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Eclipse Tutorial 3 Instructions
Eclipse Tutorial 3 Instructions
HERIOTWATT UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
ECLIPSE TUTORIAL NO. 3
(Model construction, history matching and prediction)
This exercise is divided into three parts:
A – Identifying initial input parameters (OOIP and Ø) from early production data and
material balance.
B – Adjust history matching parameters to give correct water production rate.
C – Predict optimum development strategy for remainder of field life.
A – Use of Material Balance to calculate IOIP and system porosity.
“ Extract” the tut3.zip file (and the includefiles subfolder) into your workspace.
Only "drag and drop" from the zip file if you see the “includefiles” folder and not
its contents. This folder must be a subfolder with its contents in place.
The HAROLDHISTORY.DATA file contains a model of an undersaturated oil
reservoir with a small aquifer that started producing oil from a single well on 9th
August 2014. The porosity is not known, but is thought to be somewhere in the
range 25%35%. Your fist task is to use the Material Balance equation to
calculate the original stock tank oil in place (STOOIP), and from that estimate a
single porosity value to use in the model. The bulk volume of the reservoir above
the oil water contact is known to be approximately 37,279,000 rb, and the Netto
Gross ratio has been estimated at 0.76.
The fact that during the initial stages of production the reservoir remains above
the bubble point pressure (3100 psia) and that there is negligible influx of water
initially, allows you to use the following equation to calculate the STOOIP:
1
�N � B B �S .c + c � __
1 - � p �= oi + oi � wi w rock .D p
�
�N � Bo Bo � 1 - S wi �
where the quantity (Np/N) is the Recovery Factor (RF) as a fraction of the OOIP
__
(i.e. N), the pressure increase (which will be negative) is given by D p . The
other quantities have their usual meanings – formation volume factors,
compressibilities and saturations. These may be taken from the input data file.
Assume Swi = 0.28 (which includes the water leg) and in calculating Bo and Boi,
bear in mind that the gasoil ratio initially is 0.35 Mscf/stb. You may use the
spreadsheet CM2Ex1_RECIP.xls to assist with this calculation. Note that Eclipse
linearly interpolates 1/Bo so we do the same here.
Use the table below which contains measured static pressures (an estimate of field
average pressure) and cumulative production for the initial period of production in
this reservoir, before there is any water injection and before water breakthrough.
Take the pressure and cumulative production from one date as your reference
point for calculating STOOIP.
Once you have calculated STOOIP, use the relationship
STOOIP = N = (bulk volume / Bo(init)) x Ø x NTG x Soil to calculate Ø.
What value of Ø do you get? Explain the value of saturation that you use.
In Figure 1, show a screen capture of the spreadsheet indicating your inputs and
the final calculations of N and Ø. Enter this value for Ø as being uniform
throughout the field and run the model. In Figure 2, plot the Field Average
Pressure (FPR) from the model and the static BHP data from the table above
against time (you will need to extract FPR from the .RSM file from your run and
make the plot in Excel). On Figure 3 plot WBHP and WBHPH against time and in
Figure 4 plot FOPR and FOPRH against time, etc to compare the calculated (eg
FOPR) and historically observed (eg FOPRH) values.)
2
Explain what would make a good (i.e. acceptable) match and whether or not you
have one in each of the plots? Can you suggest you could change to further
improve the match?
If you have a good match, will the forecast be accurate and if not why not?
B – Adjust history matching parameters to give correct water production rate.
The first stage in history matching a model is generally to ensure that correct
material balance is used, and as a result the pressures profiles should match the
observed values. The next step is to match water production rates.
What additional information, if any, will we gain from considering the field
average pressure match for the waterflood if we are happy with the match of
depletion in Part A.
Additional data from 1 May 2015 to 1 April 2017 may be added by inserting the
following immediately before the END keyword:
History match after start of water injection on 01/05/15 up to 01/04/17
INCLUDE
'includefiles\SCHEDHISTTO1Apr2017.INC' /
(Remember that you cannot alter historical observed data and do not delete the
existing INCLUDE statement!)
Run this model, and in Figure 5 plot calculated and historical water production
rates. In Figure 6 plot the calculated and historical BHP values at the injector and
producer wells.
What information can we gain from history matching the BHP data at this point
and what pitfalls might we encounter?
It turns out that layer 2 of the simulation grid was assigned an incorrect absolute
permeability during the original model construction but all other well
measurements were correctly assigned. Vary this parameter until you get a match
on water production rate and BHP pressures.
What value do you think gives the best match?
Plot calculated and historical water flow rates (on Figure 8) and BHPs (on Figure
9) for both wells for ALL of the various simulations you’ve run.
Did you get an acceptable match to either the pressure or the water production
rate? If not how did you decide on how to define the best match and if you
matched one of the variables, what might you change to improve any remaining
mismatch?
C – Predict optimum development strategy for remainder of field life.
3
You have a budget to drill two new wells which can come on stream as of
01/05/17. These wells may be sidetracked from existing wells or they may be new
wells; they may be horizontal or vertical production wells, or water injection
wells. Additionally, you may close existing completions when wells hit economic
limits (use GECON keyword which should be placed after the included file
“HISTTO1Apr2017.INC”). Immiscible gas may also be injected instead of
water at no extra cost.
Horizontal wells are defined by multiple entries in the COMPDAT keyword for
the same well, keeping Ztop and Zbot the same, and setting the 13 th item in the
keyword to be X or Y, depending on the orientation (default is Z), eg
COMPDAT
well X Y Ztop Zbot Status well ID orientation
D10 9 10 2 2 OPEN 1* 1* 0.500 3* X/
D10 8 10 2 2 OPEN 1* 1* 0.500 3* X/
D10 7 10 2 2 OPEN 1* 1* 0.500 3* X/
D10 7 11 2 2 OPEN 1* 1* 0.500 3* Y/
/
Alternatively, a polymer flood may be attempted, instead of drilling one new well
(i.e. a total of three wells only may be simulated but you can inject polymer into
all injectors). Properties of the polymer used in TUT2 should be used here. You
may also deplete the field by stopping injection altogether. This model is three
phase, and if the pressure drops below the bubble point then free gas will be
evolved.
The aim of this part of the exercise is to investigate a range of scenarios and
sensitivities by simulation which should include trying different combinations of
wells as well as waterflood, polymerflood and gas flood within the economic
constraints. You are trying to find those that maximise recovery.
The field economic constrains are that you must maintain production of oil to be
at least 400 stb/d, and the water cut may not exceed 98%. Use the GECON
keyword to automatically detect when the economic constraints have been
reached. Simulate monthly time steps. With GECON you can set the number of
steps to be large as the simulation stops automatically. However, you should make
sure this is why the simulation stops.
You may produce at no more than 3300 BBL/day per well and inject water at no
more than 3500 BBL/day per well. All injectors must keep pressure below 5200
PSI while producer pressures stay above 2300 PSI. You MUST set up
WCONPROD and WCONINJ keywords to apply this for the forecast period. Gas
injection is also limited to a maximum of 2000 Mscf/DAY per well.
Compare the results of a minimum of 10 and maximum of 20 simulations with the
base case calculation considering a range of scenarios (you may also investigate
sensitivities within scenarios). In the report indicate which is your best strategy,
4
and why it works well – i.e describe why the displacement process is more
efficient in the optimum model. Compare your optimum model to a base case
where the original wells are used continuing with waterflooding. You should also
compare two alternative scenarios (e.g. polymer versus gas versus inclusion of a
4th well). Plot the recovery or recovery factor vs time and the water cut vs time as
a comparison for ALL of the sensitivity calculations. Use saturation (or changes
in saturation) plots to explain illustrate your conclusions for the main cases of
interest. Also provide a table listing your sensitivity calculations (name of file*,
parameter varied and results (eg final FOPT, etc.). The emphasis here should not
be on squeezing the last drop of oil out, but on understanding why one technique
is more effective than another.
Remember that running a simulation is far cheaper than actually drilling a well
and all numerical experiments are valid! You can learn (and demonstrate
learning) as much from the ones that show poor recovery as from the ones that
show good recovery.
* It is important that you develop the habit of keeping files well organised, using
folders, sensible file names and a descriptor at the top of each file which indicates
what the current sensitivity entails.
Eric Mackay & Karl Stephen Jan 2018