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Questions On Parallel Operation of Transformers
Questions On Parallel Operation of Transformers
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Answer: c
Explanation: Impedance test is done on a transformer in
order to check net impedance offered by a transformer
circuit at rated supply. Polarity test is also done before SC
and OC test on transformer. Core insulation is also checked
before installations in such tests.
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Answer: c
Explanation: To obtain accurate results it is essential that
low power factor wattmeter, precision grade ammeters,
voltmeters, and class 0.1 (see BS 3938 and 3941) current
and voltage transformers are used.
Answer: d
Explanation: These instruments should be checked at
intervals not exceeding 12 months to ensure that the
requisite accuracy is maintained. All these instruments are
highly sensitive in their operation, thus to maintain accuracy
testing is essential.
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Answer: a
Explanation: Incoming core plate is checked for thickness
and quality of insulation coating. A sample of the material is
cut and built up into a small loop known as an Epstein
Square from which a measurement of specific loss is made.
Such a procedure is described in BS 6404.
Answer: c
Explanation: This is checked by Megger and by application
of a 2 kV RMS or 3 kV DC test voltage on completion of
erection of the core. These checks are repeated following
replacement of the top yoke after fitting the windings.
Answer: c
Explanation: The first tank of any new design should be
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Answer: a
Explanation: For transformers rated 132 kV and below a
more modest vacuum test equivalent to 330 mbar absolute
pressure should be applied. The permissible permanent
deflections following this test should be similar to those
allowed for 275 and 400 kV transformer tanks reduced pro-
rata for smaller tanks.
Answer: a
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Answer: d
Explanation: Tests to prove guarantees; these are losses,
impedance, temperature rise, noise level. While resistance,
tap changing, ratio, polarity are the parts of tests that prove
that transformer has been built correctly.
Answer: a
Explanation: Tests to prove that the transformer will be
satisfactory in service for at least 30 years. The tests in this
category are the most important and the most difficult to
frame: they include all the dielectric or overvoltage tests,
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Answer: d
Explanation: Special tests are tests, other than routine or
type tests, agreed between manufacturer and purchaser,
for example: test with lightning impulse chopped on the tail,
zero-sequence impedance on three-phase transformers,
and other tests included in options.
Answer: d
Explanation: When a test for temperature rise is specified it
is necessary to measure the temperature rise of the oil and
the windings at continuous full load, and the various
methods of conducting this test are as follows: short-circuit
equivalent test, back-to-back test, delta/delta test, open-
circuit test.
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Transformer Installations
Questions and Answers
by Manish
5-7 minutes
Answer: a
Explanation: Every transformer is designed for use of it for
multiple years, thus transformers are designed to handle
the problems on site itself, because it not only saves time
but also makes repairing work easy.
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Answer: d
Explanation: When the tank is correctly positioned on the
plinth it must then be carefully examined for any signs of
damage or any other indication that it might have been
mishandled during transport. Any special provisions by way
of protection applied during transport must be removed. If
additional clamping has been applied to the core and
windings for transport, this must be released or removed
according to the instruction manual.
Answer: b
Explanation: Removal of blanking plates giving access to
the tank. Such opening of the tank must be kept to a
minimum time, to reduce the possibility of moisture entering
the tank; to assist in this, manufacturers of large high-
voltage transformers provide equipment to blow dry air into
the tank and thus maintain a positive internal pressure.
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b) oil
c) normal air
d) hydrogen helium mixture
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: Even if the transformer is not required for
service for some months, it is desirable that it should be
filled with oil as soon as possible and certainly within three
months of the original date of draining the oil in the factory.
If it is being kept in storage for a period longer than three
months at some location other than its final position, it
should similarly be filled with oil.
Answer: d
Explanation: When all bushings have been fitted, access
covers replaced, and conservator and Buchholz pipework
erected, any cooler bank erected and associated pipework
installed or tank-mounted radiators fitted, preparations can
begin for filling with oil.
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Answer: c
Explanation: The materials used in their construction are
highly stressed both electrically and mechanically, and to
achieve satisfactory operation extensive precautions are
taken in manufacture, particularly in respect of insulation
quality.
Answer: c
Explanation: After completion of site erection, a vacuum
pump is applied to the tank and the air exhausted until a
vacuum equivalent to between 5 and 10 mbar can be
maintained. If this work is carried out by the transformer
manufacturer, or his appointed subcontractor, there will be
no doubt as to the ability of the tank to withstand the
applied vacuum.
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c) above 0.5%
d) below 1%
View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: When a new 400 kV transformer is processed
in the factory, the aim is to obtain a moisture content in the
cellulose insulation of less than 0.5%. When an oiled
cellulose insulation is exposed to atmosphere, the rate of
absorption of moisture depends on the relative humidity of
the atmosphere.
Answer: d
Explanation: During the drying-out process the following
readings should be taken at frequent regular intervals:
Insulation resistance between high-voltage and low-voltage
windings and between each winding and earth, temperature
and time.
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d) never used
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Short-circuit method is also used for: Drying
out the transformer and oil simultaneously in the
transformer tank, drying the transformer only, out of its tank.
During the process, the low-voltage winding is short-
circuited, a low single-phase or three-phase voltage being
applied to the high-voltage windings.
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Answer: d
Explanation: In parallel operation of a transformer, loading
gets divided between the whole set in proportion of their
impedances. Thus, if impedances are not same then,
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Answer: b
Explanation: Polarity of the two transformers must be same
if the are supposed to be operated in parallel mode of
operation. It is okay if they have unequal efficiencies, or
unequal kVA ratings, as parallel connection is still possible.
Answer: b
Explanation: In parallel operation of a transformer, loading
of the transformers gets divided between the whole set in
proportion of their per unit impedances. Thus, if per unit
impedances are not same then, loading will not be in the
ratio of their kVA ratings.
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Answer: b
Explanation: As far polarity is concerned, the transformers
are connected in the same sequence when they are
operated in parallel combination. An incorrect polarity
connection of these transformers will result in dead short
circuit.
Answer: d
Explanation: If the percentage impedances of the two
transformers which are working in the parallel are different,
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Answer: a
Explanation: Turn ratio of star1/ Turn ratio of delta 1=
Vph/Vph/√3= √3
Ture ratio of star 2 / Turn ratio of delta 2= Vph/√3/Vph= 1/√3
Thus, turn ratio of star1/delta1 = 3 * turn ratio of star 2/ delta
2.
Answer: c
Explanation: The transformers must be connected properly
as far as their polarities are concerned so that the net
voltage around the local loop is zero. A wrong polarity
connection results in a dead short circuit.
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Answer: a
Explanation: Three-phase transformers must have zero
relative phase displacement on the secondary sides and
must be connected in a proper phase sequence. Only the
transformers of the same phase group can be paralleled.
Answer: b
Explanation: For example, Y/Y and Y/D transformers
cannot be paralleled as their secondary voltages will have a
phase difference of 30°. Transformers with +30° and –30°
phase shift can, however, be paralleled by reversing the
phase-sequence of one of them.
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View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: The transformers must have the same voltage-
ratio to avoid no-load circulating current when transformers
are in parallel on both primary and secondary sides. Since
the leakage impedance is low, even a small voltage
difference can give rise to considerable no-load circulating
current and extra I2R loss.
Answer: d
Explanation: When the load outgrows the capacity of an
existing transformer, it may be economical to install another
one in parallel with it rather than replacing it with a single
larger unit. Also, sometimes in a new installation, two units
in parallel, though more expensive, may be preferred over a
single unit for reasons of reliability—half the load can be
supplied with one unit out. Further, the cost of maintaining a
spare is less with two units in parallel.
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Answer: b
Explanation: When two transformers paralleled on both
sides with proper polarities but on no-load. The primary
voltages V1 and V2 are obviously equal. If the voltage-ratio
of the two transformers are not identical, the secondary
induced emfs, E11and E2 though in phase will not be equal
in magnitude and the difference (E1-E2) will appear across
the switch S.
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Answer: c
Explanation: When secondaries are paralleled by closing
the switch, a circulating current appears even though the
secondaries are not supplying any load, as a result of
difference in their voltage ratios.
Answer: c
Explanation: The circulating current flowing at no-load
condition depend upon the total leakage impedance of the
two transformers and the difference in their voltage ratios.
Only a small difference in the voltage-ratios can be
tolerated.
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Answer: a
Explanation: When the transformers have equal voltage
ratio, E1 = E2, the equivalent circuit of the two transformers
would then be simple because of the assumption that the
exciting current can be neglected in comparison to the load
current.
Answer: a
Explanation: Since both the transformers are having same
number of turns and thus equal voltage ratios, it is easier
for analysis of current as division in two branches will be
according to the Ohm’s law, which is the answer.
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impedances
b) inversely proportional to the net leakage impedances
c) inversely proportional to another leakage impedance
d) directly proportional to the respective leakage
impedances
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: the individual currents are inversely
proportional to the respective leakage impedances. Thus, if
the transformers are to divide the total load in proportion to
their kVA ratings, it is necessary that the leakage
impedances be inversely proportional to the respective kVA
ratings.
Answer: a
Explanation: If the transformers are to divide the total load
in proportion to their kVA ratings, it is necessary that the
leakage impedances be inversely proportional to the
respective kVA ratings. Thus, Z1/Z2= S2(rated)/ S1(rated) =
VLI2/ VLI1. Hence, Z1/Z2= I2/ I1.
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Answer: c
Explanation: We can define maximum load in kVA relating
with rated kVA of transformer 1 as, S2(rated)= (Z1/Z2+Z1)
*SL(max). Thus, by rearranging terms we get SL(max)=
S2(rated) Z1+Z2/Z1 and SL(max)= S1(rated) Z1+Z2/Z2.
Answer: b
Explanation: As SL(max)= S2(rated) Z1+Z2/Z1 and
SL(max)= S1(rated) Z1+Z2/Z2, because of individual
leakage impedances are inversely proportional to the
respective kVA ratings. Important thing is in either of the
above cases maximum kVA loading is lesser than the
addition of both rated kVAs.
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View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: We know that a small difference in voltage
ratios can be tolerated in the parallel operation of
transformers. Thus, in the unequal voltage ratio condition
current will flow from depending on both of the options
stated above.
Answer: d
Explanation: Z1= 0.012+j 0.06
Z2= 2(0.014+j0.045)
Z1+Z2= 0.04+ j0.15
The load is SL = 800(0.8-0.6j)
Thus, S1= Z2/Z1+Z2 SL, we get S1= 377- j305.2
S2 = Z1/Z1+Z2 SL, we get S2= 264-j171.6.
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