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Planning and Designing of Modern Bus Terminal Final
Planning and Designing of Modern Bus Terminal Final
TERMINAL
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
P.GOPINATH 810414103056
N.KARTHICK 810414103072
M.KARTHIK 810414103074
Of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
CIVIL ENGINEERING
PERAMBALUR
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
We would like to express our sincere thanks to our lovable parent’s for
their loving support and encouragement.
We express our sincere thanks with the sense of gratitude to our respectful
Head of Department MRS K.SHANMUGAPRIYA, M.E, Ph.D. and our project
guide Mr L.S.KALAISELVAN, M.E., for his interest and encouragement
shown in our project.
We express our sincere thanks with the sense of gratitude to our respectful
coordinator of our project Mr.R.K.MANIKANDAN, M.E for his interest and
encouragement shown in our project.
We also express our deep gratitude to all other faculty members and lab
assistants in our civil engineering department and all those were directly and
indirectly helpful in the completion of our project.
We also thank our friends for their enormous support and suggestion
Last but not least, we thank our ALMIGHTY for enlightening his
footprints.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF SYMBOLS
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENT
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 METHODOLOGY
3. SPECIFICATION
4. STRUCTURAL DESIGN
4 .1 DESIGN OF SLAB
4. 2 DESIGN OF BEAM
4. 3 DESIGN OF COLUMN
4. 4 DESIGN OF STAIRCASE
4. 6 DESIGN OF FOOTING
4 .7 DESIGN OF PAVEMENT
5. CONCLUSION
6. REFERENCE
ABSTRACT :
e - eccentricity
Ld – development length
LL – live load
M – bending moment
s – spacing of stirrups
T – torsional moment
V – shear force
W – total load
The planning process should be done by using auto cad and the
design should by limit state method. The area covered by the proposed modern
bus stand will be around 19000 m².
Due to the growth in the industrialization and urbanization,
many working employees came here by bus.
Older bus stand which doesn’t has basic facilities such toilets,
Ticket booking facilities. So people at there needs a modern bus stand.
Construction:
Maintenance:
Rest room:
Lighting:
Topic selection
Literature collection
Literature review
Slab
Beam
Column
Footing
Designing Pavement
Staircase
Septic tank
Report
Conclusion
3. SPECIFICATION
The General specification accompanying are as follows:
1. FOUNDATION:
The soil condition is Hard soil, The excavation for foundation for
the footing is taken depth of below ground level width of foundation to a
depth of
2. FOUNDATION CONCRETE :
3. FOOTING :
4. SAND FILLING :
The basement will be filled up with clear river sand well ramped
and consolidated complying with standard specification
5. SUPER STRUCTURE :
8. ROOFING :
9. FLOORING :
The roof consist of the concrete bed 1:5:10 using 40mm broken
stones. The top of the flooring shall be finished by using cement mortar
ratio of 1:6.
10. FINISHING :
DATAS:
Lx = 6.4 m
Ly = 8.8 m
Fck = 20 N/mm2
Fy = 415 N/mm2
𝐿𝑦 = 8.8 =
1.37< 2
𝐿𝑥 6.4
Since the ratio of long to short span is less than 2, the slab
should be designed as two way slab
DEPTH OF SLAB:
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
Depth =
25
6400
=
25
Depth = 256 mm
= 6.4+0.3
= 6.7 m
= 6.4+0.256
= 6.65 m
LOADS:
= 25 × 1× 0.2
= 5 KN/m2
= 1.5 × 9.6
Wu = 14.4 KN/m2
αx = 0.074
And
αy = 0.061
= 46.41 KNm
Muy = αy × wu × lx2
= 0.061× 14.4×(6.64)2
= 38.26 KNm
Vux = 0.5× wu × lx
= 47.52 KN.
46.41×106
𝑑= √
0.138 ×20 ×1000
415×𝐴𝑠𝑡
46.41×106 = 0.87 × 415 ×𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 256 [1 − ]
1000×256×20
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 526.77 mm2
78.54
= × 1000
526.77
= 149.09 mm
≅ 150 mm
78.54
= ×1000
447.67
= 175.44 mm
≅ 180 mm.
There fore provide 10mm diameter bars @ 180 c/c in the long
span direction.
= 0.185 N/mm2
100𝐴𝑠𝑡
Pt =
𝑏𝑑
100(436.3)
=
1000×256
= 0.170
= 0.344 N/mm2 ˃ 𝜏v
𝐿 6650
(𝐷)actual = 256
= 25.9< 32
= 336 mm2
= 768 mm.
𝐷 280
(iii) Diameter of reinforcement < < < 35
8 8
Hence cracks will be within safe permissible limits.
1
= (6400)
5
= 1280 mm
= 86.441 mm ≅ 90 mm
= 336 mm2
= 233.74
S = 200 mm
DATAS:
Lx = 4.5 m
Ly = 13 m
Fck = 20 N/mm2
Fy = 415 N/mm2
𝐿𝑦 = 13 =
2.88< 2
𝐿𝑥 4.5
DEPTH OF SLAB
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
Assume depth =
25
4500
=
25
Depth = 180 mm
EFFECTIVE SPAN:
= 4.68m
ii, Centre to centre of support = 4.5 + 0.20
=4.7m
Hence L = 4.68m
LOADS:
= 5 KN/m
Wu = 15 KN/m
= 41.06 KN/m
= 35.17 KN
= 89.4 KNm
MAIN REINFORCEMENT:
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦
MU = 0.87fyAstd [1 − ]
𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑐𝑘
41.06×106 = 0.87 × 415 ×𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 180 [1 −
415×𝐴𝑠𝑡
]
1000×180×20
78.54
= × 1000
699.4
= 112.2 mm
≅ 120 mm
DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT:
= 240 mm2
35.17×103
=
1000×180
= 0.195 N/mm2
(0.5)100𝐴𝑠𝑡
Pt =
𝑏𝑑
(0.5×100×699.4)
=
1000×180
= 0.194
= 0.381N/mm2 > 𝜏v
100×699.4
𝑃𝑡 =
1000×180
= 0.388
Assume 𝐾𝑡 = 1.40 𝐾𝑐 = 1 𝐾𝑓 =1
= 28
𝐿 4680
(𝐷)actual = 180
= 26 < 28
DATAS:
Lx = 5.5 m
Ly = 11 m
Fck = 20 N/mm2
Fy = 415 N/mm2
𝐿𝑦 = 11 =
2.2< 2
𝐿𝑥 5.5
Since the ratio of long to short span is greater than 2, the slab
should be designed as one way slab.
DEPTH OF SLAB
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
Assume depth =
25
5500
=
25
Depth = 220 mm
EFFECTIVE SPAN:
=5.7m
Hence L = 5.7m
LOADS:
= 6 KN/m
Wu = 16.5 KN/m
= 67.48 KN/m
= 47.19 KN
= 133.5 KNm
MAIN REINFORCEMENT:
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦
MU = 0.87fyAstd [1 − ]
𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑐𝑘
415×𝐴𝑠𝑡
67.48×106 = 0.87 × 415 ×𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 220 [1 − ]
1000×140×20
78.54
= × 1000
996.8
= 78.79 mm
≅ 80 mm
DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT:
= 288 mm2
47.19×103
=
1000×220
= 0.214 N/mm2
(0.5)100𝐴𝑠𝑡
Pt =
𝑏𝑑
(0.5×100×996.8)
=
1000×220
= 0.22
K 𝜏c = 1.27 × 0.32
= 0.40N/mm2 > 𝜏v
= 0.45
Assume 𝐾𝑡 = 1.40 𝐾𝑐 = 1 𝐾𝑓 =1
= 28
𝐿 5720
(𝐷)actual = 220
= 26 < 28
DATA:
L = 4.5m
𝐹𝑐𝑘 = 20N/mm2
𝐹𝑦 = 415N/mm2
Refer table 6.1 and adopt span depth ratio of 15 for the given
and range of loading
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
d=
15
4500
=
15
= 333mm
Adopt d = 300mm
D =350mm
B = 200mm
LOAD:
= 25 × 0.2 × 0.35
= 1.75 KN/m
= 28.315 KN/m
= 42.4725 KN/m
Mu = 0.125wul2
107.5 KNm
Vu = 0.5Wul
= 95.56 KN
REINFORCEMENTS:
= 67.62 KNm
= 57.82 KNm
0.0035(𝑥𝑢 max − 𝑑′)
𝑓𝑠𝑐 = { } 𝐸𝑠
𝑥𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥
0.0035[(0.48×300)−50]
={
0.48×300
} × 2×105
= 456.94 N/mm2
𝑀𝑢− 𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑐 = [ ]
𝑓𝑠𝑐(𝑑−𝑑′)
(107.5−49.68)×106
=
456.94×250
= 506.14 Nmm
Using 16mm dia bar ,
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑐
No.of bar =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟
506.14
= 162
𝜋×
4
= 2.51
≅3
506.14×456.94
=
0.87×415
= 640.56 mm2
0.36𝐹𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑥𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
𝐴𝑠𝑡1 =
0.87×415
0.36×20×200×0.48×300
=
0.87×415
= 574.32 mm2
= 574.32+640.56
= 1214.88 mm2
= 2.47
≅2
SHEAR REINFORCEMENTS:
𝑉𝑢
𝜏𝑉 =
𝑏𝑑
95.56×103
= = 1.59 N/mm
200×300
100𝐴𝑠𝑡
Pt =
𝑏𝑑
100×981.74
=
200×300
= 1.63
𝜏𝑐 = [0.81+(
2.1−2.0
)×(0.81−0.79)]
2.25−2.0
= 0.76 N/mm2
= 59.96 KN
82
0.87×415×2×𝜋× ×300
4
=
49.96×103
= 217.95 mm
𝑆𝑣 > 0.75𝑑
= 0.75×300
= 225mm
= 15
𝐿 𝐿
(𝑑)max = (𝑑)basic ×𝑘𝑡 ×𝑘𝑐 ×𝑘𝑓
100×603.18
Pt = 2.1 and 𝑃𝑐 =
200×300
= 1.0053
𝑘𝑡 = 0.93
𝑘𝑐 = 1.10
𝑘𝑓 = 1.0
𝐿
(𝑑)max = 20×0.93×1.10×1.00
= 20.46
𝐿 𝐿
(𝑑)actual < (𝑑)max
DATA:
L = 6m
𝐹𝑐𝑘 = 20N/mm2
𝐹𝑦 = 415N/mm2
Refer table 6.1 and adopt span depth ratio of 15 for the given
and range of loading
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
d=
15
6000
=
15
= 400mm
Adopt d = 400mm
D =450mm
B = 200mm
LOAD:
= 25 × 0.2 × 0.45
= 2.25 KN/m
= 29.06 KN/m
= 43.59 KN/m
Mu = 0.125wul2
= 0.125 × 43.59 × 36
= 196.15 KNm
Vu = 0.5Wul
= 0.5 × 43.59 × 6
= 130.77 KN
REINFORCEMENTS:
= 88.32 KNm
= 107..83 KNm
0.0035(𝑥𝑢 max − 𝑑′)
𝑓𝑠𝑐 = { } 𝐸𝑠
𝑥𝑢 𝑚𝑎𝑥
0.0035(192−50)
={
192
} × 2×105
= 517.70 N/mm2
𝑀𝑢− 𝑀𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑐 = [ ]
𝑓𝑠𝑐(𝑑−𝑑′)
(107.83)×106
=
361×350
= 853.42 Nmm
Using 16mm dia bar ,
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑠𝑐
No.of bar =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟
853.42
= 162
𝜋×
4
= 4.2
≅4
853.42×517.70
=
0.87×415
= 1330.76 mm2
0.36𝐹𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑥𝑢 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
𝐴𝑠𝑡1 =
0.87×415
0.36×20×200×0.48×400
=
0.87×415
= 765.76 mm2
= 1330.76+765.76
= 2096.52 mm2
= 4.27
≅4
130.77×103
= = 1.63 N/mm
200×400
100𝐴𝑠𝑡
Pt =
𝑏𝑑
100×1963.49
=
200×400
= 2.45
𝜏𝑐 = [0.82+(
2.45−2.25
)×(0.82−0.81)]
2.50−2.25
= 0.828 N/mm2
= 64.53 KN
82
0.87×415×2×𝜋× ×400
4
=
64.53×103
= 224.99 mm
𝑆𝑣 > 0.75𝑑
= 0.75×400
= 300mm
= 15
𝐿 𝐿
(𝑑)max = (𝑑)basic ×𝑘𝑡 ×𝑘𝑐 ×𝑘𝑓
100×603.18
Pt = 2.1 and 𝑃𝑐 =
200×400
= 1.0053
𝑘𝑡 = 0.93
𝑘𝑐 = 1.10
𝑘𝑓 = 1.0
𝐿
(𝑑)max = 20×0.93×1.10×1.00
= 20.46
𝐿 𝐿
(𝑑)actual < (𝑑)max
First floor :
= 1.767 KN/m2
= 15.79 KN
= 173.2 KN
Ground floor
= 433.035 KN
DATA
𝐹𝑐𝑘 = 20N/mm2
𝐹𝑦 = 415 N/mm2
𝑝𝑢 = 649.57 KN
SLENDERNESS RATIO:
𝐿 3200
=
𝐷 300
= 10.67
MINIMUM ECCENTRICITY :
𝑙 𝐷
𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 = [ + ]
500 30
3200 300
=[ + ]
500 30
= 16.4 mm < 20 mm
= 15 mm < 20 mm
MAIN REINFORCEMENT :
= 565.49 mm2
740.35
=
201.06
= 3.68
≅4
∅𝑡 of ties
∅𝑡 < 6mm
1
𝑆𝑡 < times of longitudinal bar
4
1
= × 16
4
= 4 mm
SPACING TIES:
𝑆𝑡 > 300 mm
= 300 mm
𝑆𝑡 > 16 dia
= 16(16)
= 256 mm
DATA:
Tread , T = 250 mm
Rise , R = 150 mm
𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 20 N/𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 = 415 N/𝑚𝑚2
EFFECTIVE SPAN :
L = 1200+2600+1200
= 5000 mm
5000
Thickness of wall + slab , d =
25
= 200 mm
LOAD CALCULATION:
0.252 +0.152
Self wt of tread risers slab per step = (25× 1 × 0.22) × (√ )
0.25
= 3.2 KN/m
1 1000
Wt of step per meter length = (0.25 × 0.15 × 25) ( )
2 250
= 1.875 KN/m
= 13KN/m
MOMENT CALCULATION :
𝑤𝑙 2 13×52
BM = = = 40.625 KN/m
8 8
𝑀𝑢
d= √
0.138𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏
40.625×106
=√
0.138×20×1000
Hence safe.
CALCULATION OF 𝑨𝑺𝑻 :
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 d [1 − ]
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑
415×𝐴𝑠𝑡
40.625×106 = 0.87×415×𝐴𝑠𝑡 ×200×[1 − ]
1000×200×20
= 335.10 mm
≅ 300 mm
Provide 16 mm dia 300 mm c/c spacing
DISTRIBUTION OF REINFORCEMENT :
= 264 mm2
= 428.39 mm
≅ 300 mm
fck = 20 N/mm2
𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 700/1100+0.87(415)
𝑑
= 0.479
𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥
Ru = 0.36 fck (1 – 0.416 )
𝑑 𝑑
= 2.761
Consider 1m length of the Sun Shade Adopt thickness of Water Proofing 25mm
= 2500 N
= 675 N
Total = 4175 N
wu = 15 w = 1.5 (4175) = 6262.5 N/m
𝑤𝑢 𝑙 2
mu =
2
6262.5∗12
=
2
= 3131.25 Nm
= 3.13×106Nmm
vu = wul
= 6262.5×1
= 6262.5 N
𝑀𝑢
D=√
𝑅𝑢 𝑏
3.13×106
=√
2.761×1000
= 33.67 mm.
Pt≅ 0.96%
Pt = 0.2%
Therefore, modification factor ≅ 1.68
Assuming d ≅ 100 𝑚𝑚
0.1
Effective length (l) of cantilever = 1+ = 1.05 m.
2
1050
Hence, d = ≅ 90 mm.
7×1.68
8
d = 110 – 25 –
2
= 91 mm.
Reinforced section.
0.5×20 4.6×3.13×106
= [1-√1 − ( ) ] 1000×91
415 20×1000×912
= 97.48 mm2
0.12𝑏𝐷
Ast min =
100
0.12×1000×110
=
100
= 132 mm2
1000×50.3
=
132
= 381 mm
1000×50.3
Actual Ast =
270
=186.33 mm2
186.3×100
Pt =
1000×91
= 0.20 %
𝑉𝑢
𝜏v =
𝑏𝑑
6262.5
=
1000×91
= 0.068 n/m2
Hence ok 𝜏c>𝜏v
Ld ≅ 47 ∅
= 47 (8)
= 376 mm
Vu = 6262.5 n
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
Xu =
0.36𝐹𝑐𝑘 𝑏
0.87×415×186.3
=
0.36×20×1000
= 9.3 mm
= 0.87×415×186.3×(91-0.416×9.3)
= 5.86×106
𝐿𝑠
Lo = –𝑥ˈ + 3∅
2
300
= – 35 + 3(8)
2
= 139 mm
𝑀𝑢 1.3×5.86×106
1.3 + Lo = + 139
𝑉𝑢 62625
= 1355.45 mm >Ld
1
Let total depth of lintel beam = span = 300 mm
10
1
Dead load of Varendah Roof = (2.5×1×0.15×25000)
2
= 4687.5 N
1
Dead load of Water Proofing on Roof = (2.5×1×0.1×20000)
2
= 2500 N
1
Live Load from Varendah Roof = (2.5×1×1500)
2
= 1875 N
Total = w = 2212.5 N
≅ 22110 N/m.
𝑊𝑢 = 22112 × 1.5
≅ 22110 N/m
L = 3+0.3 = 3.3 m
𝑊𝑢 𝑙 2
𝑀𝑢 =
8
33165×3.32
=
8
= 45145.85 Nm
= 45.14 × 106
𝑀𝑢
d=√
𝑅𝑢 𝑏
45.14×106
=√
2.761×300
= 229 mm
= 261 mm
0.5×20 4.6×45.14×106
=
415
[1 − √1 − 20×300×2612
] ×300×261
= 563.37 mm2
= 4.98
𝐿 3.3
Hence provide 5 no.of 12 mm dia bars,bend 2 bars up at a distance of =
7 7
=0.47 m
𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 3× × 122
4
= 339.3 mm2
= 566 mm2
100𝐴𝑠𝑡 100×566
For =
𝑏𝑑 300×261
= 0.73%
3300
=
20×1.05
Hence ok
33165×3.3
= − 33165 × 0.411
2
= 41091.4 N
𝑉𝑢 𝐷
𝜏𝑣 =
𝑏𝑑
41091.4
=
300×261
= 0.5247 N/mm2
100𝐴𝑠𝑡
At supports
𝑏𝑑
100×339.3
=
300×261
= 0.43%
𝜏𝑐 = 0.45 N/mm2
2.175×100.5×415
=
300
= 300 mm
0.87×415×339.3
=
0.36×20×300
= 56.7 mm
= 29.08×106 Nmm
𝑊𝑢 𝑙
𝑉𝑢 =
2
33165×3.3
=
2
= 54722.25 N
0.87𝑓𝑦
𝐿𝑑 = ∅
4𝜏𝑏𝑑
0.87×415
= × 12
4×1.2×1.6
= 47×12
= 564 mm
𝑙𝑠
𝑙𝑜 = − 𝑋′
2
300
= − 30
2
= 120 mm
𝐿𝑑 564
=
3 3
= 188 mm
𝐿𝑠
Available distance beyond the face of the support = 𝐿𝑜 +
2
300
= 120 +
2
= 270 mm
𝑀𝑢
Since 1.3 + 𝐿𝑜
𝑉𝑢
1.3×29.08×106
= + 120
52470
= 720+120
= 840 mm ˃ 𝐿𝑑
Hence ok
4.6 DESIGN OF FOOTING :
DATA :
𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 20 N/𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 = 415 N/𝑚𝑚2
𝑃𝑢 = 1093.05 KN
SIZE OF FOOTING :
𝑤𝑢 1202.36
𝐴𝑓= = = 4 𝑚2
𝑃𝑢 300
4×4
𝐷𝐹 = √ =2.25m
𝜋
= 211 KN
BENDING MOMENT :
𝑀𝑈 = 211(0.61-0.15)
= 97.06 KNm
= 235 mm
𝑀𝑈
Depth of footing = d =√
0.138𝐹𝐶𝐾 𝑏
97.06×106
=√
0.138×20×235
= 386.84 mm
Depth required from shear consideration will be nearly 1.5 times for moment
Considerations.
REINFORCEMENTS :
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑈 = 0.87 𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑆𝑇 d(1 − ( ))
𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑐𝑘
415𝐴𝑠𝑡
97.06× 106 = 0.87× 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 525 × (1 − ( ))
235×525×20
= 169.2 𝑚𝑚2
Using 12 mm ∅ bar
𝜋×122
4
S= × 1000
565.9
= 199.85 mm
≈ 200 𝑚𝑚
= 96 KN
𝑣𝑢 96×103
𝜏𝑣 = = = 0.18 N/𝑚𝑚2
𝑏𝑑 103 ×525
100𝐴𝑆𝑇 100×565.49
=
𝑏𝑑 103 ×525
= 0.1077
Refered table 19 of IS 456-2000 and read out the permissible value of shear
Strength of concrete as :
𝐾𝑠 𝑡𝑐 = 1× 0.28
Design the pavement slab thickness by IRC method, using following data
modulus of sub-grade reaction = 8kg/cm²
=0.075
365𝑥2659[1+0.07515 −1]
=
0.075
=25348787
=63337196
Assuming the midpoint of the axle load class represents the groups, the total
repetition of the single axle and tandem axle loads are as follows,
Repetition axle load
Repetitions Repetitions
Mid-Point
20 19758 24 296366
18 88910 20 49394
16 395155 16 197578
14 1145950 <16
12 2005413
10 2469720
<10 2936664
Step5. Calculate the stresses due to single and random axle loads and
determine the cumulative fatigue Damage (CFD)
4.2577
N=[ ]3.268 When 0.45≤SR≤0.55
𝑆𝑅−0.4325
0.9718−𝑆𝑅
𝑙𝑜𝑔10 N = for Sr>0.55
0.0828
Step6.
If the CFD is more than 1.0., select higher thickness and repeat the step 1
to 5 the value CFD is 1.4. This means that the pavement will fail before the
design period.
The CFD is zero this means that on expiry of design period, the pavement’s
fatigue resisting capacity is exhausted capacity only by zero percent.
Step7. Compute the temperature stress at the edge.
𝐿
Edge temperature stress based on
𝐼
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠
=
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠
5
=
1
𝐸ℎ3
Radius of relative stiffness, (1) =4√( )
12(1−𝜇2 )𝑘
3𝑥105 𝑥253
=4√
12(1−0.152 )8
(1) =84.07cm
And C =0.79
𝐸𝛼𝑡𝐶
Edge temperature stress =
2
3𝑥10𝑥10𝑥10𝑥20.31𝑥0.90)
=
2
27.41kg/cm² = 27.41kg/cm²
Since the total stress is less than the allowable flexural stress, the design is safe.
3𝑥5100 √2
= [1 − (15 )]1.2
25𝑥25 2𝑎84.07
=19.78 kg/cm²
Corner stress is less than the allowable flexural stress of 45kg/cm². Therefore,
the design is safe. Hence provide 25cm slab thickness.
4.8 DESIGN OF SEPTIC TANK
DATA:
Sludge = 15 lit/head/day
Solution:
= 14400 lit/day
= (14400/24) x 24
= 14400 liters
= 120 x 15
= 1800 liters
With the provision of future expansion, the capacity to be 2000 liters or 20m³
Area = volume/depth
3B x B = 14
B =√14 = 2.16m says 2.2m
Assuming a free board f 500mm, the total depthof the tank would be
D = 1.5 + 5 = 2m
Hence ok.
CONCLUSION
The bus terminal building has been successfully planned and designed
using IS- code provisions. All the facilities have been provided in this building.
And natural ventilation has been provided in the toilets and many economical
design has been made in this structure.
REFERENCE
1. IS 456- 2000 “ INDIAN STANDARD CODE of practice of plan and reinforced concrete
bureau of IS , New Delhi.
2. SP (16) ( S and T) – 1987, “ Hand book on concrete reinforcement and detailing”, bureau
of IS, New Delhi.
3. KRISHNA RAJU. N, “ Design of RC volume I and II”, CBS Publishers and distributors,
Third edition, New Delhi.