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EF132 BEE Lecture 2 & 3
EF132 BEE Lecture 2 & 3
Spring 2016
Chapter :1
ELECTRICITY
LEARNING OUTCOMES / OBJECTIVE
Define the terms conductor, insulator, and semiconductor and give examples of each.
Define potential difference and voltage and list the unit of each.
Define current and list its unit of measure and difference between alternating & direct current
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NEGATIVE & POSITIVE POLARITIES(1)
• We see the effects of electricity in a battery, static charge,
lightning, radio, television, and many other applications.
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NEGATIVE & POSITIVE POLARITIES(2)
• To use the electrical forces associated with the
negative and positive charges, work must be
done to separate the electrons and protons.
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ELECTRON & PROTON IN AN ATOM (1)
• An atom is the smallest particle of
the basic elements which forms the
physical substances we know as
solids, liquids, and gases.
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ELECTRON & PROTON IN AN ATOM (2)
• As the electron as spinning around the nucleus, as planets
revolve around the sun
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ELECTRON & PROTON IN AN ATOM (3)
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ELECTRON & PROTON IN AN ATOM (4)
• When many atoms are close together in a copper wire, the outermost
orbital electron of each copper atom can easily break free from its home
or parent atom and electrons then can migrate easily from one atom to
another at random.
• Electrons that can move freely from one atom to the next are called free
electrons
• The net effect in the wire itself without any applied voltage, however, is
zero because of the random motion of the free electrons.
• When voltage is applied, it forces all the free electrons to move in the
same direction to produce electron flow, which is an electric current.
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CONDUCTORS, INSULATORS &SEMICONDUCTORS(1)
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CONDUCTORS, INSULATORS &SEMICONDUCTORS(1)
• When electrons can move easily from atom to atom in a material,
the material is a Conductor
• In general, all metals are good conductors, with silver the best
and copper second.
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CONDUCTORS, INSULATORS &SEMICONDUCTORS(2)
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CONDUCTORS, INSULATORS &SEMICONDUCTORS(3)
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EXAMPLE OF ELEMENTS
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STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM(1)
• Atomic Number This gives the number of protons or electrons required in the atom for
each element.
• Orbital Rings The planetary electrons are in successive shells called K, L, M, N, O, P, and Q
at increasing distances outward from the nucleus. Each shell has a maximum number of
electrons for stability
Copper Atom
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STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM(2)
Valence Electron The electrons in the outermost shell are the valence electrons.
The electrons on an atom that can be gained or lost in a chemical reaction Copper, for instance,
has a valence of one
Subshells All shells except K are divided into subshells. (K->1s, M-> 2s,2p)
This subdivision accounts for different types of orbits in the same shell. For instance, electrons in
one subshell may have elliptical orbits, and other electrons in the same main shell have circular
orbits
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COULOMB UNIT OF CHARGE
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NEGATIVE & POSITIVE CHARGES
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ELECTRIC FIELD OF STATIC CHARGE
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THE UNIT OF POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
• Potential refers to the possibility of
doing work.
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POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CHARGES
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POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE UNIT VOLT(1)
• Volt is a measure of the amount of work or energy needed to move an electric
charge
• The metric unit of work or energy is the joule (J). One joule is the same
amount of work or energy as 0.7376 ft .lb
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POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE UNIT, VOLTS(2)
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POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE UNIT, VOLTS(3)
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POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE UNIT VOLT(3)
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CHARGE IN MOTION, CURRENT(1)
• Electric current is the rate of charge flow past a given point in an electric circuit,
measured in Coulombs/second which is named Amperes
• When the potential difference between two charges forces a third charge to
move, the charge in motion is an electric current . To produce current,
therefore, charge must be moved by a potential difference
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CHARGE IN MOTION, CURRENT(2)
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OPPOSITION TO CURRENT, RESISTANCE
• The fact that a wire conducting current can become hot is evidence
that the work done by the applied voltage in producing current must
be accomplished against some form of opposition.
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UNIT OF RESISTANCE OHM
• The practical unit of resistance is the ohm (Ω)
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CONDUCTANCE
• The opposite of resistance is conductance G (reciprocal of resistance )
• The old unit name for conductance is mho, which is ohm spelled backward
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THE CLOSED CIRCUIT (1)
• The circuit elements should be arranged in closed circuits as a path of
current flow
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THE CLOSED CIRCUIT (2)
Note schematic diagram does not look like the physical layout of the circuit. The
schematic shows only the symbols for the components and their electrical
connections.
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VOLTAGE VS. CURRENT
• It is the current move through the circuit, the potential different
don’t move
The voltage is the potential difference (PD)
across the two ends of the resistance.
Voltage can exist without current, but current cannot exist without voltage.
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VOLTAGE SOURCE MAINTAINS THE CURRENT
• As current flows in a circuit, electrons leave the negative terminal of the cell or battery
in Fig. below, and the same number of free electrons in the conductor are returned to
the positive terminal
• As electrons are lost from the negative charge and gained by the positive charge, the
two charges tend to neutralize each other
• The chemical action inside the battery, however, continuously separates electrons and
protons to maintain the negative and positive charges on the outside terminals that
provide the potential difference
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CIRCUIT IS A LOAD ON THE VOLTAGE SOURCE(1)
• Circuit is a means whereby the energy of the voltage source is carried by the current
through any load resistance (filament bulb), where the electric energy is used in
producing heat energy.
• On this basis, the battery is the source in the circuit, since its voltage output represents
the potential energy to be used.
• The part of the circuit connected to the voltage source is the load resistance, since it
determines how much work the source will supply (bulb’s filament is the load
resistance on the battery).
• The current that flows through the load resistance is the load current .
• Note : That a lower value of ohms for the load resistance corresponds to a higher load
current.
• Heavy or big load (load current )electrically means a high current load, corresponding
to a large amount of work supplied by the source.
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CIRCUIT IS A LOAD ON THE VOLTAGE SOURCE(2)
Conclusions
A circuit is a closed path that has ‘V’ to produce ‘I’ with ‘R’ to limit
the amount of current.
The battery alone is not doing any work in producing load current.
The bulb alone has resistance, but without current, the bulb does
not light. With the circuit, the voltage source is used to produce
current to light the bulb.
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OPEN CIRCUIT VS. SHORT CIRCUIT
Open Circuit
Short Circuit
• The voltage source has a closed path across its terminals, but
the resistance is practically zero. The result is too much
current in a short circuit .
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POSITIVE CHARGE MOVEMENT EXAMPLES
• This type of current is referred to as ionization current. The positive ions in a liquid or
gas flow in the direction of conventional current because they are repelled by the
positive terminal of the voltage source and attracted to the negative terminal.
• Another example of a mobile positive charge are holes. Holes exist in semiconductor
materials such as silicon and germanium (P-type). A hole possesses the same amount of
charge as an electron but instead has positive polarity.
Note protons themselves are not mobile positive charges because they are
tightly bound in the nucleus of the atom and cannot be released except by
nuclear forces
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TYPE OF ELECTRICAL CHARGES FOR CURRENT
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DIRECT CURRENT (DC) VS ALTERNATING CURRENT(AC)-I
• If the current does not change with time, but remains
constant, we call it a direct current (dc).
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DIRECT CURRENT (DC) VS ALTERNATING CURRENT(AC)-II
The flow of charges in one direction and the fixed polarity of
applied voltage are the characteristics of a dc circuit
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DIRECT CURRENT (DC) VS ALTERNATING CURRENT(AC)-III
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SOURCE OF ELECTRICITY (1)
1. Static Electricity by Friction
Wet or dry cells and batteries are the applications. Here a chemical reaction
produces opposite charges on two dissimilar metals, which serve as the
negative and positive terminals.
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SOURCE OF ELECTRICITY (2)
3. Electromagnetism
Electricity and magnetism are closely related. Any moving charge has an
associated magnetic field; also, any changing magnetic field can produce
current.
A motor is an example showing how current can react with a magnetic field to
produce motion; a generator produces voltage by means of a conductor
rotating in a magnetic field.
4. Photoelectricity
Some materials are photoelectric, that is, they can emit electrons when light
strikes the surface. The element cesium is often used as a source of
photoelectrons .
photovoltaic cells or solar cells use silicon to generate output voltage from the
light input.
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THE DIGITAL MULTIMETER
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REFERENCE
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PRACTICE PROBLEMS (CLASS)-1
1. If 31.25 x10^18 electrons are removed from a neutral dielectric, how much
charge is stored in coulombs?
2. A dielectric with a positive charge of 5 C has 18.75 x10^18 electrons added to it.
What is the net charge of the dielectric in coulombs?
4. How much is the potential difference between two points if 0.5 J of energy is
required to move 0.4 C of charge between the two points?
6. How long will it take an insulator that has a charge of 5 C to charge to 30 C if the
charging current is 2 A?
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PRACTICE PROBLEMS (CLASS)-2
1. A charge of 0.1 C moves past a given point every 0.01 s. How much is the
current?
3. Calculate the resistance value in ohms for the following conductance values:
(a) 0.002 S (b) 0.004 S (c) 0.00833 S (d) 0.25 S.
4. Calculate the conductance value in siemens for each of the following resistance
values: (a) 200 (b) 100 (c) 50 (d) 25 .
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