Professional Documents
Culture Documents
26b. Ka Preciznijem Datovanju Srednjovekovne Nekropole Na Velikom Gradcu
26b. Ka Preciznijem Datovanju Srednjovekovne Nekropole Na Velikom Gradcu
26b. Ka Preciznijem Datovanju Srednjovekovne Nekropole Na Velikom Gradcu
SREDWOVEKOVNOG GROBQA
NA VELIKOM GRADCU
Dejan Radi~evi}
Filozofski fakultet, Univerzitet u Beogradu
Kqu~ne re~i: Veliki Gradac, nekropola, XI–XII vek, grobni nalazi, datovawe.
88
D. Radi~evi} Ka preciznijem datovawu sredwovekovnog grobqa
89
GSAD/JSAS 23 (2007) Istra`iva~ki radovi i rasprave
Sl. 1. Veliki Gradac, nalazi iz grobova: bronzana nau{nica, pre~nik karike 1,7 cm,
grob 42 (1); deo srebrne nau{nice, bez podataka o dimenzijama, grob 5 (2); srebrna
nau{nica, 3,5 h 2,5 cm, grob 43 (3); srebrna nau{nica, 3,5 h 2,5 cm, grob 43 (4); deo
bronzane nau{nice, bez podataka o dimenzijama, grob 72 (5); bronzani prsten, pre-
~nik karike 2 cm, grob 72 (6); bronzani prsten, pre~nik karike 1 cm, grob 7 (7);
bronzani prsten, pre~nik karike 2,1 cm, grob 34 (8); prsten iz poreme}enog groba,
bez podataka o materijalu i dimenzijama (9); srebrni prsten, pre~nik karike 2,4 cm,
grob 8 (10); bronzani prsten, pre~nik karike 2 cm, grob 102 (11); narukvica od
staklene paste, pre~nik 5,2 cm, grob 2 (12); narukvica od staklene paste, pre~nik
4,8 cm, grob 72 (13); bronzani praporac, 2,3 h 1,8 cm, grob 43 (14); bronzana lunula, 3,5
h 2,6 cm, grob 43 (15); lunula, legura olova i bronze, 2,5 h 2 cm, grob 43 (16); grob 43,
lunula, legura olova i bronze, fragmentovana (17); lunula, legura olova i bronze,
fragmentovana, grob 43 (18); lunula, legura olova i bronze, fragmentovana, grob 43
(19); bronzani privesak, 2,2 h 1,2 cm, grob br. 5 (20) (crte`i ura|eni prema Mini} 1970).
Fig. 1. Findings from the necropolis at Veliki Gradac: earrings (1–5); rings (6–11); bracelets
(12–13); little bell (14); lunettes (15–19); pendant (20) (after Mini} 1970).
90
D. Radi~evi} Ka preciznijem datovawu sredwovekovnog grobqa
91
GSAD/JSAS 23 (2007) Istra`iva~ki radovi i rasprave
92
D. Radi~evi} Ka preciznijem datovawu sredwovekovnog grobqa
93
GSAD/JSAS 23 (2007) Istra`iva~ki radovi i rasprave
94
D. Radi~evi} Ka preciznijem datovawu sredwovekovnog grobqa
95
GSAD/JSAS 23 (2007) Istra`iva~ki radovi i rasprave
(Maneva 1992: 53–54, T. 16, 24/8; Kepevska 1995: 184–186, sl. 4–5). Ista
takva nau{nica iz Isak}e u Dobruyi datovana je u drugu polovinu XI v.
(Vasiliu 1984: 109–110, T. V/1). Na primerke iz Pakuijul lui Soare i
Va{a{a u Ma|arskoj ve} je ukazala Mini} (1988: 76, – sa navedenom
starijom literaturom).
Osim koni~nih privesaka, ovoj grupi bi se kao srodni mogli pri-
dru`iti i privesci prona|eni na nisci u grobu 4 nekropole Krstevi –
Demir Kapija u Makedoniji (Maneva 2000: 63–64, T. VI, X/5–6, XIII/1b).
Oni su cilindri~nog oblika, sa kalotastim plo~icama na krajevima
izme|u kojih su redovi spiralno namotane `ice. Grob u kojem su prona-
|eni veoma je bogat nalazima, koji ga pouzdano datuju u prelaz iz X u
XI v., ili prve decenije XI v. Kao {to je to slu~aj i sa priveskom iz
Velikog Gradca, koliko mi je poznato, za sada i privesci iz Krsteva
predstavqaju nalaze bez direktnih analogija.
Na osnovu svega iznetog, grobqe na Velikom Gradcu mo`e se dato-
vati u drugu polovinu XI i prvu polovinu XII v. Mogu}nost postojawa
grobova kasnijih od polovine XII v. svakako se ne mo`e iskqu~iti, ali
za to me|u prona|enim grobnim nalazima nema potvrda. Ovo grobqe se
po svom inventaru razlikuje od ostalih nekropola do sada poznatih u
dowem srpskom Podunavqu. Na jednoj strani je grupa starijih nekro-
pola, kakve su nekropole u Grabovici ili Kostolu (Ercegovi}-Pavlovi}
and Mini} 1986: 346–353; Gara{anin, Vasi} i Marjanovi}-Vujovi} 1984:
25–54), koje se mogu datovati u X–XI v., a na drugoj su mla|a grobqa, kao
{to su nekropole u Korbovu, Prahovu ili Vajuzi datovana u XII v.
(Jankovi} 1975: 227–240; Marjanovi}-Vujovi} 1986a: 184–199). ^ini se da
bi jedino starija sredwovekovna nekropola u Vajuzi mogla biti isto-
vremena sa grobqem na Velikom Gradcu.
Trajawe sahrawivawa na Velikom Gradcu odgovara vremenu vizan-
tijske vlasti u dana{wem srpskom Podunavqu. Prestanak `ivota u
nasequ, nad ~ijim je ostacima nekropola zasnovana, dovodi se u vezu sa
ustankom iz 1072. (Jankovi} 1981: 67–68). Taj doga|aj je po svoj prilici
ostavio zna~ajne posledice na prostoru severoisto~ne Srbije, budu}i
da se sa wim povezuje i prestanak `ivota u utvr|enim naseqima u
Tekiji, Prahovu i Gamzigradu (Jankovi} i Jankovi} 1978: 44–55). Pret-
postavqeno je u~e{}e doma}eg slovenskog stanovni{tva u ustanku, pa su
nakon sloma ustanka stanovnici pridunavskih gradova u \erdapu i
nizvodno od wega bili raseqeni ili su utvr|ewa sami napustili. Takav
doga|aj mogao je usloviti i promenu inventara u grobqima na istom
prostoru.
Zasnivawe grobqa na Velikom Gradcu tako|e bi se moglo povezati
sa doga|ajima iz 1072. Do po~etka sahrawivawa do{lo je ubrzo nakon
napu{tawa naseqa, izgleda ~ak i neposredno posle toga. Ostaci sta-
rijeg naseqa morali su biti poznati stanovni{tvu koje se tu sahra-
96
D. Radi~evi} Ka preciznijem datovawu sredwovekovnog grobqa
BIBLIOGRAFIJA
Bajalovi}-Hayi-Pe{i}, M.
1984 Nakit VIII–XVIII veka u Muzeju grada Beograda. Beograd: Muzej grada
Beograda.
Ba~kalov, A.
1998 Rani sredwi vek. Str. 376–391 u Arheolo{ko blago Kosova i Meto-
hije od neolita do ranog sredweg veka, ur. N. Tasi}, Katalog iz-
lo`be 90. Beograd: Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti i Muzej u
Pri{tini.
Barnea, I.
1967 Podoabe de metal. Pp. 277–302 in Gh. Ôtefan et al., Dinogetia I. BucureÕti:
Academia RS Romania.
Brun{mid, J.
1903- Hrvatske sredovje~ne starine. Vjesnik Hrvatskog arheolo{kog dru{tva (n.s.) 7:
1904 30–97.
97
GSAD/JSAS 23 (2007) Istra`iva~ki radovi i rasprave
ComÕa, E.
1967 Podoabele de stícl|. Pp. 302–325 in Gh. Ôtefan et al., Dinogetia I. BucureÕti:
Academia RS Romania.
Demo, @.
1996 Vukovar – Lijeva Bara. Zagreb: Arheolo{ki muzej.
Diaconu, P.
1972 Obiecte de podoaba. Pp. 137–162 in P. Diaconu and D. Vilceanu, Pacuiul
lui Soare I. BucureÕti: Academia de ÕtinÛe sociale Õi politice a RS România.
Dombay, J.
1961 Arpád-kóri temetÅk Baranyabán I. A Janus Pannonius Múzeum Évkönyve
1960–1961: 135–157.
Don~eva-Petkova, L`.
2005 Od†rci. Nekropoli ot XI vek 2. Sofi®: Akademi~no izdatelstvo
„Marin Drinov”.
Dostál, B.
1966 Slovanská pohrebi{te ze strední doby hradi{tní na Morave. Praha: ^esko-
slovenská akademie vd.
Ercegovi}-Pavlovi} S.
1967 Prilog prou~avawu sredwovekovnih nekropola u isto~noj Srbiji.
Starinar (n.s.) 17: 143–150.
1970 Prilog prou~avawu nau{nica u Srbiji od 9. do 13. stoqe}a. Sta-
rinar (n.s.) 21: 41–49.
1977 Sredwovjekovna nekropola u Ni{u. Starinar (n.s.) 27: 83–100.
1980 Les nécropoles romaines et médiévales de Ma~vanska Mitrovica. Sirmium
12: 1–69.
Ercegovi}-Pavlovi}, S., and Mini}, D.
1986 Le site d’habitation et la nécropole de Pozajmi{te à Grabovica. \erdapske
sveske 3: 346–353.
Fiedler, U.
1992 Studien zu Gräberfeldern des 6. bis 9. Jahrhunderts an der unteren Donau I–II.
Universitätsforschungen zur präehistorische Archäologie 11. Bonn: Dr. Ru-
dolf Habelt GmbH.
Florescu, Gr., Florescu, P., and Diaconu, P.
1958 Capidava. Monografie arheologic| I. BucureÕti: Academiei Republicii Po-
pulare Romîne.
Gara{anin, M.
1966 Rogovo „Fu{e”, \akovica – praistorijska nekropola sa humkama. Arheo-
lo{ki pregled 8: 40–41.
Gara{anin, M., Vasi}, M., i Marjanovi}-Vujovi}, G.
1984 Trajanov most – Castrum Pontes. Izve{taj o arheolo{kim istra`i-
vawima u 1980. godini. \erdapske sveske 2: 25–54.
Gatev, P.
1977 Nakiti ot pogrebeni® ot XI–XII v. Arheologi® 1: 30–46.
Giesler, J.
1981 Untersuchungen zur Chronologie der Bijelo Brdo-Kultur. Praehistorische
Zeitschrift 56/1: 3–168.
Jankovi}, M.
1975 Dve sredwovekovne nekropole u isto~noj Srbiji. Starinar (n.s.)
24–25: 227–240.
98
D. Radi~evi} Ka preciznijem datovawu sredwovekovnog grobqa
99
GSAD/JSAS 23 (2007) Istra`iva~ki radovi i rasprave
100
D. Radi~evi} Ka preciznijem datovawu sredwovekovnog grobqa
DEJAN RADI^EVI]
Summary
Veliki Gradac is located at the centre of the Iron Gates on the site of the
modern settlement of Donji Milanovac. The fortification was built in the 1st
century and, with breaks in occupation of varying length, and renovations which
varied in scale, remained in use until the end of the 6th century. At the turn of the
9th century it was occupied again and settlement continued throughout the 10th and
most of the 11th centuries. In the 1070s occupation ended abruptly, never to be re-
newed, while at a later date the area within the ramparts was used for burials. The
Mediaeval cemetery was partially excavated in 1966. It began within and over the
remains of an Early Byzantine church, restored and used in the 11th century. In all
105 graves were excavated. These are concentrated in the space around the apse,
and are less frequent to the north and south of the church. The cemetery was
dated to between the 11th and 13th century; its earliest use was established by the
discovery of a coin of the King Ladislas I of Hungary (1077–1095) and burials were
believed to have continued there until the end of the 13th century, with the proviso
that later burials may exist. Today, thanks to extensive excavation which has greatly
enriched our knowledge of the site, it is possible to be more precise. While the ear-
lier date remains the same, it seems clear that burials at the site ceased in the first
decades of the 12th century, in all probability before the middle of the century at
the latest. Findings from the cemetery at Veliki Gradac (fig. 1/1–20) set it apart
from the other known Mediaeval cemeteries in lower Danubian Serbia, which in-
101
GSAD/JSAS 23 (2007) Istra`iva~ki radovi i rasprave
clude burial grounds that are of older (Grabovica or Kostol, from the 10th to the
11th century) and also later date (Korbovo, Prahovo or Vajuga from the 12th
century). The chronological distribution of burials at Veliki Gradac corresponds to
the time of Byzantine rule in the region. The end of habitation within the settle-
ment, over the remains of which the cemetery soon became established, seems to
be connected to the uprising of 1072. This event must have had serious conse-
quences in North-east Serbia, bearing in mind that it coincides with the end of hab-
itation in a number of fortified settlements. It is assumed that the local Slavic pop-
ulation took part in the uprising and that after it was suppressed they were either
moved out of the fortifications or abandoned them of their own volition. Such an
event could also account for the change in the grave inventories at the site. The
presence of the church, which at that time must still have been visible above
ground level is most important in explaining the initiation of burials. The deceased
were either members of a newly settled population or of the original inhabitants
who, after the uprising, were no longer permitted to occupy the fortifications
within which they had previously resided. The end of burials at Veliki Gradac coin-
cides with the period of disruption caused by the wars between Hungary and the
Byzantine Empire which lasted until the rule of Manuel I Komnenos, when the
Empire briefly re-established its authority over the Danubian region. The later
cemeteries in the lower Danubian parts of Serbia exhibit a much richer inventory.
These are graves dated by coin evidence to the second half of the 12th and the first
decades of the 13th centuries, and thus come from the time when the Byzantine
hold over the Danubian parts of modern Serbia became progressively weaker and
finally ended altogether, while Hungary and the resurgent Bulgarian state strug-
gled for control of the region.
102