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Safasfqqwrchapter 10 Statistical Inference About Means and Proportions With Two Populations
Safasfqqwrchapter 10 Statistical Inference About Means and Proportions With Two Populations
Statistical Inference about Means and
Proportions with Two Populations
Learning Objectives
1. Be able to develop interval estimates and conduct hypothesis tests about the difference between two
population means when 1 and 2 are known.
2. Know the properties of the sampling distribution of x1 x2 .
3. Be able to use the t distribution to conduct statistical inferences about the difference between two
population means when 1 and 2 are unknown.
4. Learn how to analyze the difference between two population means when the samples are
independent and when the samples are matched.
5. Be able to develop interval estimates and conduct hypothesis tests about the difference between two
population proportions.
6. Know the properties of the sampling distribution of p1 p2 .
10 1
Chapter 10
Solutions:
1. a. x1 x2 = 13.6 11.6 = 2
b. z / 2 z.05 1.645
12 22
x1 x2 1.645
n1 n2
(2.2) 2 (3) 2
2 1.645
50 35
2 .98 (1.02 to 2.98)
c. z / 2 z.025 1.96
(2.2)2 (3) 2
2 1.96
50 35
2 1.17 (.83 to 3.17)
z
x1 x2 D0
(25.2 22.8) 0
2.03
2. a. 2
2
(5.2) 2 6 2
1 2
n1 n2 40 50
b. pvalue = .5000 .4788 = .0212
c. pvalue .05, reject H0.
x1 x2 D0 (104 106) 0
z 1.53
3. a. 2
2
(8.4) 2 (7.6) 2
1 2
n1 n2 80 70
b. pvalue = 2(.5000 .4370) = .1260
c. pvalue > .05, do not reject H0.
4. a. x1 x2 = 2.04 1.72 = .32
12 22
b. z.025
n1 n2
10 2
Statistical Inference about Means and Proportions with Two Populations
(.10) 2 (.08) 2
1.96 1.96(.0208) .04
40 35
c. .32 .04 (.28 to .36)
5. a. x1 x2 = 14.9 10.3 = 4.6 years
12 22 (5.2)2 (3.8) 2
b. z / 2 1.96 1.3
n1 n2 100 85
c. 4.6 1.3 (3.3 to 5.9)
6. 1 = Mean loan amount for 2002
2 = Mean loan amount for 2001
H0: 1 2 0
Ha: 1 2 0
x1 x2 D0 (175 165) 0
z 2.17
2
2
552 502
1 2
n1 n2 270 250
pvalue = .5000 .4850 = .0150
pvalue .05; reject H0. The mean loan amount has increased between 2001 and 2002.
7. a. H0: 1 2 0
Ha: 1 2 0
z
x1 x2 D0
(40 35) 0
2.41
b. 2
2
9 2 102
1 2
n1 n2 36 49
pvalue = 2(.5000 .4920) = .0160
pvalue .05; reject H0. There is a difference between the population mean ages at the two stores.
x1 x2 0 (69.95 69.56) 0
z 1.08
8. a. 2
2
2.52 2.52
1 2
n1 n2 112 84
b. pvalue = 2(.5000 .3599) = .2802
10 3
Chapter 10
c. pvalue > .05; do not reject H0. Cannot conclude that there is a difference between the population
mean scores for the two golfers.
9. a. x1 x2 = 22.5 20.1 = 2.4
2 2
s12 s22 2.52 4.82
n1 n2 20 30
b. df 2 2
2 2
45.8
1 s12 1 s22 1 2.52 1 4.82
n1 1 n1 n2 1 n2 19 20 29 30
Use df = 45.
c. t.025 = 2.014
2 2
s12 s22 5.22 8.52
n1 n2 35 40
b. df 2 2
2 2
65.7
1 s12 1 s22 1 5.22 1 8.52
n1 1 n1 n2 1 n2 34 35 39 40
Use df = 65
c. Using t table, area in tail is between .01 and .025
twotail pvalue is between .02 and .05.
Actual pvalue = .0329
d. pvalue .05, reject H0.
54 42
11. a. x1 9 x2 7
6 6
10 4
Statistical Inference about Means and Proportions with Two Populations
( xi x1 ) 2
b. s1 2.28
n1 1
( xi x2 ) 2
s2 1.79
n2 1
c. x1 x2 = 9 7 = 2
2 2
s12 s22 2.282 1.79 2
df n1 n2 6 6
9.5
d. 2 2 2 2
1 s12 1 s22 1 2.282 1 1.79 2
n1 1 n1 n2 1 n2 5 6 5 6
Use df = 9, t.05 = 1.833
2.282 1.792
x1 x2 1.833
6 6
12. a. x1 x2 = 22.5 18.6 = 3.9
2 2
s12 s22 8.42 7.42
n1 n2 50 40
b. df 2 2
2 2
87.1
1 s12 1 s22 1 8.42 1 7.42
n1 1 n1 n2 1 n2 49 50 39 40
Use df = 87, t.025 = 1.988
8.42 7.42
3.9 1.988
50 40
13. Computer used to obtain the following:
Taoyuan Kaohsiung
n1 = 50 n2 = 50
x1 = 3.16 x2 = 3.56
s1 = 1.18 s2 = 1.11
x1 x2 = 3.16 – 3.56 = .40
Kaohsiung is slightly higher rated.
10 5
Chapter 10
2 2
s12 s 22 1.18 2 1.11 2
n n 50
1 2 50
df 2 2
2 2
97.6
1 s12 1 s 22 1 1.18 2 1 1.11 2
n1 1 n1 n 1 n
2 2
49 50 49 50
Use df = 97, t.025 = 1.985
1.18 2 1.11 2
.40 1.985
50 50
x1 x2 = 21.2 22.8 = 1.6
Kitchens are less expensive by $1600.
2 2
s12 s22 2.702 3.552
n1 n2 10 8
b. df 2 2
2 2
12.9
1 s12 1 s22 1 2.70 2 1 3.552
n1 1 n1 n2 1 n2 9 10 7 8
Use df = 12, t.05 = 1.782
2.702 3.552
1.6 1.782
10 8
15. Computer used to obtain the following:
Union Nonunion
n1 = 14 n2 = 19
x1 = 17.54 x2 = 15.36
s1 = 2.24 s2 = 1.99
a. x1 x2 = 17.54 15.36 = $2.18 per hour greater for union workers.
10 6
Statistical Inference about Means and Proportions with Two Populations
2 2
s12 s22 2.242 1.992
n1 n2 14 19
b. df 2 2
2 2
26.1
1 s12 1 s22 1 2.242 1 1.992
n1 1 n1 n2 1 n2 13 14 18 19
Use df = 26, t.025 = 2.056
2.242 1.992
2.18 2.056
14 19
c. Yes, since the interval does not include 0, it can be concluded that union workers have a different
(higher) mean wage rate than nonunion workers.
16. a. H0: 1 2 0
Ha: 1 2 0
( x1 x 2 ) 0 (159.38 154.89) 0
t 3.11
2 2
b. s s 3.49 2 6.57 2
1
2
n1 n2 100 22
c. With n1 = 100 and n2 = 22, degrees of freedom will be 120. Using last row of the t table, the area in
the tail at t = 3.11 is between .0005 and .005. Thus, the twotail pvalue is between .001 and .01
Actual pvalue = .009
d. pvalue .05, reject H0. The population means differ for Hongkong and Korea.
17. 1 for 2001 season
2 for 1992 season
H0: 1 2 0
Ha: 1 2 0
b. x1 x2 = 60 51 = 9 days
9/51(100) = 17.6% increase in number of days.
t
x1 x2 0 (60 51) 0 2.48
c. s12 s22 182 152
n1 n2 45 38
10 7
Chapter 10
2 2
s12 s22 182 152
n1 n2 45 38
df 2 2
2 2
81
1 s12 1 s22 1 182 1 152
n1 1 n1 n2 1 n2 44 45 37 38
Using t table, pvalue is between .005 and .01.
Actual pvalue = .0075
pvalue .01, reject H0. There is a greater mean number of days on the disabled list in 2001.
d. Management should be concerned. Players on the disabled list have increased 32% and time on the
list has increased by 17.6%. Both the increase in inquiries to players and the cost of lost playing
time need to be addressed.
10 8
Statistical Inference about Means and Proportions with Two Populations
18. a. H0: 1 2 0
Ha: 1 2 0
t
x1 x2 0 (2.5 2.1) 0 1.53
b. s12 s22 .82 1.12
n1 n2 32 25
2 2
s12 s22 .82 1.12
df n1 n2 32 25 42.3
c. 2 2 2 2
1 s12 1 s22 1 .82 1 1.12
n1 1 n1 n2 1 n2 31 32 24 25
Use df = 42
Using t table, area in tail is between .05 and .10
Twotail pvalue is between .10 and .20
Actual pvalue = .1337
d. pvalue > .05, do not reject H0. Cannot conclude that there is a difference between population mean
times for the two airlines.
19. a. H0: 1 2 0
Ha: 1 2 0
x1 x2 D0 (6.82 6.25) 0
t 1.99
b. s2
s 2
.64 2 .752
1
2
n1 n2 16 10
2 2
s12 s22 .642 .752
n1 n2 16 10
c. df 2 2
2 2
16.9
1 s12 1 s22 1 .642 1 .752
n1 1 n1 n2 1 n2 15 16 9 10
Use df = 16
Using t table, pvalue is between .025 and .05
Actual pvalue = .0318
d. pvalue .05, reject H0. The consultant with more experience has a higher population mean rating.
10 9
Chapter 10
Ha: 1 2 120
t
x1 x2 D0
(1058 983) 120
2.10
b. 2
s s 2
902 1052
1
2
n1 n2 35 48
2 2
s12 s22 902 1052
n1 n2 35 48
df 2 2
2 2
78.8
1 s12 1 s22 1 902 1 1052
n1 1 n1 n2 1 n2 34 35 47 48
Use df = 78
Using t table, pvalue is between .01 and .025
Actual pvalue = .0197
pvalue .05, reject H0. The improvement is less than the stated average of 120 points.
s12 s22
c. x1 x2 t.025
n1 n2
df = 78
90 2 1052
(1058 983) 1.991
35 48
75 43 (32 to 118)
d. This is a wide interval. A larger sample should be used to reduce the margin of error.
21. a. 1, 2, 0, 0, 2
b. d di / n 5 / 5 1
(di d ) 2 4
c. sd 1
n 1 51
d d 1 0
d. t 2.24
sd / n 1 / 5
df = n 1 = 4
10 10
Statistical Inference about Means and Proportions with Two Populations
Using t table, pvalue is between .025 and .05
Actual pvalue = .0445
Reject H0; conclude d > 0.
22. a. 3, 1, 3, 5, 3, 0, 1
b. d di / n 14 / 7 2
( d i d ) 2 26
c. sd 2.08
n 1 7 1
d. d = 2
e. With 6 degrees of freedom t.025 = 2.447
2 2.447 2.082 / 7
2 1.93 (.07 to 3.93)
23. Difference = rating after rating before
H0: d 0
Ha: d > 0
d = .625 and sd = 1.30
d d .625 0
t 1.36
sd / n 1.30 / 8
df = n 1 = 7
Using t table, pvalue is between .10 and .20
Actual pvalue = .1084
Do not reject H0; we cannot conclude that seeing the commercial improves the mean potential to
purchase.
24. Differences: .20, .29, .39, .02, .24, .20, .20, .52, .29, .20
10 11
Chapter 10
(d i d ) 2
sd .13
n 1
With df = 9, t.025 = 2.262
sd
d t.025
n
.13
.255 2.262
10
.255 .095 (.16 to .35)
25. Differences: 8, 9.5, 6, 10.5, 15, 9, 11, 7.5, 12, 5
d = 93.5/10 = 9.35 and sd = 2.95
t.025 = 2.262 with df = n 1 = 9
9.35 2.262 2.95 / 10 9.35 2.11
Interval estimate is 7.24 to 11.46
26. H0: d= 0
Ha: d 0
Differences .11, .06, .17, .03, .16, .21, .01, .09
d d i / n .52 / 8 .065
( d i d ) 2
sd .11
n 1
d 0 .065
t 1.63
sd .11
n 8
df = n 1 = 7
Using t table, area is between .05 and .10
Twotail pvalue is between .10 and .20
Actual pvalue = .1482
Do not reject H0. Cannot conclude that the population means differ.
10 12
Statistical Inference about Means and Proportions with Two Populations
27. Using matched samples, the differences are as follows: 4, 2, 8, 8, 5, 6, 4, 2, 3, 0, 11, 5, 5, 9, 5
H0: d 0
Ha: d > 0
d = 3 and sd = 5.21
d d 3 0
t 2.23
sd / n 5.21 / 15
df = n 1 = 14
Using t table, pvalue is between .01 and .025
Actual pvalue = .0213
Reject H0. Conclude that the population of readers spends more time, on average, watching
television than reading.
28. a. Differences .91, .30, .84, .18, .34, .53, .20, .10, .78, .07
(d i d ) 2
sd .54
n 1
d d .103 0
t .60
sd / n .54 / 10
Using t table, area in tail is greater than .20
Twotail pvalue must be greater than .40
Actual pvalue = .5602
Cannot reject H0. No significant difference observed.
b. d = .103; Actual was less than predicted. Analysts overestimated earnings.
sd
c. t.025 df = 9 t = 2.262
n
.54
2.262
10
.39
Given the point estimate of .103, the margin of error is large. A larger sample is desired.
10 13
Chapter 10
29. Difference = Price deluxe Price Standard
H0: d = 10
Ha: d 10
d = 8.86 and sd = 2.61
d d 8.86 10
t 116
.
sd / n 2.61 / 7
df = n 1 = 6
Using t table, area is between .10 and .20
Twotail pvalue is between .20 and .40
Actual pvalue = .2906
Do not reject H0; we cannot reject the hypothesis that a $10 price differential exists.
30. a. p1 p2 = .48 .36 = .12
p1 (1 p1 ) p2 (1 p2 )
b. p1 p2 z.05
n1 n2
.12 .0614 (.0586 to .1814)
.12 .0731 (.0469 to .1931)
n1 p1 n2 p2 200(.22) 300(.16)
31. a. p .1840
n1 n2 200 300
p1 p2 .22 .16
z 1.70
1 1 1 1
p 1 p .1840 1 .1840
n1 n2 200 300
p value = .5000 .4554 = .0446
b. pvalue .05; reject H0.
10 14
Statistical Inference about Means and Proportions with Two Populations
p1 (1 p1 ) p2 (1 p2 )
b. p1 p2 z.025
n1 n2
.07 .0691 (.0009 to .1391)
7% more executives are predicting an increase in fulltime jobs. The confidence interval shows the
difference may be from 0% to 14%.
p1 (1 p1 ) p2 (1 p2 )
33. p1 p2 z.025
n1 n2
.09 .05 (.14 to .04)
From 4% to 14% greater for women.
34. a. p1 = 682/1082 = .6303
p2 = 413/1008 = .4097
p1 p2 = .6303 .4097 = .2206 (22%)
p1 (1 p1 ) p2 (1 p2 )
b. p1 p2 z.025
n1 n2
.2206 .0418 (.1788 to .2624)
35. a. p1 = 256/320 = .80
b. p2 = 165/250 = .66
c. p1 p2 = .80 .66 = .14
p1 (1 p1 ) p2 (1 p2 )
.14 z.025
n1 n2
10 15
Chapter 10
.14 .0733 (.0667 to .2133)
36. a. p1 = 371/462 = .803
b. p2 = 357/421 = .848
c. H0: p1 p2 0
Ha: p1 p2 < 0
Support for Ha will show p2 > p1 which indicates an improvement in ontime flight performance.
n1 p1 n 2 p 2 371(.803) 357(.848)
d. p .8245
n1 n 2 462 421
p1 p 2 .803 .848
z 1.76
1 1 1 1
p (1 p )( ) .8245(1 .8245)( )
n1 n 2 462 421
pvalue = . 5000 .4608 = .0392
Reject H0. Conclude ontime performance has improved.
37. a. H0: p1 p2 = 0
Ha: p1 p2 0
p1 = 63/150 = .42
p2 = 60/200 = .30
n1 p1 n2 p2 63 60
p .3514
n1 n2 150 200
p1 p2 .42 .30
z 2.33
1 1 1 1
p 1 p .3514 1 .3514
n1 n2 150 200
pvalue = 2(.5000 .4901) = .0198
pvalue .05, reject H0. There is a difference between the recall rates for the two commercials.
10 16
Statistical Inference about Means and Proportions with Two Populations
p1 (1 p1 ) p2 (1 p2 )
b. p1 p2 z.025
n1 n2
.12 .1014 (.0186 to .2214)
Commercial A has the better recall rate.
n1 p1 n2 p2 232(.815) 210(.724)
38. p .7718
n1 n2 232 210
p1 p2 .815 .724
z 2.28
1 1 1 1
p 1 p .7718 1 .7718
n1 n2 232 210
pvalue = 2(.5000 .4887) = .0226
pvalue .05, reject H0. The population proportions differ. NYSE is showing a greater proportion of
stocks below their 1997 highs.
39. a. H0: p1 p2 = 0
Ha: p1 p2 0
b. p1 = 1682/5014 = .3355 (34%)
p2 = 1523/5014 = .3037 (30%)
n1 p1 n 2 p 2 5014(.3355) 5014(.3037)
c. p .3196
n1 n 2 5014 5014
p1 p 2 .3355 .3037
z 3.41
1 1 1 1
p 1 p .31961 .3196
n
1 n 2 5014 5014
pvalue 0
Reject H0. There is a significant difference in the population proportions. A higher proportion
expecting to collect information from magazines is observed.
10 17
Chapter 10
12 22
40. x1 x2 z.05
n1 n2
(3.82) 2 (1.86) 2
186.83 178.19 1.645
1019 3892
8.64 0.2029
(8.4371 to 8.8429)
10 18
Statistical Inference about Means and Proportions with Two Populations
41. H0: 1 2 = 0
Ha: 1 2 0
( x1 x 2 ) D0 (159.63 155.35) 0
z 3.99
12 22 2.032 8.52 2
n1 n2 256 64
pvalue = 2(.5000 .49997) = .00006
pvalue .05, reject H0. A difference exists with business having the lower mean daily
consumption.
42. a. H0: 1 2 0
Ha: 1 2 > 0
b. Using the computer,
n1 = 30 n2 = 30
x1 = 16.23 x2 = 15.70
s1 = 3.52 s2 = 3.31
( x1 x2 ) D0 (16.23 15.70) 0
t .60
2 2
s s (3.52) 2 (3.31) 2
1
2
n1 n2 30 30
2
s12 s22 3.522 3.312
n1 n2 30 30
df 2 2
2 2
57.8
1 s12 1 s22 1 3.52 2 1 3.312
n1 1 n1 n2 1 n2 29 30 29 30
Use df = 57
Using t table, pvalue is greater than .20
Actual pvalue = .2753
pvalue > .05, do not reject H0. Cannot conclude that the mutual funds with a load have a greater
mean rate of return.
43. H0: 1 2 = 0
Ha: 1 2 0
10 19
Chapter 10
( x1 x2 ) 0 (72 78) 0
t 1.73
2 2
s s 82 102
1
2
n1 n2 12 15
2 2
s12 s22 82 102
df n1 n2 12 15 25
2 2 2 2
1 s12 1 s22 1 82 1 102
n1 1 n1 n2 1 n2 11 12 14 15
Using t table area is between .025 and .05
Twotail pvalue is between .05 and .10
Actual pvalue = .0961
pvalue > .05, do not reject H0. Cannot conclude a difference exists.
44. a. H0: 1 2 = 0
Ha: 1 2 0
( x1 x 2 ) 0 (47.12 40.67) 0
t 6.96
s12 s 22 10.04 2 10.11 2
n1 n 2 177 353
With a total sample size 177 + 353 = 530, use infinity row to t distribution table.
Using t table, pvalue is less than .005
Actual pvalue 0
pvalue .01, reject H0. Conclude females have a higher mean English score.
s12 s22
b. x1 x2 t.025
n1 n2
Use t.025 = 1.960
10.04 2 10.112
( 47.12 40.67) 1.960
177 353
6.45 1.82 (4.63 to 8.27)
45. a. H0: 1 2 0
Ha: 1 2 > 0
10 20
Statistical Inference about Means and Proportions with Two Populations
b. Using difference data,
d i 1.74
d .124
n 14
(d i d ) 2
sd .33
n 1
d d .124 0
t 1.42
sd / n .33 / 14
Degrees of freedom = n 1 = 13
Using t table, pvalue is between .05 and .10
Actual pvalue = .0889
pvalue > .05, do not reject H0. Data does not support the conclusion that population mean earnings
are down in 1997.
46. a. H0: p1 p2 0
Ha: p1 p2 > 0
b. p1 = 704/1035 = .6802
p2 = 582/1004 = .5797
n1 p1 n2 p2 704 582
p .6307
n1 n2 1035 1004
p1 p2 .6802 .579
z 4.70
1 1 1 1
p 1 p .6307 1 .6307
n1 n2 1035 1004
pvalue 0
c. pvalue .01, reject H0. Conclude that the proportion indicating good/excellent increased over the four
year period.
47. a. p1 = 1006/1015 = .9911
p2 = 998/1054 = .9469
n1 p1 n 2 p 2 1015(.9911) 1054(.9469)
p .9686
n1 n 2 1015 1054
10 21
Chapter 10
p1 p 2 .9911 .9469
z 5.77
1 1 1 1
p (1 p )( ) .9686(1 .9686)( )
n1 n 2 1015 1054
pvalue 0
Reject H0; there is a difference between rates.
p1 (1 p1 ) p2 (1 p2 )
b. p1 p2 z.025
n1 n2
.0443 .0147 (.0296 to .0590)
48. p1 = 9/142 = .0634
p2 = 5/268 = .0187
n1 p1 n2 p2 95
p .0341
n1 n2 142 268
p1 p2 .0634 .0187
z 2.37
1 1 1 1
p 1 p .0341 1 .0341
n1 n2 142 268
pvalue = 2(.5000 .4911) = .0178
pvalue .02, reject H0. There is a significant difference in drug resistance between the two states.
New Jersey has the higher drug resistance rate.
10 22