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Chapter 2. Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding
Chapter 2. Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding
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Bonding Models
• Bonding holds atoms together to form solids materials
• Simple bonding models assume that the total bonding results from the
sum of two forces: an attractive force (FA ) and a repulsive (FR).
the net force F N = F A + F R
• The repulsive force dominates at small distances, and the attractive
force dominates at larger distances. At equilibrium they are just equal.
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Bonding
Primary bonding:
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Ionic Bonding
• Occurs between + and - ions.
• Requires electron transfer.
• Large difference in electronegativity required.
• Example: NaCl
• Nondirectional
3p
3s
3p
3s
Na Cl
(χ = 0.9) (χ = 3.0)
Ionic Bonding
z1 z2 e 2
EA =
4πε o r
Since z1 = +1 for Na+ and z2 = -1 for Cl-
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Ionic Bonding
E
B
ER =
rn
r
Bond
energy A
EA = −
r
!+ !*
3 34 - $ +5 0 - $+ 3 34 ( 6 -5 /7 4 7
7 # 35 " 3 3 5 8 -7 )*"* 3 )* !5 " 3 3 8 -7 )*0! 8
9 8
0 :
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1s 1s
• Example1: H2
H H
Atomic orbitals
H H
• Example2: CH4
C: has 4 valence e, shared electrons
H
from carbon atom
needs 4 more CH 4
H: has 1 valence e,
H C H
needs 1 more
Electronegativities shared electrons
H from hydrogen
are same or comparable. atoms
3 34 - $ )!5 0
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y
x
sp3 hybridization for C in CH4
Hybridization
1s + 1p = sp-orbitals 1s + 2p = sp2-orbitals 1s + 3p = sp3-orbitals
z z z
60°
y y
y
x x 60°
x
$ $
3 3
$)
(
. 2
$
#
)! )' $' $! !
,- .
!* )$ )% "!
/ 1 #
!% )! )' )0 )% )% )% )0 )% $! $%
. . &
!% )! )% $'
# 6
!+ !* )% $$
!+ !* 3 34 - $ +5 0 - $+
3 34 ( 6 -5 /7 4 7 7 # 35 " 3 3 5 8 -7
)*"* 3 )* !5 " 3 3 8 -7 )*0! 8 9 8
0 :
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% ionic character
• The covalent bond is directional.
χj = electronegativity of atom j
Example problem
• Order the following semiconductors from
most covalent to most ionic.
1) ZnS, GaP, CuCl
2) ZnS, ZnSe, ZnO
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Metallic Bonding
• Arises from a sea of donated valence electrons
“sea” of electrons
3 34 - $ ))5 0
Metallic Bonding
• Valence electrons are completely delocalized to form an electron
cloud, in which positive ionic cores are embedded.
• Metallic bonding is found in the periodic table for Group IA and IIA
elements.
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-ex: polymer 3 8
3 -
• Hydrogen bonding O
H H
O
H H
O H
H
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+ + -
- - +
secondary
Nonpolar bonding
polar
(e.g. atom)
• Fluctuating dipoles
Constant vibrational motion can cause distortions of
electrical symmetry
8 <= 3 $
3 $ $
3 8 3 8
3 - 3 -
Adapted from Fig. 2.13, Callister 6e.
SUMMARY: BONDING
Type Bond Energy Comments
Variable Directional
Covalent large-Diamond (semiconductors, ceramics
small-Bismuth polymer chains)
Variable
large-Tungsten
Metallic Nondirectional (metals)
small-Mercury
Directional
Secondary smallest inter-chain (polymer)
inter-molecular
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># 3 -85 ?
? -8
/
7 3 -7
- /
? @ / - 4? -
A 3 -8B
0 :
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> ?C
? -8
7 3 -7 ? - 4
-
0 :
? , 3
- ? , 3
, ; 3 -8
, 3 -= 3 /
3 ?
3 α
6 8 : 6
D . 3 8= . 3 8 3 -3
/
3 8 ?
3 -
- α
0
:
13