Early History 900-1900

Middle Ages (900-1500)

Vikings - agrarians, traders

early differentiation of Nordic peoples

imported skilled workers

religion - Black Death - clergy especially impacted (caretakers)

construction - stonemasons had to be imported - native-built stave

churches

legal - codification of laws, import of royals

language - Latin script with Christianity

Hanseatic League - 1186 first traders from Luebeck to Bergen, 1250 first outpost

1/3 of population at time comprised traders

Early Modern (1500-1814)

Kalmar Union falls apart

Hanseatic League still thrives but in decline - Hansa traders in 1506, 1508
asked to become Norwegian citizens or leave; gradually lef

military

traders - mining begins, workers imported from abroad (esp. from

Germany)

imported skilled workers

citizenry - monied, urban, agrarian

upper echelons landed farmers, traders, regulation of religion, witch

hunts leading to deaths and deportations

indigenous - Sami - aggressive Norwegianisation

rights increased - 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980

1964 Sami Council established

 indigenous rights tied with environmentalism

language, culture, social life of Sami protected legally

minorities: Forest Finns (primarily farmers who came in thru Sweden, migration
ended in 1700s, over 400 speakers of language by 1900s), Norwegian Finns (arrival in
1500s, 1900s migration ended), Romani (arrived 1400s, 1500s; 18, 19 c.
Norwegianisation was very hard), Roma (Romani/Rom who came 1880s onward), Jews

Romani/Roma - excluded from religion, discriminated agnst, children forcibly re-

educated, banned from country 1934 Roma denied re-entry despite having No.
passports

Henrik Wergeland largely responsible for unbanning Jews in No.

nation-state building (1814-1905-1940)

political nation - France

ethnic nation - Germany

Norway in between both ideals

citizenship laws

fin de siecle - agrarian to industrial, moving towards market society

mass culture, anonymous society: independence was contemp.

20th C - 1900

between WWI and WWI - high control

emigration - 1901 - more control, building up to WWs

1905 - Norwegian independence

1860 - WWI no passport needed to enter

1802-1920s - establishment of welfare state

1927 - work permit needed for first time to enter - no mention of

refugees
 buildup to 1933 - refugees from Germany

by 1915, Norway second only to Ireland - emigration, to US

WWII war immigration (40-45), occupation

soldiers

war brides, children - 30-50000 women who had relations of some sort
with Nazi Germans

stripped of citizenship and deported, institutionalised

10-12000 war children - removed from families to re-educate them as

"good Norwegians"

post+war reconstruction and growth

1952 - joined Nordic Council

later joined Nordic Market

Labor Party gained power post WWII, about 20 yrs of power

aluminum, iron works, power stations, free trade, Marshall Plan in 1948,
cause: eliminate poverty

1950 univ. healthcare

United Nations, NATO

1950s anticipation, 60s arrivals (joined global migration trend)

Morocco, Turkey, Pakistan, etc. to Norway - migrant workers

1970s Progress Party - strongest anti-immigration

other Scandinavians privileged vis-a-vis migration

50s-70s database for Northern Norway, restricted movement across

borders

"Golden Years"

60s - first TVs in NO

cohesion of mass media meant solidarity

 70s - immigration stop (till 80s)

1972 - no in referendum to EEC (precursor to EU)

Scandinav. strategy to slow migration

75 in No.

Xmas 1969 - oljeeventyret begynner

Philips

1971 - first oil pumped up

1972 - Ministry of the Environment formed

1990s - state petroleum fund

2000s - guidelines for investment of fund - ethics

1980s, 90s

asylum seekers in three waves

single males first wave, families next, increase - ripples

temporary labour became permanent

boat (primarily 16-24, men, Vietnam), jet refugees (Chile, fleeing political
pressures afer coup of Pinochet, about 820 ppl)

rough transition, accomodations were not the best

fishing industry - Sri Lanka, fishing industry in far north needed workers

oil industry - NO did not have knowledge of how to build out petroleum
fields

Americans not very well integrated

1990s - questions on controls and regulations grew

end of Cold War

EU and Schengen

1993 - intermarket
 1994 - European economic agreement signed, Schengen signed

North African and East Bloc immigrants

21st C - 2000

pioneers

changing citizenship laws - all new residents should be able to become citizens,
but no dual citizenship

2004 - watershed with EU expansion

many Polish immigrants - Polonia (workforce abroad)

2008 - Norway needs immigrants

2016 - labour market, CEE

(central and eastern Eur.)

Poland, Lithuania

major turning pt in immigration history