ecicin xetiqd z` rny onyixt ik ìd dxiaq dxryd
lr xtiq s` 'dwqtdd' exetiqae 107,dplh zeciqg z` ahid xikd iwqa'vicxa .(1921±1865)
xikd iwqa'vicxay jkl oikeniz .axk eaq yniy day ,dwaepxh dxiira `wepid ly xewia
:iwqa'vicxal onyixt azky ipvwer azkna yi dbdpdl `wepid ly eziilr zyxt z` mb
mixeìzd on rtyen df xeìzy `l` ,eiqtexhet` z` 'xeq`l' deeiv ok` megp mgpn 'xy xryl dyw 103
.diaxqa zeieygxzdd ly
rtyed onyixty okzii ,z`f mr .liaepx'vae oilehqa `wepid zeyxta mb lirl xèz dnec lèhix 104
.l"ldi xikfdy miaihen eixaca aliye 'oil`hqa `wepid zelbzd'n
.203 'nr ,(100 dxrd ,lirl) onyixt 105
did cec 'xy zeriawd z` oiivl xyt` zecaerd zxiqna zepwiic ly myex mixveid mihxtd oia 106
.mixg` zexewna mb zeritend ,aelaey s`xbd zexril dìvi aaige 'yeald zxfb'l zeiv cra
,oi'fexn l`xyi ly mixeìz xikfn ezakxn ly oke exvg lye cec 'x ly xyerd xeìz ,z`f znerl
ixeìz zernyn lr) miizeklnd miwicvd ly miipiite` miilikyn mixeìzn wlg èdy d`xpe
.(35±34 'nr ,[4 dxrd ,lirl] sq` :e`x oi'fexn l`xyi ly ezakxn
e`lqxa zhiqxaipeà iwqa'vicxa mr cnlyk dplh ipiipr lr rny onyixt ,onvled xpa` zrcl 107
:e`x dplh zeciqgl iwqa'vicxa zgtyn ly dzwif lr .dfl df miaexw eide 1892±1891 mipya
,wxn iav :e`x miil`xd¥ eixywde 'dwqtdd' xetiqd lr .29 dxrd ,261 'nr ,(27 dxrd ,lirl) sq`
,oetv ,'iwqa'vicxa i"nl "dwqtdd" xetiql zeitxbeiaeheè zeixehqid zeizyz :zexwtde zeciqg'
.237±219 'nr ,(c"qyz) f
[ 24 ] ai b y i c b 162
dz` `ven ike jipira og `vni `l ik c`n il xv 'envrl dlecb lhpy ohw' ixn`nl rbepa
xne` ip` oi` ,il xv :ixnà mleè .dxiy gex lk ma oiè 'mziedk' wx miaezk mixacd ik
jnrh cer lyazp `l ik lr xrhvne dèx ip`y meyn ,jliaya m` ik iliaya il xv
izazky miaeh xzeid on cg` znà èd jipira og `vn `ly xn`nd eze` dpde ...ie`xk
enk .x`hp`we o`qlrprv`wk miyp` lr dyr xy` myexd z` ip` rcei m` il axe ,llka
108
.bivtiila qtcp didie fpky` ztyl dzr mbxezi ok
ly zeihpnexd zeihpd lr zillkd ezxewia rwx lr oaez onyixt ly ezxewia m`

zeciqgd ly ixehqidd xeìzd ztcrda mb iehia icil onyixt lv` dày ,iwqa'vicxa
wiicl ywia envr onyixt ik cirdl ick jka yi ile` 109,dly ixild ite`d zhlad ipt lr
.zecaerd zàda
mixaca èvnl ile` xyt` aexwn xetiqd z` xikd iwqa'vicxay jkl mitqep oikeniz
wgvi mdxa` axd ,eia`n rny eixacly ,(1982±1891) wew odkd dcedi iav axd xtiqy
:envr iwqa'vicxan mze` rny ède ,(1935±1865) wew odkd
?jzi` dn :iwqa'vicxa z` l`y èdy ,l"f (wew odkd wgvi mdxa`=) axd à` il xtiq
minrtl j` ,zeciqga milecb miyp` dnk eid .ziciqg daiaqa lcb èdy ,el xiaqd èd
,xeaivl zipgex dkxcda enewn z` `lnl xbean mc` ezgtynn x`yp `le iaxd xhtp
znerl .iwqa'vicxa ly daiaqa avnd did jk .`wepi eze` epike ...cli e` xirv xrp `l`
èdyk mbe .jxr lra did iaxd ...mewn qtz `l axd mbe ,aeyg did `l mkg cinlz ,iaxd
yibxn did ,envra axd elitè ,mkg cinlz lke ,iax ly dyecw el dzid ,`wepi did
.`wepid ly dyecwd znerl ezeiytpa ltyene lty mipta
mewn qtzy ,mkg cinlz icedi didy ,eaq ziaa yly miizpy lcby xtiq iwqa'vicxa
mkgÎcinlzd .iaxl xyewn did ,miny z`xie zewac ,hiiwyiciil xyà j` ...ax enk
:eckpl xn` èd cg` mei .`wepia ziciqg zewac wace ,ltyene lty ,rpkp did lecbd
iaxd zian wgxd `l .dpey`x mrt dziid `l z`f ,oaenk .iaxl reqpl jixv d'lqei dkin
lawn ,ezekln `qk lr el ayei d'liaxde ,sqd ixneye miyny miàb mr lecb zia did
azkn edf .330±329 'nr ,(g"vxz) f ,mipf`n ,'iwqavicxa sqei dkinl miazkn' ,onyixt cec 108
iwqa'vicxa ly eazkn z` .1894 xanhtqa 1Îa e`lqxan iwqa'vicxal onyixt azky daeyz
zextqd iypè milikynd md xn`nd on enyxzdy ink mixèznd miyi`d .iz`vn `l onyixtl
.(1915±1849) xehpw aiil dcedie (1917±1846 ;'ilbi oa iwea') oeqlpvw aiil dcedi
zxewia :zine`l dibeleìciè izextq oepw ,yext qixi` :e`x iwqa'vicxa lr onyixt ly ezxewial 109
.172±169 'nr ,a"pyz milyexi ,xpxae xpfelw ly zextqd zxewial dèeyda onyixt ly zextqd
:zeciqgd lr xtq zaizkl iwqa'vicxa ly ezipkz z` onyixt ly ezlilyl ,x`yd oia ,dptn yext
ip` .dfd xtqd on iziewy ,izewz lk z` dziayd ixiy oepbqa azkp xtqd ik ipzrcedy drcedd'
z` rcei yi` jzeida ± dz` ik izayge ,zeciqgd ini ixacl xewnl zeidl lkeiy xtql izikg
onyixt) 'zenelg zazke zà dpd dzre .èdd xtqd z` aezkl ie`xd èd ± jiig it lr dl` lk
.(474 'nr ,[108 dxrd ,lirl]
ayi èd .wgynd illk z` ahid rciy ,xceqne jpegn gwit mc` ,zepeict lawne miwzt
epz dxezd ceak meyn :d`xed ozpe zegezt zezlc ipta ,mixcg dnk ly iniptd xcga
dkfi hrn cer :ybipe ,dcewt laiw èd .mcew qpkdl (iwqa'vicxa ly eaq=) axd dnlyl
exikd xaky ,iaxd .`wepid l` ybipe rivid zevignl xarn qpkp èd ...`wepid l` zybl
¨ qhk`n
,okn xg`l ?dyer dz` dn ,`c © qèe
¨ dnly ,mkilr mely :melyl ekxa mcewn
.miny `xi dz` m`d ,mext qt` hqia :owfd mkg cinlzd iaxd z` l`y ,ipexyk xrp eze`
daiaqa .dl'qei dkin ckpd zegkepa df lk !obedk miny z`xi el yi m` eze` oga èd
mr drtyde zewac ly xyw :zecdid zenc dzid jk .zxg` hiiwyicii dzid `l z`fd
xbazd xy`k zecg` mipy ixg` ,el mxby dn dfy ,xtiq iwqa'vicxa .dl'iaxd ,dfd xrpd
110
.zecdidn wgxzdl ,ezrc lr cnre
iwqa'vicxay recie ,dplh zeciqga dxeyw dziid iwqa'vicxa ly ezgtyny dcaerd xe`l
`wepid did ea xaecny `wepidy gipdl xyt` 111,dplhn cec ly exvgl rqp s` xirvd
`wepidy mb dn) ipy ilkn df xetiqa zeàend zecaerd zewiecn dnk cr rcp `l .dplhn
,(ohw cli iwqa'vicxa did `l dbdpdl eziilr zrae ,mipy raxà iwqa'vicxan xirv did
zxeqnd on iwqa'vicxa ly ezewgxzdl daiqd eid ok` elld mirexi`d m` eppiiprn df oiè
dplhn `wepid z` aexwn xikd iwqa'vicxa ik mixacd on wiqdl lkep oiicre .zicedid
miciqg day zeìvnn zgp xqeg dler eixacne ,dbdpdl eziilr zyxt z` mb d`xpke
.mixrp ipta mnvr mititkn mixbean
zepiivnd ,(miàd mitirqa exkfeie) onfd za zicedid zepezira enqxtzdy zerici hrnl
d`xpk èd onyixt lv` dyxtd xeìz ,dplha `wepi ly dbdpdl eziilr zcaer z` dxvwa
ail cec ipwixn`dÎicxgd xteqd .el mixge`n miiciqgd mixeìzd eliè ,xzeia mcwend
mifnxd z` j` ,cec 'x lr azky ditxbeiaa onyixt ly eixac z` yxetna xikfn xlwn
112
.zilikyn dvnydk xhet èd cakei ly dzepkkz xaca
megp mgpn 'x xèz ezxbqnay ,cig` iciqg aihxp mibivn miiciqgd mixeìzd ziaxn
mixeìz itl 113.zelwze mikkz `ll dldpzd dbdpdl eziilry inke lekd lr mkqend yxeik
ybcene ,(1876) ikcxn 'x epa xhtp f`n xvgd llga dxqip cec 'x ly eyxei zl`y ,dl`
eqtcp mixacd .295±294 'nr ,(q"yz) n ,dpya dpy ,'zecbpzne zeciqg' ,wew odkd dcedi iav 110
,my :e`x aqd ly enya yeaiyd lr .222±221 'nr ,(108 dxrd ,lirl) wxn lv` xg` xywda
.24 dxrd ,234 'nr
ik xteqn my .8 'nr ,f"lyz aia`Îlz ,` ,oeixb oa sqei dkin iazk ,'a"in iig' ,oeixbÎoa lgx 111
.cec 'x iaxd did wxtd ezeà la` ,dxyr mizy oak ezeida dplhn iaxl rqp iwqa'vicxa
.258 'nr ,a ,1931 wxì eip ,(rpl`h
© fia lia`pxryh
¨ oe™) sied qp'iax oe™ ,xrlwrn ail cec 112
lawl m`d miciqgd lk oia dlecb zwelgn didp' ik ,zpiivn df oiipra dbixg zi`plh ze`hazd 113
zqpk hewli) 'milecb zerc iwelig my dide ,mipy b"i oa f` dide ...megp mgpn iax w"dxd zexn
...'mi`ltp mixetiq' hwl eil` delpe ...`pl`hn cec ...x"enc` ...z`n ycew zexn` hwl llek :cec
.(aw 'nr ,d"qyz milyexi ,`pl`h iciqgc cec gvp oekn i"r xe`l `veie jxrp
[ 26 ] ai b y i c b 164
114
.dbdpdl xyked èd df oteàe ,eckp ly eci epnn dff `l cec 'x ly zepexg`d eizepya ik
ipa z` ezhin l` cec 'x onif mlerd on xhtp day zaya ,'inyx' i`plh xeaig it lr
ici zgpda dzeel megp mgpn 'xl ezkxae ,ezkxa z` mdn cgè cg` lkl ozpe dgtynd
ixeìz 115.dbdpdl megp mgpn 'x ly ezknqdk ef deegn eyxit miciqgd .ckpd y`x lr aqd
me`zt e`vnp cec 'x ly ezxiht xg`l ik miyibcn ,onyixt ly exeìzl dneca ,miciqgd
megp mgpn 'x dpnzn mditle ,cec 'x ly eci zaizka dxe`kl ,miknqn ipy ezteb cil
116
zexywzdd azk lr miciqgd enzg eay cnrnd xèz jynda .miciqgd z` bidpdl
miciqgd ehilgd drayd ini xg`l ik ,xteqn seqal .dieeld iptl cer ,megp mgpn 'xa mdly
:cin dbdpdl zepnzdl `wepid lry
icka my iyp` x`ye miàbd ,mipiicd ,mipaxd ,dcrd iy`x eqpkzp drayd ini meza
bidpi dcrd z`y mlkl f` xak did xexa xen`k .xvgd zbdpd jynd xaca dvr qkhl
cer eid ik s` ,epiwf xga ea ik ,d'vnegp iax ,(cec 'x axd epxen=) c"xden ly eckp
c"xden xn` ezeig iiga cer ik mb xxazp dzr .dcr bidpdl eid miie`xy miaeyg mickp
xg`l enewn `lnn zeidl èd ciren eze`y d'vnegp eckple cakei zxn zipaxd ezlkl
dzid miqpkznd ipta dcnry dl`yd .(dxihtl diiwp oeyl ± mipye mini zekix`=) y"ei`
onf cer zekgl ie`x xirvd elib zngny e` .lreta dcrd bidpnl xzl`l exizkdl m`d
miàbdn mipenn ly zeev icia `pl`h zeciqg ipiipre xvgd ldepz ef miipia ztewzae
zece` ewlgp zercd .dkelnd z` envra ldpie d'vnegp iax lcbi ik cr dcrd iaeygne
z` bidpdl ligzi megp mgpn iaxy jka miccvnd ly mci dxab xac ly eteqa la` ,jk
117
.cin dcrd
'x ly ezelawzd z` milnqnd mitqep mirexi` lr zextqn zeiciqgd oexkifd zexeqn

z` yxetna llyy ,xlwn eze` jke .mixaecnd mirexi`d xg`l cin bidpnl megp mgpn
cnrn xìze ,megp mgpn 'x ly deevndÎxa rexi` lr hexita xtiq ,onyixt ly exeìz
zxg` zxeqn .bidpnl dyrnl jtd èd eixg`y ,miciqgd ly iphpetq dxzkd cewix ly
,inewnd oinlrd zia z` ycwl megp mgpn 'xn eywia zexiird zgà dplh iciqg ik ,zxtqn
,rahd wiga dgpn lltzdl cec 'x ly ebdep z` dxikfn zi`plhd ditxbeixehqidd ,dnbecl ,jk 114
ycewd zcear z` cnl mb jke ,eizelitz lka eaql deelpy cigid did megp mgpn 'x ik dyibcne
ly dwihwxta eckp zxykdl zxbqn od mb cec 'xl eyniy zeinihpi`d zelitzd ,xnelk .ely
.(259 'nr ,a ,[112 dxrd ,lirl] xrlwrn) ziwicv dlitz
xe`l `veie xcqp jxrp ...`pl`h w"wc n"n ...megp mgpn ...ly ...ycew zexn` :megp mgpn ipenhn 115
dqxb ef ik xnel ozip .atw±`tw 'nr ,a"qyz milyexi ,`pl`h iciqgc cec gvp oekn i"r
dplh ix"enc` ly mzkxaae mzegilya lret qetcl xtqd z` ìady oeknd ik ,zinyxÎoirn
.(h 'nr ,my)
,zeciqga zekilde zekld ,miidhxee oxd` :e`x wicvd l` dyibd ikxcn zg`k 'zexywzd azk' lr 116
.432±426 'nr ,(4 dxrd ,lirl) sq` ;164±157 'nr ,j"yz milyexi
.ctw±btw 'nr ,(115 dxrd ,lirl) megp mgpn ipenhn 117
z` mb 118.ef dlertay zeceqd z` eaqn cnly itl ,'libxe wize x"enc`k' ok dyr ède
'xn (dlidwd lr wicvd ly xrxern izlad epehly z` lniqy) lèhixd zeceq zxard
119
.dknqd ly dyrnk oiadl xyt` megp mgpn 'xl cec
lcad yi iciqgd xeìzd oiae onyixt lv` megp mgpn 'x ly dbdpdl eziilr xeìz oia
mgpn 'x ly dbdpdl ziciind eziilra eknz dplh iciqg ziaxn ik mipreh miciqgd :iceqi
skd z` drixkdy ìd ,envr megp mgpn 'x ly epevxl zcbepn dziidy ,ef mzcnre ,megp
zeqtexhet`d xcqda ecciv dplh iciqg ziaxn ik oreh onyixt ,z`f znerl .ef dl`ya
y`xn xacd z` dppkz ìd .cakei en` ìd dbdpdl ziciind eziilrl ìady ine ,`weec
ze`qxbd oiay rcind ixrtn wiqdln xdfidl yi .jka eccivy miciqgd mr xyw dxywe
mixac xneln xdfp envr onyixt elitè ,mirexi`d lr dgvipy ef dziid mpn` cakei ik
.jk lr miyxetn
zexeqn izy .ziciqgd dqxbd oiae onyixt ly exetiq oia zeizedn zexizq oi` ,z`f mr
`l cec 'x (`) :zeiceqi zecaer rax` lr dyrnl 'zenikqn' elld zeiaihpxhl`d oexkifd
jenqa dfk jnqn `vnp j` ,ekiynn didi megp mgpn 'x ik ezxiht iptl inyx oteà raw
dplh iciqg ly qepik jxrp la`d ini jldna (a) 120;siefn jnqndy fnex onyixte ,eztebl
eilr lawl megp mgpn 'x lr m` dl`ya ebltzd zercde ,dbdpdd jynd zl`ya wqry
mgpn 'x (b) ;xbaziy cr miqtexhet` el zepnl yiy e` ,'`wepi' ecera ,cin dbdpdd z`
mzìype zepeict zlaw .(mdl jenqa e` drayd ini jeza) cin hrnk dbdpdl dlr megp
z`f ze`xl xyt`y okziie ,i`nvr bidpnl jtdy jkl oey`x ianet iehia eid eaq xaw l`
,dbdpdd zxard ikildza lirt wlg dlhp cakei (c) ;dknqd cnrnk e` xarn lèhixk
.dzelirt ly zwiecnd dzedn lr dnkqd oaenk oi` j`
dp l h a `w epi d ly d b d pd l ezi il r zea w r a zg p i ` .2
cbp wx oeekn did `l megp mgpn 'x ly ezebidpn z` qqal iciqgd itxbeixehqidd un`nd
aexy dcaerd zybcd .envr iciqgd dpgna zelew cbp mb `l` zeilikyn oexkif zexeqn
yi .edelaiw `ly in eid ik zcnln bidpnl megp mgpn 'x z` mdilr elaiw dplh iciqg
ixd ,zicizr dbdpdl eckp z` jpig cec 'xy mipreh miiciqgd zexewnd m` mb ik ,yibcdl
eizeyxcn zg`n ,mpn` .e`qk z` zyxl xen` in yxetna xidad `l èd ezxiht cry xexa
dqtcpy zxge`n drici ,ok enk 121.eze` yxii ely ckpy epevxl fnx ìadl ozip cec 'x ly
'nr ,c"pyz milyexi ,`pl`hn cec ...ly elrte eiig zeclez :gvpay gvp ,bxapie `pinlf dnly 118
.fkx±ekx
dxrd ,lirl) sq` ;230±229 'nr ,(116 dxrd ,lirl) miidhxee :e`x zexaw zia yeciw lèhix lr 119
.158±154 'nr ,(27 dxrd ,lirl) aiby ;194 'nr ,(27
z` jiyni megp mgpn 'xy epevx z` rian cec 'x z` drnyy dcird s` cakei ,onyixt itl 120
.mitqep oikeniz jkl oi` j` ,ezbdpd
mixn`p ,zepexg`d eiig zepya `ypy zeyxc d`xpk llekd ,'cec zldw' ,xge`nd eizeyxc xtqa 121
[ 28 ] ai b y i c b 166
eckpa eknzi meid èaay ick zelidwd zgà mihgey dpin cec 'xy zpreh 'uilnd' oezira
dprhl riiql ick mda oi`y mifnxÎifnx md dl` ,mleè 122.eiepinl dietvd zecbpzdd gkepl
zeinihibla wtq lihdl ick mda yiy mipezp xtqn lr riavdl xyt` ,mpnè .zi`plhd
.cec 'x ly eyxeik ckpd ly
cexebx`ya dplh iciqgn ax raw ,(cli meyl rqep ipi`) 'hyip ji` xd`t lbpi` oiiw ev'
xywzd `l j` dplh ciqg zeidl wiqtd èd 123.dbdpdl megp mgpn 'x ly eziilr mr
miciqg ly mceaka dribtk d`xpd lkk dqtzp cli ly dbdpdl ez`lrd .xg` wicva
,zEwicvl zetelg xtqn dbivd liaepx'v zlyeya zlvetnd dyxedd ,jkl sqep .mixbean
opgeie dxieewqn wgvi ,liaepx'v iwicv owf f` didy ,wqixhn mdxa` ± eig`¤ ehla odipiae
mgpn 'x ly dl`n xeriy oi`l zeax dxweine zeknqn epdp elld miwicvd .dweeixhqingxn
.zlyeyd ur ly 'miyxey'l xzei miaexw eidy oeeikn od ,mpeiqipe mlib lya od ,megp
iciqgl jetdl eywiay mixgè dxieewqn wgvia xywzdl ehilgdy dplh iciqgn eid ,mpnè
miciqg axiwy jka rcep cec 'x ik dplha xvgd z` ce`n dpkiq ef drtez .dweeixhqingx
rebtl dziid dlelr mixg` miwicva zixyt`d mzexywzde ,daicp cia el enxzy mixiyr
124
.xvgd zeqpkda zeyw
ik mixtqn mii`plhd zexewnde ,xabe d`xpk jld zexg`d zexvgl dplhn miciqgd mxf
j`) dplhn cec ly eizepan zg`l `ypidl creiy ,ikcxn 'x ,dweeixhqingxn opgei ly epa
did aeyy d`xp ,mleè .megp mgpn 'x ly ezebidpn qeqial riiq ,(dini inca dxhtp ìd
mii`plh zexewn .dbdpda qqazdl eig` ly eckpl zeax riiqy dweeixhqingxn opgei df
myk) megp mgpn 'x z` dbdpdl 'jnq'e dplhl ribd opgei 'xy ,mixtqn mii`weeixhqingxe
ea xywzdl eywiay dplh iciqg z` dgc caa cae ,(wipl'vi'vn dnly eckp z` jnqy
125
.dplhl reqple jiyndl mda xivtde
oiligpne zeklnd z` oilgepy ,(gi ,fl mildz) "didz mlerl mzlgpe" ' :miwicvd lr miàd mixacd
,dxy iig ,[a"nxz oilael :dpey`x dxecdn] b"qyz yny zia ,cec zldw) 'mler cr mdipa ipal
.llka mi`v`vl e` ynn mickpl oeekn 'mdipa ipa' iehiad m` xexa `l mleè .(dp 'nr
oky ,mheytk azekd ly eixac z` lawl dyw m` mb .335±333 'nr ,c"nxz xcà 'k ,uilnd 122
mvra ixd ,cec 'x ly ezpeek zricia eilr jenql oiè megp mgpn 'xl dxzi dcdà ceyg èd oi`
dl`ydy jk lr cirdl ick yi ,dbdpdl megp mgpn 'x dlr xaky xg`l ,1884 zpya dl`ya oeicd
.miciqg axwa d`xpk ,xiee`d llga dxqip
eaq ,wiptexw jepg did i`plh ciqg eze` .264 'nr ,(b"lyz) k ,xard ,'mixr yely' ,èxw jexa 123
ldw lr dpnp x`yp' eaq ik siqen xagnd ,ok` .cexebx`ya miciqg ly ax didy ,xagnd ly
.'zay lila epgleyl jled did dxiirl ày x"enc` lke ,miciqgd
dvxe ,lecb uixtn aeg xhy el didy `pl`h iciqg ilecbn mqxetn cg` cibp [dplha] my dide' 124
mitl` zyely mekq lr aeg xhyd z` oeicte lhiew zzle r"if wgvi iax w"dxdl `xieewql reqpl
xvga stezqdl l"pd xiabd rqiy) dlecb dktdn mexbl lki dfe ,c`n lecb mekq f` didy ,laex
jlt) xfrèeixwn dplh iciqg lr .(bw±aw 'nr ,[113 dxrd ,lirl] cec zqpk) '(`xieewqa ycewd
'nr ,b"nxz zaha b"k ,uilnd :e`x dxieewqn wgvi ly ezeknq z` mnvr lr elaiwy (dilecet
.oldl e`x dweeixhqingxl diiptd lr .989±988
.etw±dtw 'nr ,(115 dxrd ,lirl) megp mgpn ipenhn 125
a`f oiae megp mgpn 'x oia zelidw lr dhily jeqkq ygxzd okn xg`l mipy
megp dyn axl a`f 'x xikfd jeqkqd ly ekldna .opgei 'x ly eipan cg` ,dweeixhqingxn
:eia`l megp mgpn 'x agy aegd z` ,znieqn zeaxern ea el dziidy 126,iwqnilyexi
d"dllwevf x"enc` `"` dyry zelertd zahd xear `pl`hn lenbde xkyd didi z`fd
v"dxd icec x"enc` w"k zewlzqd ixg`... ?`pl`hn w"dxd mr (dweeixhqingxn opgei=)
jx `"hily megp mgpn 'xd w"dxd eckp x`yp f`y d"dllwevf [dplhn] cec x"xdenk
(ia` ipec` eycew ceak=) `"` w"k l` gtzqdl mipend exdp `pl`h iciqgn daxde mipya
zern 'idiy evxy zenewn eid mb ,`pl`hl erqiy mal lr xac w"ke d"dllwevf x"enc`
al lkae dfa oìne `zwcvc `lkxn` èd 'idiy d"dllwevf x"enc` `"` ici zgz i"`
gibydl xykn cer 'id `le mipya jx dpcer 'idy sè `pl`hn w"dxd ici z` wfig ytpe
127
.dwcvd dyrn ihxt lr
miler ,xvgl miciqgd ly mqgia xayn lg `wepid ziilr zeawra ik ,a`f 'x ly eixac
xxazn ,jkl sqepa .miiciqgd zexewna fEnxd mre zepexkifd zextqa xen`d mr cg` dpwa
xiardl `ly eywiay zelidw eid :xzei zeiygen mikxca mb iehia icil à xaynd ik
,dplhn cec icia eabp miptl xy` ,l`xyi uxà miciqgl zenexzd itqk z` dplh jxc
l`xyi ux` itqk ziiab lr i`xg`k ,wicvd ly df ciwtz .dweeixhqingx jxc mxiardle
okle ,dxyr ryzd d`na diqexa miwicvd ly oehlyd ilnqn cg` xen`k did ,eiciqgn
itl ,mpn` .`wepid itlk oen` xqeg ly zianet drad dyrnl did miciqgd ly df oevx
x"encè cli ecera oinlr zia ycwl frd megp mgpn 'xy jk lr dnz opgei 'x ,zg` zxeqn
128
.(diqexa miwicv ly mpehly z` ,xen`k ,lniq oinlr zia yeciw mb) ekxc ziy`xa
opgei 'x ly eizexvtdl ery `ly dl`k dplh iciqg oia eidy gipdl xyt` ,jkl sqep
dnexz mxz dweeixhqingxn opgeiy d`xp oiicr ,z`f mre .dweeixhqingx iciqg ektde
.wicvk megp mgpn 'x ly epehly qeqial zrxkn
dlry ,wipl'vi'vn dnly wicvd did epehlya qqazdl megp mgpn 'xl riiqy sqep bidpn
en`) micec ipa eid megp mgpn 'xe dnly 'x .ezexrpa e` ezeclia dbdpdl ,xen`k ,èd mb
megp mgpn 'xy xg`l ,1883 zpyae ,(dnly 'x ly ezcec dziid ,cakei ,megp mgpn 'x ly
ik zpiivn zi`plh ditxbeia .miqibl miipyd ektd mb ,dnly 'x ly ezeg` ,dniql `yip
epwfÎecece dlkd ly daq ezeida ,dpezgd rexià zifkxnd zencd did dweeixhqingxn opgei
dpezgl mitqk qeiba riiq ,`wepi did `l xaky ,wipl'vi'vn dnly mb ,z`f mr 129.ozgd ly
ayend megz ly miinexcd miklta mipaxd iaeygn did (1916±1855) iwqnilyexi megp dyn axd 126
zeieciqg ly 'xvgd ax' oirn dide ,mixyrd d`nd ziy`xae dxyr ryzd d`nd ly oexg`d raxa
.dweeixhqingxe dplh
.2045 'qn ,iwqnilyexi megp dyn sqe` ,milyexi ,owey ziixtq 127
ly eizelelk lbxl dbibg lr i`pezir geeic .dvw±bvw 'nr ,(115 dxrd ,lirl) megp mgpn ipenhn 129
[ 30 ] ai b y i c b 168
daxw¦ eyg megp mgpn 'xe wipl'vi'vn dnlyy okzii ,micec ipae miqib mzeidl sqepa 130.ef
aviizd mdipy ixeg`ne ,zewepi mcera dbdpdl elr mdipy :mdly dliawnd ditxbeiad lya
bidpdl mzlekil xyà ,mixac ly mrahn ,zewtq elredy xg`l ,dweeixhqingxn opgei
.miciqg
dixtixta zeieygxzda èvnl xyt` zi`plhd xvgd ly dzeknq zexrxrzdl sqep iehia
zizeknq ic dziid `l `wepid ly ezency gipdl ozip .miciqgd zelidwa epiidc ,ziciqgd
,(zipgex dbxcn ilra mnvr e`xy miciqg cgeina) zepeyd zelidwa dplh iciqg ipira
oial mpiae mnvr oial dplh iciqg oia mikeqkq ly mzvixtl zelw xzia ìad xacde
daizkl cebipa .cec 'x ly eztewza mivxet eid `l d`xpd lkky mikeqkq ,mixg` miciqg
onfd za zepezira miazekd ixd ,elld miiywd z` yhyhl dhepd ,zxge`nd ziciqgd
azkp dnbecl jk .`wepid ly dbdpdl eziilr zeawra exvepy ,elld zeirad z` eyibcd
:1883 uiwa 'uilnd' oezira
yiè dcrd z` bdp eznkga èd ,(dplh=) epxira melyd sq`p licec 'x wicvd sq`p f`n
lklkl rci èd .mdild` xzqa mipbex e`vnp m` mb ,delyde melyd z` rixtdl cifd `l
131
z`f lke ...zeaixnl uw oi` ...meik la` ...zeaixn evxt `le zeplaq gexa ldwd zekild
zeida ik ,l"f axd zeg` oa awri 'x gilyd xfra owfd eia` qk lr à yecwd clid ori
z` mivixrne miyicwn dk`ln iyera miheicdd .epa zlyen ,en` ìd ,dy` ,xrp xrpd
`veid dbd lk zegezt mipfà aiywdl o`nnd lk z` bck rexwl mipekpe eilezga ycewnd
132
.dyexia wicvd itn
megp mgpn 'x ly en` lye ,megp mgpn 'x ly ezgtyn aexw ,awri 'x ly mnewn lr
mze` dpkne `wepid ly eiciqga lflfn azekd .oldl xaeci cer `wepid ly epehly qeqiaa
.liaepx'vn `wepid iciqg itlk obted dnec leflfy xekfl yie ,'dk`ln iyera miheicdd'
xy` ,wize ofg ly ezwqrd jynd zl`ya dxiira dvxty zwelgn azekd xìz jynda
eciwtza exi`ydl eywia zinewnd 'mipne`d zceb`'e (megp mgpn 'x ly en` dy`xae) xvgd
znbec ,mitqep mirexi` dcilede ziqit zenil`l dylb zwelgnd .ea eq`n mixg` eliè
,zihilet zepxzgl cre zia èd cec 'x ly exaw oEiv ik zepehlyl ofgd icbpzn ly dpyld
133
.ezqixdl ev oznl dliaedy dpyld
oiivn azekd .851 'nr ,b"nxz fenza g"i ,uilnd :e`x o`neà dplh iciqg ekxry megp mgpn 'x
.oeeiqa h"ia dkxrp dpezgdy
lr .814±813 'nr ,b"nxz fenza `"i ,uilnd :e`x envr megp mgpn 'x ly mitqk ziiabl rqn lr 130
,b"nxz fenza g"i ,my :e`x megp mgpn 'x zpezgl mitqk sqe`d wipl'vi'vn dnly ly gleyn
.850 'nr
eid dl` oirn mikeqkq .zqpkd izaa dlitzd gqep lr mikeqkq azekd oiivn ehhev `ly mirhwa 131
.281±276 'nr ,(27 dxrd ,lirl) sq` :dnbecl e`x .miciqg axwa mini mzeà mivetp
.699±698 'nr ,b"nxz oeeiqa f"i ,uilnd 132
,b"nxz haya c"i ,uilnd) dplha exxebzdy dxieewq iciqg ef dpylda enyèd zxg` dricia 133
.(42 'nr
ileè (aewxv dlìa) oalÎdcya mikeqkq lr zerici yie ,dplha wx `l xrxrzd xcqd
,mdn dlerd myexa ice ,eppeicl miaeyg mpi` mnvr mikeqkqd ihxt .mixg` miaeyiia mb
miciqgl qgia dxiira mgekn ecai` dplh iciqgy jkl dnxb `wepid ly dbdpdl eziilry
zgà .`wepid ly eiepin awr cwtp `l zeixexry ly onewn mb 134.zexg` zeieciqgn
gilvd `wepidy xg`l aà dryza ebbgy ,dplh iciqg ly mzevixt lr xREq zericid
eygxzd jk ok` m` 135.sxblhd zervnà dplha eayen mewnn 'zcll dywn'l riiql
zyegz lre mipezp eid eay gznd lr dcirn dplh iciqg ly zpvgend mzgny ixd ,mixacd
`wepil dqgeiy zglven dlert lka zelzidl mze` eìad elld .`weec mdly zezigpd
.zepey mikxca mgek z` oibtdle
dp l h a m iyp d .3
,xen`k ,xlwn icxgd xteqd aibd eckpl dplhn cecn dbdpdd zxard jildz z` ex`za
'x ly en` ,cakei ly ifkxnd dnewn z` yibcd onyixt .onyixt ly izxewiad exeìzl
d`x iciqgd aihxpd z` wfgl ick `weecy okzii .dpa ly dbdpdl eziilra ,megp mgpn
didy ifkxnd ciwtza dcen xlwn .cakei ly dzenca èd mb weqrl envrl daeg xlwn
ixd ,cec 'x ly ezxiht xg`l dikkz z` xìz onyixt m` ,mleè .`wepid zyxta dl
ly ezxiht xg`l dicli cizrle dcizrl da dppiwy zizin`d db`cd z` yibcd xlwn
,dpnl`d ezlk ,dlxeba dlri dn el`yle zernca eil` qpkidl dyyg `l eiiga cer .dlra
dpay dghadd z` cec 'x ly eita my xlwn .ezxiht xg`l ,mezid eckp ,dpa lxebae
z` xìz `l xlwn .zeiyrn zeklyd zlra zepeek zxdvdk eyxtzdy mixac ,bidpn didi
ìd ik ,driawl mikqn èd mb mvrae ,ziaihxq` zenck `l` repke ylg qetihk cakei
136
.dbdpdl dpa z` dzlrdy ef
mickp cer eid' ik zepiivn zei`plhd zeitxbeiad mb ,oilehqn `wepid ly dxwnl dneca
midefn mickp mze`y ilan 137,megp mgpn 'x caln 'dcr bidpdl eid miie`xy miaeyg
,dplha f` dxxebzdy dcigid ìd dpgÎìfiv eza ,cec 'x ly eizepa rax` oian .mdizenya
ìd 138.aexeceg xi`n dcedi miig ,xiabd dlran dpnl`zdy xg`l xirl dxfgy d`xpe
hgey ly ezhigy z` dxieewqn wgvi xq` df jeqkqa .744±743 'nr ,b"nxz oeeiqa f"k ,uilnd 134
zexytè) `wepid ly eicde`n did `l wgvi 'xy jk lr cirdl ick jka yiy okziie ,`wepid dpiny
.(jynda qqazze siqez ef
.1040 'nr ,b"nxz lelà '` ,uilnd 135
z` mixikfn mixacd ik ,ipxird onlb lìxe` icici .274 ,259 'nr ,a ,(112 dxrd ,lirl) xrlwrn 136
bidpnd ,iciqgd dxwna mb .(` '` mikln) e`qk zyexi oiipra jlnd ciecl dziipte ray za xetiq
.'l`xyi jln cec' dpek iciqgd xelwletay ,ciec èd yixend
.ctw 'nr ,(115 dxrd ,lirl) megp mgpn ipenhn 137
mdxa` ly epa ,megp mgpn ly ezy` ,dig .mixne lcpiiy ,dig eid cec 'x ly zexg`d eizepa 138
,dxieewqn wgvi ly epa ,megp mgpn ly ezy` ,lcpiiy ;wqixha dzgtyn mr dxxebzd ,wqixhn
[ 32 ] ai b y i c b 170
mzqd one ,megp mgpn 'x ececÎoan miizpyka xbean didy ,ikcxn dpa mr dplha dxxebzd
zeyxetn zerici oi` mpn` .dbdpdl mi`zn cnren did dxe`kle epnn '`wepi' zegt aygp
zeiciqg zexeqna j` ,mdizen` e` mixrpd oia wa`n lr e` dbdpdl ezelrdl zepeiqip lr
èd ik did dpa zxzkd cra cakei ly ifkxnd oerihd m` :silgnk bvedy jkl fnx yi
,'za xg` oa' didy ,aexeceg ikcxny xexa ixd 139,'oa xg` oa' ,cec 'x ly wdaen `v`v
.dfk qegiia gazyd `l
mleè .eaq zxiht xg`l ax `l onf `yip aexeceg ikcxn mb ,megp mgpn 'x ecec oa enk
dy`xa cnr èdy zi`plhd xvgd ± zexvg izy ly mipepbpnd ecnr megp mgpn 'x ixeg`n
d`xpke ,liawn oepbpn cnr `l dpgÎìfiv zeyxl eliè ,ecia driiqy ziwipl'vi'vd xvgde
`le mixiyr oal d`yip mpn` dpgÎìfiv .xzei zlaben dziid dly oenind zleki mb
dwevnd .dpzeg zyexin dlaiwe dièyipn dgieexd m` reci `l j` ,mix"enc` zgtynl
oià izx`yp' ik ,reiql dly zyxetn dywaa ztwzyn dpa ly ezpezg z`xwl zilklkd
iciqgl dxieewqn wgvi dcec glyy miazkna mb dler zilklkd dzwevn .'crqe oryn
wicvd dyrnl did dxieewqn wgvi 140.itqkd mreiq z` ywia mdae ,mipey zenewna dplh
liaepx'vn ikcxn ly eipa zyely oian oky ,reiql dywaa zeptl dziid dleki eil`y cigid
mirexi`l xeyw did `le dwegxd oileea xxebzd wqixhn mdxa` ,miigd oia f` eid cery
jka wgvi 'xl dwifd z` xiaqdl ozip ,z`f znerl .megp mgpn 'xa ielba jnz opgei 'xe
.megp 'x epa zyè wgvi 'x ly ezlk dziid ,lcpiiy ,dpgÎìfiv ly dzeg`y
,'ziàb'a deeln ,dpgÎìfiv d`vi 1883 ziy`xa ik xqnp zepezira enqxtzdy migeeica
miciqgde zeiwicv zewihwxt dnk drvia ìd .diaxqa zelidwa mitqk qeib ly rqnl
,mleè .dpezgd ikxev oeninl xyw yi df rqnly okzii 141.wicv milawny itk dze` elaiw
ik xteqn 1887 xanaepn geeicae ,dzqpxtl be`cl dpgÎìfiv dvl`p dpa ièyip xg`l mb
z` mipbnd ,miazekd 142.dxby ektd ,wicvk dbdp oday ,mitqk qeibl diaxqal dizeriqp
ikcxnl mippkeznd dièyip iptl ,dzexirva dxhtp mixn ;dxieewqa dzgtyn mr dxxebzd
xraexb awri miig lènye melaprf`x sqei awri :e`x dpgÎìfiv ièyip lr .dweeixhqingxn
,dpezgl zepnfd ,ycew zexb` sexiva zecaere mixeìz ,ycew ixetiq ...miwicv uelra ,(mikxer)
lia`pxryh rfbl 'wd zelyey iwicv i`v`v ly mpeixt` zelelk zegny lr dnecke h"fn zekxa
.ekx±ckx 'nr ,q"yz `xieewq oekiy ,n"bap
dìnelewa x"enc` yniy ,uip'fieen jexa ly eza ,lfiix mr ozgzd minily ,aexeceg ikcxn lr 139
± zeklnay zx`tz ,iqtl` wgvi :e`x ,uip'fieÎdplhn x"enc`d dpek minile ,mitqep zenewnae
,(o"yz) a ,iav zlgp ;glx 'nr ,my ,miwicv uelra ;218 'nr ,m"yz [c"ng] ,uip'fieeÎaeqew zia
.enw±bnw 'nr ,(e"pyz) bi ;fkw±ekw 'nr ,(a"pyz) e ;ev 'nr
ik gipdl ozip ,d"nxz zpya xhtp dxieewqn wgviy oeeikn .dnx±hlx 'nr ,my ,miwicv uelra 140
.d"nxz±a"nxz mipyd oia dniiwzd dpezgd
mpi` mpn` miazekd .200 'nr ,b"nxz '` xcà h"i ,my ;59 'nr ,b"nxz haya g"i ,uilnd 141
.dpgÎìfiv ef ik xexa ,138 dxrd ,lirl xen`d on j` ,cec 'x ly eza ly dnya miawep
'uilnd' ixeìz lr xdvena jnzqn 'cibnd'a xeìzd .362±361 'nr ,g"nxz elqka 'g ,cibnd 142
.dxbyl zerqnd ektd onf eze`n ik siqen j` ,b"nxz zpyn
dcaerd z` mb mihilan ,'o`vd z` miffeb'd miwicvd lr dlibxd mzxewian wlgk drtezd
exfbi miwicvd m`d ?l`xyi z` 'c xekni dy` cia mbd ,dd`' :ef jxca zlret dyi`y
dizgz zayl dilre dnipt dceak lk `ld ± ìd jln za mè ?oad mr zyxei zady xne`
143
.'dzyexi qn zeabl mixtkae mixra aaql `le mr ixiyr elgi dipt dgpna xy` cr
qpxtl gxkdd zeawra wx zewicv ipepib dnvrl dlbiq dpgÎìfiv m` rixkdl ozip `l
ozip ,mewn lkn 144.okl mcew cer dl`k zeihp dzliby e` dia` zxiht xg`l dnvr z`
,miyecw ly zak dkpgzdy oeeikn .mitqkd qeiba dl driiq wicvk dzebdpzdy gipdl
aygidl did leki zexg` mikxca qpxtzdl oeiqip lke ,dzgtyn zqpxta dwqr `l mlern
dzezigp mr zeccenzdl cigid irvn`d dyrnl eid zewicvd ipepib .miciqgd ipira i`pb
.dyi` dzeida zizxagdÎzilklkd
iptn milikyn ly mzrizx z` z`han mpn` hhevy rhwa zraend zilikynd zxewiad
.dplha dxxerzdy dyexid ziira lr driavn mb ìd j` 145,miyp ly zilklk zepzlrt
epber mpn` ellde ,dplhn cec ly zyxeik dizeiekf z` obrl dpgÎìfiv dywia minil
laiw df wqt ;megp mgpn 'x dpiig` oiae dpia h"pxz zpy ziy`xa mzgpy zexxea wqta
eay ziad lr dzekf erawp zexxead wqta 146.iwqnilyexi megp dyn axd ly exeyi` z`
lawle (okl mcew `l j`) mipy yely xg`l megp mgpn 'xl ziad z` xeqnl xzide dayi
reci wlg dpgÎìfivl xiardl megp mgpn 'x z` wqtd aiign ok enk .sqka ezxenz z`
'x ,cere z`f .dplha xvgl miribnd ± xvgl miciqgd enliyy miqnd ± zecnrnd itqkn
k"ex ze`n ipy jq cer dpye dpy lka dl ozil z"iyd el xefriyk' aiigzn megp mgpn
davn gkepl dizeiekf lr dxytzd dpgÎìfivy jk lr d`xpk cirn xacde ,'dpyd jyna
cgeina zpiiprn .dxyr ryzd d`nd ly miryzd zepya dplha xvgd ly dywd ilklkd
dizeiekf lr micirnd 'miazk'l ,iwqnilyexi zxrda mb enk ,zexxead wqta zeqgiizdd
ciwtdy azkn did elld miazkd on cg` .zexxead jildz lkl qiqa eidy ,dpgÎìfiv ly
dcec ly ezeqgl dkef dziid `lnl`y o`kn .minid xakyn dpexht ,dxieewqn wgvi dcia
.zexken eid `l dizeiekfy okzii ,wgvi 'x
xivd :drtyd ixiv ipy (mieqn jekiga s` ileè) liawna elrt dplha ,xac ly ellk
±dxieewq xivde ,megp mgpn 'x ly ezebidpn z` qqiay ,dplhÎwipl'vi'vÎdweeixhqingx
.dpgÎìfiv ly dzgtyn zeiekf lr obdl ywiay ,dplh
dwlg mb xty `ly d`xpe ,dpgÎìfiv ly dwlg zpn wx `l dziid zilklkd dwevnd
.362 'nr ,my 143

'nr ,(27 dxrd ,lirl) aiby :e`x dl dqgeiy dyecwd ly zetqep zexeqn lre dpgÎìfiv lr 144
.131±130
zeipin :mixeqiè miqexi` qex` ,'dlkydl zxeqn oia ± "zepe`Îoi`"e "zepe`" ' ,lhxa l`xyi 145
.235 'nr ,g"pyz milyexi ,iptb ediryie lhxa l`xyi zkixra ,dixehqida dgtyne
ipenhna .a"r 5987 'qn ,(127 dxrd ,lirl) iwqnilyexi sqeà ievn zexxead wqt ly wzrd 146
ly 'cec gvp oekn'a ievn xewnd iwzern cg` ik oievn ,ht 'nr ,(115 dxrd ,lirl) megp mgpn
.dplh iciqg
[ 34 ] ai b y i c b 172
ly eza zerqn lr g"nxz zpyn 'cibnd'a geeic ezeà .envr megp mgpn 'x zgtyn ly
dpgÎìfiv ly dizerqn z` m` ,mleè .cakei ìd ,ezlk ly drqn lr mb xteqn dplhn cec
ly drqn z` ixd ,di`v`v zè dnvr z` qpxtl dnezie dpnl` ly dpeiqipk oiadl yi
,`wepi did `l xak èd mpn` .megp mgpn 'x dpa ly eizerqnl silgzk oiadl yi cakei
¥ dze` lya dplhn dìvid eilr dxq`p wicvk la`
avnd ,mipt lk lr 147.'miwicvd zxfb'
148
.lbx zhiyt sql dribd ìd miryzd zepyae rxed dplha xvgd ly ilklkd
zl`ya ixwgnd oeicl mb edyn mexzl zxyt`n zewepid zrteza miyp ly ozehlazd
lr hxal`Îhxettx dcr ly dzxewia dreci .llka miwicv zegtyna miyp ly ocnrn
zeciqgd dwiprdy dxe`kl oeieey xaca eizeawra mikledd lye iwvcexed ly eizeprh
dzced ìd .zewicvl jetdl miypl dxyt` zeciqgdy zeprhd cbp hxta d`vi ìde ,miypl
eàedy zexewnd j` ,mdizeaexwl mb dpxwed miwicvl dqgeiy zenlyd zlidy okzii ik
zeiwicvd zewihwxtd lr zericid mpn` 149.mipin` mpi` zewicv miyp ly oneiw zgkedl
ozìvi ik xekfl yi la` ,iwvcexeda zeielz opiè icnl zepin` cakei lye dpgÎìfiv ly
iehiake oevx jezn dzyrp `l zepeyd zelidwa zerqnl dplhn cakei lye dpgÎìfiv ly
irvn`d ile` did zeiwicvd zewihwxtd meiw .ilklk gxek dziid `l` oeieey ly gexl
z` wx `l eyxi mixabdy xg`l ,zilklkd ozwevn mr ccenzdl ick ocia didy cigid
mipaxl zeptl evl`p miypd .da zekexk eidy zeilklkd zeiekfd lk z` mb `l` dbdpdd
cer wicvk dbdp dpgÎìfivy okzii .onvr zegeka qpxtzdle z`vl e` owlg z` reazl ick
,xnelk .ef zelirt xiabdl sè jiyndl dvl`p ezen xg`ly xexa j` ,dia` zxiht mcew
icia zeiwicvd zewihwxtd meiw ote` lr drtyd dziid ziwicvd dyexiay oeieeydÎi`l
.miyp
.27 dxrd ,lirl e`x 147

megp mgpn ipenhn) `"qxz zpya oi'vleha dycg xvg miwde exvg z` megp mgpn 'x yhp seqal 148
.(gix±ìx 'nr ,[115 dxrd ,lirl]
dcina jiynd oilet dingp .`r±fq 'nr ,c ,b"txz oilxa ,miciqgde zeciqgd ,iwvcexed à` lèny 149
exn`nl sqepa .zeciqga miyp ly onewn z` hilad eixwgnn dnkae ,iwvcexed ly oeeikd z` dax
Nehemia Polen, ‘Miriam’s Dance: Radical Egalitarianism :e`x ,(6 dxrd ,lirl) zewepid lr
hxal`Îhxettx ly dzcnrl .in Hasidic Thought’, Modern Judaism, 12 (1992), pp. 1–21
wicv ,'xinceln dlezad zxeqne iwvcexed `"y :zeciqga miypd lr' ,hxal`Îhxettx dcr :e`x
'nr ,`"qyz milyexi ,sq` cec zkixra ,zeciqgd xwga miizxage miixehqid mihaid :dcre
,my :oilet lr zwelgnl .509±508 'nr ,my e`x iwvcexed ly eizecnr lr zwelgnl .527±496
.zeciqga miypd ly ocnrn lr xwgnd z` dyrnl dgzt hxal`Îhxettx .80 dxrd ,518 'nr
,'oeicl zexrd :zEciqge miyp lr' ,onqex dyn :e`x zeycg zel`y z`lrdle dk cr xwgnd mekiql
cec zkixra ,qwh` lèpnrl iy mzeaxzae dtexi` gxfn icedi zecleza mixwgn :ycg iptn oyi
hxal`Îhxettx :mixn`n uaew ezeàe .164±151 'nr ,` ,h"qyz milyexi ,hxal`Îhxettx dcre sq`
.68*±7* 'nr ,(7 dxrd ,lirl)
zi`pl h d x v g d iy p` .4
mpn` ,el epeny miqtexhet`d z` xeq`l deeiv megp mgpn 'xy ,onyixt ly ixeivd exeìz
cenll ozip zxg` zecrn ,mleè .diaxqa zeihiletd zeieygxzdd ixeìzn rtyenk d`xp
dti oira e`x `ly ,eaq ly miàbd mze` zgcda dzeel dbdpdl `wepid ly eziilr ik
xteqdÎiàbd dinxi 'x' ly eny oievn egcedy miàb mze` oia 150.dbdpdl eziilr z`
,mii`plhd zexewnd on mb recid ,iwqaeg`l dinxil d`xpk dpeekde ,'`plehn lcec iax lv`
151
.megp mgpn 'x ly eiaxewn begl minil xfged d`xpk ède
lirl xkfed xak enyy ,iwvcexed awri d`xpd lkk did ef dyxta ixwird axernd
ikcxn ly eza ,digÎdpge iwvcexed cec ly mpa did (1892±1846) awri 152.df xywda
,eilr mixne` miiciqgd zexewnd .iwvcexed à` lèny oeixehqidd ly ecece ,liaepx'vn
xg`le ,el xy` lka lyende r"if `pl`hn cec iax w"dxd oxn ecec ly ezia on`p did' ik
laiw sè ,'megp mgpn iax w"dxd oxn (enewn `lnn=) n"n lv` jka jiynd ezewlzqd
153
.miwicv ly mkxck ,xvgl eglypy zecnrnd on zvwn dyexia
ynyn e` iàb did `l eqegii it lre ,dplhn cec ly eiaxewnn did iwvcexed ,ok`
z` ,mfi mb ileè ,xicqdy df did èdy jkn dler dplhn cec lr ezrtydl zecr .libx
laiwy iepin ,`wpin`w xira ,iwqnilyexi megp dyn ly zepax zxynl oey`xd iepind
'x x`yp ,icexal cec 'x xwr xy`k ,cere z`f 154.envr cec 'x ly `wptyebd z` oaenk
'x z` jpg iwvcexedy okzii 155.eax xear zecnrnd itqk z` seq`l glype diqexa awri
onaelby xyt` .16 'nr ,(letkya ,zizgtyn d`ved) d"qyz [milyexi] ,miazk ,onaelb ikcxn 150
ealn dcea did `ly gipdl yi j` ,onyixt ly ezniyx z` `xw xaky xg`l eizepexkif z` azk
.xg` xetiql ab` zxrd ynyn èd ik ,xetiqd z` ixnbl
awri h"lxz lel` g"xa azky azknn cenll xyt` dplhn cec iaxewnn cg`k dinxi 'x lr 151
iwqnilyexi ly eia`l mely zyixc ztqez mb dievn eae ,iwqnilyexi megp mgpn 'xl iwvcexed
azkn lr e`x ;1833 'qn ,[127 dxrd ,lirl] iwqnilyexi sqe`) 'x"enc` iyp`n dinxi' azky
cg`k dinxi 'x oievn miryzd zepya megp mgpn 'x azky zxbià .(154 dxrd ,oldl mb df
ipenhn) cec 'x iaxewnn didy iwqaeg`l dinxik eze` midfn mixge`nd mii`plhd zexewnde ,eiaxewnn
.595 'nr ,a"pxz fenza d"k ,dxitvd :e`x eilr ctqdl .(gr 'nr ,[115 dxrd ,lirl] megp mgpn
s` iwvcexed .`q 'nr ,my ,megp mgpn ipenhn ;flx±elx 'nr ,(138 dxrd ,lirl) miwicv uelra 153
megp mgpn 'x ly dnkqd cvl xtqd zyikxl ely ezeaiigzd z` siqed xy`k miwicv ipepib bdp
.(ìw 'nr ,my) xtql
ok iptly) `wpin`wa v"end zxyn z` el rivn èd ,iwqnilyexi 'jxa`'l h"lxz seqn azkna 154
iwqnilyexi sqe`) jkl dplhn cec znkqd z` laiw s`y el ricene ,(iwvcexed ly eqib da odik
ly oax oa] b"ayxa awri 'wd' `l` ynynk mzeg epi` iwvcexed .(1833 'qn ,[127 dxrd ,lirl]
,m"xz zpya glyy azkna .envr lyn qegii lra xnelk ,'iwvrc`x`b l"vf cec [dleb ipa
raew sè ,axk iwqnilyexi megp mgpn 'x z` dilr lawl `wpin`w zlidwl dplhn cec 'uilnn'
.(1033 'qn ,my ,sqe`) ezxekyn z`
.896±895 'nr ,b"nxz fenza h"k ,uilnd 155
[ 36 ] ai b y i c b 174
d`xpd lkk dqqia dgtynd zaxw¦ 156.mipey zewicv ixeyik eze` cnile ezexrpa megp mgpn
jci`n ,megp mgpn 'x jka dvx el ,ezgcd lr dzywde ,`qib cgn oin` axewnk ecnrn z`
.`qib
,xehwtq awri xtqn ,megp mgpn 'x ly dbdpdl eziilr xg`l dpy hrnk ,b"nxz sxega
mrd ipend z` miwyer jkae ,mitqk miaeb ,zexiira miaaeqd miwicv lr ,dhlan xgeq
:iwvcexed lr miàd mixacd z` xtiq ,eixac x`y oia .ml`nyl mpini oia mipigan mpi`y
miwpeid cg` dny mb èvnl iz`kcpe izebetp ce`n dne `hlà ixirl zavrp ytpa izay
ix`d ig xy` minid lk xy` ,l"f `pl`hn cec 'x zeg` oa iliwri 'x èd ,inr cyl
dpicna aaql lgd owfd xhtp f`ne ,exiva llerie eci lr min df ex`y wvi dxeagay
dpey ekxc j` ;mieqn jq dfn ìveie eipt xeà epzcr mb gilvie eixg` zeytp jeynl
epiid ,dgiwll rbepy dna mdiyrnk dyer èd :mipy mixaca mixg` miwicv zegx`n hrn
wx ,edit zxez eiciqg lr sihi `l k"r ± lkei `l zz j` ,zerne ze`wzt gwel èdy
157
.renyl milie`d ennezyi xy` ececn ze`ltpe miqp xtqi
j` ,miciqgd zelidwa mitqk zeabl miwicvd ly bdepd z` zepbl ywan mpn` azekd
ly eigayn xtiqy ink eze` bivn èd .iwvcexed lr mihxt epicia xqen èd jk jeza
dyxed `l e` 'dxez xnel'n rpnp m` mb) zeiwicv zewihwxt envra miiwe dplhn cec
`qk z` zyxl ie`x envr d`x ,aexeceg ikcxn enk ,iwvcexed mby okzii .(z`f zeyrl
.d`x xy` z` dpekp yxit `l azekd ile` j` ,ecec
'x dpt ,iwvcexed awri icia did d`xpky ,b"nxz oeeyg yceg seqn dvlnd azkna
:azknd on rhw dpd .cexebx`y dxiira dplhn cec ly miwize miciqg ipy l` megp mgpn
oa=) c"a gxken d"dllf 'wd x"enc` ipiwf èd epiy`x zxhr zlihpn gxkdd on xy`k
y"p`n xfr ywale eilbx zzkl `"hily awri x"den oeape mqxetne ciqgd axd (icec
oeyl lka mywa` okae .irqn dlà dqip `l ecerne .'iy epa ièyp lr (epnely iyp`n=)
i"tqa eze` elawie z`f eyri iprnle d"dllf 'wd x"enc` ipiwf w"k ornly dywa ly
158
.mdilr daehd 'd cik mpgnl ezriqpa lertiy exear lczydle (zeti mipt xaqa=)
ik wiqdl ozip o`kne ,dxyr rax` libl ribd `l cer megp mgpn 'xyk eazkp mixacd
oiicr azkndy d`xp .dbdpdl eziilr xg`l mb megp mgpn 'xl aexwe on`p x`yp iwvcexed
mgpn 'x ly enya iwvcexed dper ,`r±r 'nr ,(115 dxrd ,lirl) megp mgpn ipenhna ,dnbecl ,jk 156
gipdl dyw .eil` mipetd l` megp mgpn 'x glyy zernwa zewiecn yeniy ze`xed ozepe ,megp
,okn xg`l z`f cnly xazqne dbdpdl eziilr mr zernwd zpkd zeceq z` rci megp mgpn 'xy
ote` ,'ecici'k iwvcexed envr bivn iwqnilyexil diipta .df oiipra edxen did iwvcexedy okziie
= 2832 'qn ,[127 dxrd ,lirl] iwqnilyexi sqe`) ycewa ynyn ly ecvn izxby `l diipt
.(fq 'nr ,my ,megp mgpn ipenhn
.119 'nr ,b"nxz 'a xcà 'a ,uilnd 157
.`q 'nr ,(115 dxrd ,lirl) megp mgpn ipenhn 158
s` .cec 'x ly exkf lr oryidl daxn Fazeke envra gehad wicv ly oepbqa aezk epi`
qeibl zerqny oeeikn .eilr mzg wx megp mgpn 'xe envr iwvcexed icia azkpy okzii
geeicd od megp mgpn 'x ly ezxbi` ody gipdl ozip ,zereay xtqn ekx` zelidwa mitqk
xèzy dpgÎìfiv ly drqnl liawna) b"nxz sxega jxrpy ,rqn eze`l miqgiizn oezira
zewihwxtde ,zelidwa iwvcexed ly (cigid ileè) oey`xd erqn d`xpk did df .(lirl
.epa zpezgl mitqk qiibl ecrep jxry zeiwicvd
mnewn lr epcinrn dplhn `wepid ly epehly qeqiaa iwvcexed awri ly ifkxnd enewn
zeaiygd lre ,xvgd ly sheyd dcewtza oepbpnd iyp` ly ,llk jxca oecp epi`y ,aeygd
.ciwtzd zyexil mzpigan dziidy
me ki q . d
ly zewifd gkepl ?zeciqga zeizlyeyd lr lirl epecpy mixwnd on cenll xyt` dn

dnivrd `wepi wicv ly zil`x¥ zency xryl xyt` ,cizrl od xarl od clid tihikx`
dvxrdd iielib qiqaa dcnre miciqgd zvwn ipira zizlyeyd zeikyndd zyegz z`
miciqg ly zelhazde zxeeir dvxrd dyibcd zilikynd dwixehxd ,z`f znerl .eitlk
cqnnd ly zepeiqipl dbrle ,zipgex e` zizxag dbdpd ly zleki lk giked mxhy cli ipta
.dnecn ipgex wner dxizqnk dbivdle clid ly ezebdpzd z` uxzl iciqgd
mzlgp dziid `l mxiaqdl zepeiqipd oiae `wepid ly eiyrn oia xrtl zercEnd ,mleè
jk lr riavn xacde ,zinnrd dgicaa mb swzyn df xrt .cala mipier milikyn ly
mb drited 159,dtexi` gxfn icedi ly xelwletd l` dlglg zewepid zrtez lr zxewiady
`le ,zpeebn dziid miciqgd ziiqelke` .dnvr ziciqgd dlidwd z` dblite miciqg ibega
migzn exèz mizrl .`wepi ly dbdpdl eziilrn oealr sè zgp xqeg eriady in eid mrt
oia miicnrn migzn ebved mizrle ,mixirvd miciqgd oiae 'miciqgd ipwf' oia miixecÎoia
.'mrd iheyt' oiae mipcnl
rexi`l .miciqgd axwa ecnrn z` qqal jxev did `wepid zxzkd xg`l ,mipt lk lr
xhtpd wicvl mzxarde miciqgd on miwzt zlaw ly ilèhix ite` yal xy` ,dxzkdd
jxevd ,z`f mr .clidÎwicvd ly ecnrn qeqial dax zeaiyg dziid ,mda lthiy ick
miciqg ly xarnn d`vezk dpxxetzz `l miciqgd zelidwy jkl be`cl did ixwird
my`x z` sekl eyxcp xy`k mceaka dribt eygy mixbean miciqg znbec ,mixg` miwicvl
ezxweie eceak z`tn wx `l uegp did xacd 160.micli ipta dnke dnk zg` lr ,mixirv ipta
.598 'qn ,hkx 'nr ,d"vxz aia`Îlz ,` ,cecgde dgicad xtq ,aepìexc xzl` 159
oia eiciqg ebltzd oixaewn dyn ly ezxiht xg`l ,dnbecl ,jk .miclil wx mvnhvd `l xacd 160
belitl zeaiqd oiay okzii .mipelqn mdxa` ,ecinlz oiae ,ilztp gp 'x ,dxyr dpenyd oa eckp
...izi`xy dn ,(xicdn) sq` cec :e`x .ckpd ly xirvd elibn zgpd xqeg z` mb oeayga ìadl yi
.267 'nr ,h"pyz aia`Îlz ,wihew l`wfgi ly eizepexkif
[ 38 ] ai b y i c b 176
jkl be`cl jxev did :xvgd zqpxt ly miiyrn milewiyn mb `l` ,ycgd wicvd ly
i`pilx`wd dxwna od hlay ,cgein xbz` .dpey`xak xvgl mexfl ekiyni miciqgd itqky
xzei dyw did oky ,l`xyi uxà miciqgd mr xywd zxiny did ,i`plhd dxwna od
mitqka miielz mpn` eid l`xyi uxà miciqgd .miazkne migily zetigca myl gelyl
dzeknq z` opeknd mxeb eyniy mb mdy xnel xyt` jk lya `weec j` ,xvgd on eribdy
qiqaa dcnr l`xyi uxà miciqgd z` qpxtl daegd .dtexià zelidwd itlk xvgd ly
dpennd wicvl dxwei ly xewn dziid dl` mitqk seq`l zekfde ,xvgd ly diiabd zeyixc
.diiabd lr
miiaihpxhl` micnren e`vnp xy`k dccgzd `wepid ly eiepin gkepl dxxerzdy dkeand
cec ,g` ± dgtynd jezn xg` cnren ly eze`vnid awr xwira ,zniiwd miwicvd zyxa
ezeida) xhtpd wicvl xzei dwecd zizgtyn daxw¦ ly oexzid did `wepil m`¦ .cecÎoa e`
did èd ± libd oexzi cnr dxgznl ixd ,(dplh lye oilehq ly mixwnak 'oa xg` oa'
dxgzndy yygd on rap `wepid zxzkda oeftigd ik ,xnel ozip .xzei xbean llk jxca
.xzei aexwd 'ihpb'd `v`vl lekiak xenyd mewnd z` qetzi xbeand
xwira ,miaexw dgtyn ipa eb`c ,`wepid ly ecnrn qeqial ecrepy ,elld zelertd lkl
miyp` eidy gipdl yi ,mpn` 161.xvgd ledipa miciwtz eid mzvwly ,miwize miciqge en`
z` z`yl ie`xd èd ède clid ly eala zxrea ycewd y` ok`y repky jezn elrty
mzqpxte mcnrn ik ,xvgd iypè miypd iabl cgeina ,xnel xyt` mleè .zEwicvd xzk
md okl .mzpigan mi`znd yxeid l` mcewd wicvd on dbdpdd ly dxarda miielz eid
z` ewicvdy jka od miwicvk mzxykdl eb`cy jka od ,zewepi ly elld zeyxta ehla
.miclid ly mdilcgn e` mdiyrn
dbdpdd zxard ly mixwnl qgia zixtqn dpigan ziley dziid zewepid zrtez m` mb
ryzd d`nd ly diipyd zivgna erxi` mihlead mixwndy gkeeidl xyt` oiicr ,zeciqga
:1885 zpyn 'uilnd'a dniyxa rved jkl xaqd .dxyr
mzekln ixra eayi mler ceqi iwicv ,oeilr iyecw iciqgl mdd minid eid miaeh mpn`
dzxaga rbp `l zg` zeklne ,agxp xk erxie mci lr evax mdixcre ,cixgn oià ghal
xi`yd `l milecb mipae uxà xy` miyecwd cg` zena ,ìdd zra ;`nip èlnk s`
eiciqg exdn `l ,mwxtl cer eribd `l xy` miphw (m` ik=) `"k enewn `lnl eixg`
xcra bdep ohw xrp xy` l`xyia meid dyri xy`k) miphwd y`xa zekln xzk miyl
drexe ,miyp`l eide elcbi zrl mdiptl oekp m`qk ik mzrca ;(c`n lecb xcr ,miciqg
x"dera xy` ,dzr ok `l .exacd jeza xcrk mzirxn o`v seq`l mleaba èai `l xg`
mica`n mpde mirexd oia dhly d`pwd gexe ,ehrnzpe ekld miciqgde eaxzp miwicvd
lk ecxge ,mlerd on cg` wicv wlzqiyk dzr .edrx ly ezirxn o`v z` yi` mivitne
àen df oiipra ivelg oeic .xwgna meid cr dgpfed xvga miciwtzd ilrae 'miciqgd ipwf' ziibeq 161
.(5 dxrd ,lirl) oe`xa lv`
cer xy` èd ohw cli m` mb eivlgn `veid z` mdilr ekilnde eny mivixrnd eiaxewn
miciqgd oeyl) yecwd ziad z` wifgd ornl ey`xa zekln xzk enye ,ugex `l ezèvn
miztende ezqixra fepbd xe`de clid ly egaya ebiltde ,mler znnyl jtdi lal (ynn
162
lecb ohwd dfe xrpd lcbi xy` cr ecra eia` `qk z` exvri oke ,ezlezga dyri xy`
163
.didi
('mdd miaehd minid') xard .ixehqid xywda zewepid zrtez z` obrl ywan mixacd azek
meid dyri xy`k') deedd eliè 164,dxyr ryzd d`nd ly dpey`xd zivgnl qgiizn
miwicvd ieaix ly miliawnd mikildzd ,eixacl .ef d`n ly mipenyd zepy èd ('l`xyia
,cli èd m` mb wicv jilndl eftgp mdiaxewne miwicvdy jkl eliaed miciqgd zehrnzde
.xvgd zewxtzdl enxbie zeaxd zeaihpxhl`l epti `l miciqgdy ick
mbc ik yigkdl oi` ,zilikyn zeizxewia jezn dzyrp azekd ly ezpga` m` mb ,ok`
miwicv ieaixl liaed ,divilbae diqexa xwira ,zeax zexvga bdpy zlvetnd dyxedd
.wicve wicv lk ly miciqgd ly zizbxcd zehrnzdl mb mixacd rahne ,mipyd selga
xizkdl sgc :zizlyeyd dyxedd iqetca mieqn iepiy ztwyn zewepid zrtez ,jk m`
xarn .miaxewnde dgtynd ipa cnrn lre xvgd lr xenyl ick ,hrnk xign lka wicv
zelyeya bdpy izeklnd miigd oepbql xeyw mb diqexa zewepid fekixy okzii ,jkl
Îmiptd minxebl sqepa .(oilx`w zeciqga mb j` dpi`xweà xwira) diqexa zeiciqgd
zizxeqnd zicedid dxagd zeylgid ± xzei illk jildzn mb mlrzdl oi` ,elld miiciqg
diipyd zivgna ziqexd dixtnià exkipy zeizxag zexenz gkepl cgeina ,llka diqexa
.dxyr ryzd d`nd ly
ly mixwn lr riavdl xyt` oiicr zi`qxbpewd oileta ixd ,diqexa zeciqgd znerl
did laewn divilba 165.zelecbd zelyeyd da egnvy zra mb ,cinlzl dbdpd zyxed
d`na j` ,`wepi iepinl miiekiqd milecb eid `l dligzkln jke ,axk mb yniy wicvdy
.zi`vilbd fla zeciqga mb `wepil micr ep` mixyrd
gwex oxd` 'x eid dixgè dèyd ztewza fla zeciqg z` ebidpdy zeiencd izy
ezgtyn lk z` cai` mdn cg` lk .(1949±1901) iixeblian ikcxn 'x eigè (1957±1880)
didy oeeikn .ac xkyi 'x ± l`xyi uxà oa ikcxn 'xl clep 1948 zpya j` ,dèya
xexa did ± miizpy oa didyk xhtp eiaè ,dèyd xg`l fla iwicv zgtynl cigid xvpd
.ef zeciqg ly àd bidpnd didi èdy
`l dkldnay ,miipia ztewz dlgd ,flan x"enc`d ecec ly 1957 zpya ezxiht mr
.mixver zvrenl d`xpk dpeekd 162

.1297 'nr ,e"nxz elqka '` ,uilnd 163
.wipl'vi'vn oey`xd dnly ly 1848Îa ezxihtl qgiizn azekd ,itivtq oteà 164
mb) dlìa iwicvn cg` ly epa ,uiaepiax ryedi clid itlk miciqg cvn dvxrd iielib lr ,mleè 165
,1953 wxeiÎeip ,f ,xrclia oe` zepexkf :olieR ,wpexh ediryi lìgi :e`x ,(wicvk xzked `l m`
.54 dxrd ,331 'nr ,(27 dxrd ,lirl) sq` :e`x df ryedi lr .205 'nr
[ 40 ] ai b y i c b 178
.ewxtl ribiy jkl mipiznn lekdy `wepi `l` ,dlind oaen èlna bidpn fla zeciqgl did
zeyxta eritedy migzn mixikfnd ,fla zeciqga miinipt migzn dtyg dpzndd ztewz
,cgein jepigl ef dtewza `wepid dkf ,zil`xyid zepezira migeeicd cg` it lr .zencewd
deabd oicd zial dzpty hrnk efe ,en`n zecxtidae zinlyexi daiyil xarna jexk didy
iagxn fla iciqg eribd dpya dpy icn ,xg` geeic it lr 166.xacd z` repnl ick wcvl
xizkdl dryd dribd m` reawle exaw lr ghzydl ick oxd` 'x ly ezxiht meia mlerd
,xyt`d lkk mcwen `wepid z` xizkdl eywia dwixn`n miciqgd .x"enc`l `wepid z`
eywia milyexine diblan miciqgd eliè ,'mlera fla zeciqgl jynde meiw gihadl ick'
ribda ,1966 zpya wxe ,mipy dnk jyna dlawzdy ìd mipexg`d ly mzrc 167.oizndl
it lr ,mleè 168.inyx oteà xzked èd ,ezpezg xg`l dpye dxyr dpeny libl `wepid
`le ,mincewd mixwna evxty itk mixayn evxt `l ef dyxtay d`xp epiciay zexewnd
dvxrdn wx zraep dpi` `wepia fla iciqg ly mzewac .ef zeciqga zebltzd lr reci
.zexg` zeieciqg cvn zeciqgd ly dgeka meqxkl yygn e` ,mdizeaxl miciqg ly zxeeir
ly lnq èd `wepid .dax zilnq zernyn df `wepil dpzip dèyd xg`ly zeìvna
zlyeyd iwicvay mihlead on cg` ly eny el ozipy dcaerd .zeikynd lye zecxyid
ipira eqtzp dl` lk ± ezxzkdle ezpezgl ,ezexbazdl dpzndde ,dxyr ryzd d`na
169
.'dpyeil dxhr zxfgd'le zlyeyd zenwzydl dig dygndk miciqgd
.13 'nr ,a"kyz aà g"k ,aixrn ,'x"enc` xzkl dkgn "`wepi" ' ,xiaq gp 166
.3 'nr ,a"kyz aà c"k ,xac ,'drxkdl dtvn fla zial `wepid' 167
'nr ,b"pyz milyexi ,a ,`flra zia àdcc `zliyey ly dzeedzde dzginv :miwicv ildà 168
:cgeina e`x .dbdpdl eziilr zè ezpezg z` cgi mixyew elld mii`flad mixeìzd .634±541
.565 'nr ,my
.545±543 'nr ,my ,miwicv ildà 169

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zeciqga micliÎmiwicv lr :'`wepi'

[(`"ryz) er dpy ,l`xyi zeclez xwgl oerax ± oeiv]

oil eh q n `w ep id zyx t l zex e w n d .1

ezx zk d e `w ep id l y e zec l i zep y .2

.154 'nr ,(49 dxrd ,lirl) `xity 56

.3 'nr ,24 'qn ,(35 dxrd ,lirl) l"ldi 60

.40±38 'nr ,(31 dxrd ,lirl) zelbzd ,l"ldi 68

.42 'nr ,my 72

.(27 dxrd ,lirl) aiby :e`x elld zeiencde liaepx'v zlyey lr 88

.55 dxrdl jenq ,lirl e`x 94

zex g zn oex k if zex eq n .1

ly zeihpnexd zeihpd lr zillkd ezxewia rwx lr oaez onyixt ly ezxewia m`

'x ly ezelawzd z` milnqnd mitqep mirexi` lr zextqn zeiciqgd oexkifd zexeqn

dp l h a `w epi d ly d b d pd l ezi il r zea w r a zg p i ` .2

.362 'nr ,my 143

.27 dxrd ,lirl e`x 147

ly zewifd gkepl ?zeciqga zeizlyeyd lr lirl epecpy mixwnd on cenll xyt` dn

.mixver zvrenl d`xpk dpeekd 162

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