3/4/2018 9:02:00 PM

BIO1167 Lecture 1

Read through student manual notes before

class

Ready through lecture notes

Working in groups

Insemester exam

Membrane Molecules Prac & RBC permeability

Online Mastery quizzes avialbe Monday 28th

March 18 Chemistry – an introduction to General,

Organic and Biological Chemistry-Pearson Ebook

available

Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology Martini

FH

Diana.oakes@sydney.edu.au

No lectures week 3,

Self test Friday 5pm W1 aim >80

LECTURE 2 WATER 4/03/2018 9:02:00 PM

DIANA OAKES
Where is water?
1. Depth of the ocean10-11km deep
More fat less percentage of water
Space exploration looking for water correlates to possibility of life
Possible to not for food for 40-60 days, but have had water ( few days)
Mild dehydration-signiifcant impact
Over hydration can also cause problem
Oxygen doesn’t diffuse very well through water
Women carry bit more fat – don’t store carbs
2/3ds intracellular fluid
Remaning 1/3 extracellular
Blood plasmsa 85%  model for blac RBC permeability prac movment of
water across a cell membrane
Bone 22%
Skin 72%
Adipose (fat)10%  that’s why harder to lose fat vs muscle
Muscle 75%

Metaboslim produce Co2 and Water

Diarrhoea 1-2 L
Dehydrated kidney
Breathing condensation

Hypothalamus – and homeostasis

Dehydrated drop in blood pressure

What is water?
Polarity
Hydrogen 1 ( 1 proton 1 electron) Oxygen 8 ( 2 elcetron in 1st layer 6 in
outer shell)  bonding is in terms of electrons in out shell
Excess electron
Line represents pair of electrons
Negatively charged maintain structure as a molecule one whole covalent
molecule

Linus Pauling- Electronegativility Values

Higher the number the higher the attraction of electrons when 2 atms are
sharing their bond

Non polar covalent: electrons shared equally not closer to one or another
Polar covalent: higher electronegativity higher pull – polarisation charge
Ionic: NA CL ).93 vs 3.16 don’t share electron Cl so high it takes
electrons off sodium

Electrons closer to O, delta means negative because of closer electron

polar because of electronegativity  negative end and positive end
Opposites attract
Differentiality of the polarity of the molecules

Hydrogen bond is an intermolecular bond

Water surface tension-“ stickiness of molecules)
Water when it freezes molecules comes closer and becomes denser but
water just before it freezes the hydrogen bond keeps them expanded and
instead have ice crystal formation 15 different types depending on temp
and pressure
Water floats

Thermal Property of Water

( MOLECULAR BOILING POINT Melting Point
WEIGHT)

METHANE CH4 16 -162 -183

AMMONIA NH3 17 -33 -78
WATER 18 100 0
HF 19 19 -83
NEON 20 -246 -249

Heat Capacity

Liquid BP Heat Capacity kJ/kj

Benzene 80.1 1.74

Water 100.0 4.18

Methyl 110.6 1.70
 Heat of Vaporisation
436
2268
413

Because of hydrogen bonds it takes a lot of energy  absobs energy in

the form of heat
Form of heat removal perspiring

CARBON CHEMISTRY – New PPT

Carbon bonds with hydrgon- common
Nitrogen in protein
Phosphorous in cell mebrae
Sulphur in proteins

Carbon and hydrogen basic non-polar bond found in macromolecules

don’t get this differential charge
Like dissolves like!
Lipid fat-form of hydrocarbon-essentially non polar and insoluble

Four major functional groups

Hydroxyl ( or alcohol group) R-O-H ( can be hydrocarbon chain)
Carbonyl group Proetins, carbohydrates
Carboxyl group Acid, meaning the hydrogen can be lost in solution
Amino Group Not typical in fat, or carbohydrate
Topic 2 Lipids ands Carbohydrates 4/03/2018 9:02:00 PM

Fats some essential, OMEGA 3, essentialy fatty acids

Body can synthesis fats body store very efficiently
Lipoproteins-macromolecules, lipids and proteins
Glycolipids-bound to carbohyrates
Essentially insoluble-water hating

1. Storage of energy-adipose tissue-insulates body temp changes

2. Source of energy 2x energy/gram compared to protein or
carbohydrates vast reserve of fat around kidney with connective tissue
– should not break down protein
3. Basic component of cell membranes –phospholipids ( complex lipids)
are key constituent of cell membranes , Chemical messenger-steroid
hormones , Estroestrogen gen and testosterone, Cortisol aldosterone

Triglycerid very efficient storage

Hydrocarbon makes it non polar- like dissolve like
Fatty

In molecular model
Hydrogen white/grey
Black carbon

Introduce

Monounsaturated – one double bond

Polyunsaturated-many double bond

Saturated-packed tightly takes a lot of energy

High melting points

Double bond-2 pairs of electrons

99% fats have CIS fatty acids
Trans Fat still mono unsaturated fat but no kinked lack of rotation

Stereic acid- around steak white part 18 line is fatty bit cooh is
functional group – solid at room temperature

Oleic acid 18 CIS double bond

Olive oil liquid at room temp – a lot of oleic acid

Omega 6: Found in vegetable oils

Omega 3: don’t consume affets skin, immune system, physiological
symtapoms, fish oil
Amino acids-vegans
Compete for each other in the body need the same ratio

Can covert CIS to Trans

Converting a Cis isomer ( unsaturated O t0 another type can be
straight, functional behave like a saturated fat more energy to
separate higher melting point
Use a trans fat can ramp up temp and make it crisp- longer shelf life
Glycerol 3 carbon molecule covalently linked to 3 fatty acids
And 3 hydroxyle group next to it

Phospholipids- cell membrane

Polar head- attracted to water
Kinky tails represent double bond
Amphiphilic- two personality
Hydrogen bond? Shown by red?
See just black is non=polar
Between intracellular and extracellular

Steroid nucleus-not cell nucleus simply meaning centre

Line diagram every part will have a carbon

Cholestrol
Critical
Excess cardiovascular disease forming plaque genetic background and
accumulating
Hydrophoic but small water loving head
Synthetic pathway to estrogen, etc
Brain nearly 100% cholesterol

Artery clogged, cardiovascular not getting o2 =0 cells die within

minutes
Gallstones are solid cholesterol remove gall blader can function
Cortisol stress hormone released by adrenal gland
Gyneomastia-growing breast tissue
Lecture 4-Carbohyrates 4/03/2018 9:02:00 PM

Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids- all similar in that built up of

monomers creating polymers
Written in Notes
Proteins 4/03/2018 9:02:00 PM

Collagen mot abundant protein in the body

Hormone-oestrogen, progestrogen structure of hormone
Insulin structure of a protein-first protein elucidated structure of
Enzymes- have structure of protein
Proteins tend to be more substantial- some have many hundreds of amino
acids
10 nonessential-body can make amino acids
Essential Amino acids-Arginne- body can actually synthesis
 The rest must be obtained from diet ie eggs, fish, almonds,
walnuts, have protein but lack lysine ( beans, )  vegans have
goot at combining food
Alanine- instead of Hydrogen group, have methane group
1, NP-predominatly Carbon and Hydrogen
2. Funcational gropuO-H
Peptide bond loses water

1.Non polar
Nonpolar
Polar
Nonpoalr

Primary= simpley amino sequence the unique sequence of the protein-

one change in amino acid can potentially have massive impact on function
Once have structure of insulin can make it  crucial for those with
diabetes

Holding Alpha-Heli together is the hydrogen bond-all the R groups face on

the outside

Beta-pleated sheet, above and below the sheet

Primary-Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

Alpha Helix-C
Beta-pleated sheet A
Triple Helix –Three polypeptide chains women like a rope

Myoglobin-150 amino acids + other haem groups and iron ion

Haemoglobin 4 polypeptide chains 2 alpha, 2 beta
Haemoglobin 550- amino acids

1)B
2)A
3)
4)

2
1
3
2
4

1: Heat and Chemicals ( detergetns)

 Break hydrogen bonds and
 Disrupt hydrophobic interactions autoclave
Chagne in pH ( acids and bases)
 Disrupt ionic bonds –milk breaking down proteins
Heavy metal ions
 Disrupt S-S bonds ( disulphide bridges)- pungent smell of burnt
flesh burnt flesh
Agitation
 Breaks hydrogen bond peptide chains – milk shaking to butter,
whipped eggs to merignues some are reversible
1. Peptide bond does not have to be broken for denaturation to occur-
denaturation is unfolding molecule
Core body temp 37 physiological ph is 7.4, if you have fever above 39,
even few degrees above we feel unwell  denaturation of our proteins,
fever unwind proteins don’t function as well
Nucleic Acids 4/03/2018 9:02:00 PM

Watch video – to ge the depth you need

1. Phosphate group PO4 example of polyatomic ion
Complementary base sequcne
T,C,A,G,G,T,T,A,G
Physically DNA is very long how does it pack into cell?
Packed into chromosomes, surrounded by proteins like a ball of wool,
every cell has its DNA molecule in its cell
Some genes only a few hundred base pairs, other millions in length
Each gene codes for different proteins
Not one gene one protein
HUamns have 23 pairs
Ants-1 pairs, butterflies 134, dogs 39 pairs
RNA
 Difference instead of deoxyribose we have a ribose sugar
 Take away oxygen
 RNA-exist as a single strand-no double helix strand
 Can still have hydrogen bonding- folds, not unlike a protein
DNA and RNA we rely on to make protein
 Instead of T pairs with U-uracil
Questions:
 Goes on  codes
MRNA- we have a code
For each of the 20 amino acids the nucleotides triplet bases code for an
amino acid –called codons
Lect Activity Q
2,4,5,3,1 
going down

Examples of Genetic disorder

Cystic fibrosis