SITE DEWATERING INTRODUCTION There are three a roups availa ae Sroups of methods available for temporary works control of 1. Lowering of ground of water abstractio dewatering. - Exclusion of groundwater inflow to the form of very | water levels in the area of construction by means n, in other words — groundwater lowering or N area of construction by some a r ‘OW permeability cut-off wall or barrier (e.g. sheet- Piling, diaphragm walls, artificial ground freezing). - Application of a fluid Pressure in confined chambers such as tunnels, shafts and caissons to counter balance groundwater pressures (eg. Compressed air, earth pressure balance tunnel boring machines) To allow even a basic approach to the control of groundwater, the practitioner should be familiar with some of the principles governing groundwater flow. Similarly, the specialist terms and language used must be understood? Our main interest is in abstracting water from the ground by means of wells or sumps of one kind or another. Accordingly, the principles of groundwater flow to wells are presented. The importance of aquifer types is discussed. The terms such as the hydrological cycle, the concepts of aquifers, permeability (a measure of how easily water can flow through a porous mass), Darcy’s law — which is used to describe most groundwater flow regimes — are briefly described. The typical values of permeability are presented. DARCY’S LAW ates exnt wTHE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE Precipitation Evaporation Transpiration any cS) nee, TF SEA bby gs Cea e arian loral recharge Regional discharge “Gree discharge area, area TYPICAL VALUES OF PERMEABILITY ‘Typical classification Permeability (m/s) of permeability High >1xto-3 High to moderate 1x 10-3 to Sx 10-* Moderate to low 5x 10-4 to 1 x 10-4 Low 1x L0~4 to 1 x 10-§ Low to very low 1x 10-8 to 1x 10-8 Very low 1x 10-7 to 1x 107 ; 1/50 uilding settlement and tilt for damage risk assessment Anticipated effects Superficial damage unlikely. Possible superficial damage, unlikely to have structural significance. Expected superficial damage and possible structural damage to buildings; possible damage to rigid pipelines, Expected structural damage to buildings and expected damage to rigid pipelines oF possible damage to other Pipelines,Analysis and Design of Well Point System + Trench Standing ground water level os ‘ i Assumed line ssqurce Relatively impervious stratum For the gravity flow to trench excavation (slot), the quantity of flow per unit length of trench can be calcul fated from the following equation: q -(o ra+02( BOR) (ys -he) Where q= quantity of flow per unit length of trench, K = coefficient of permeability of the pervious layer, HH, hg and L are dimensions as shown. The dimension “Z “ can be obtained by dewing a flow net or approximately from the empirical equation (no water body such as river, lake, canal near the excavation); -h)VK Where: Kl[em/sec], H & ho [m]A closely spaced two opposite raw of well points may be approximated as ‘Wo parallel trenches (slots), where all vertical heights are measured from the location of the impervious layer [ M, H, ha, ho}. Header pipe Crete. yates init water table; water table Impervious layer M= height of pump intake, T= original height of ground water table. ho = height of ground water at slot.Se The head losses in the system may be evaluated as: + Losses in the riser pipe =0.2-0.4m Losses in collector pipe (header) = 0.5 — 1.0m hgand L can be calculated from the following two equations: [1.48 Ip = he| ——(H =h,)+1| and L=150(H ~h,)VK LL J Where: K [cm/sec], hp , L & ho [m] Once /tg and L are calculated, the discharge per unit length of the slot can be computed from the following equation: H -h,\\K =| 0.734+0.27 © |\\—(H? -h; a-| a al: ‘) Where K [m/sec] and q [m’/sec/m’] The spacing between well points depends on the permeability of the pervious soil layer and the amount of ground water lowering. The obtained using NAVFAC (1982) chart. spacing can be e per well point is computed Guards 35Th le above calculated value was increased by 35% to account for the end effec He effects of the imaginary unlimited slot (3-dimensions flow). Groundwater Towering, tt irr a Spacing of weipoints, ft Poles 60 “oolog a aeead eaean ee 2 Grove re os 40 i Y 2. 4 Grovel 2s i ' very fine ‘gravel 20 oe & te Coarse s ai = _—o FG pes ee 9; 8 Medium 9 7 4t _SE_ very tne aoe 8 “ad gravel =n---0 ? et 5 6 9 6 5 tg rs 10 9 2 10: 15. Fine Coarse Medium wand 3 15: ‘sand ‘sond "O 2 20: 25: Fine according the spacing (a). Since the Pump can typically Points the mumber of pumps can be 7 eas de arranged.9- In order to calculated the horsepower (H.P.) needed for each pump, the total head should be first calculated: Total head (Hz) = static head (suction) ++ dynamic head (delivery) Static head (suction) = h, = M- ho + losses Dynamic head (delivery) ~ 10 m_ if not given. ¢ Discharge Dynamic Head Total eS ¢imneller Static suction e Therefore, the horsepower (a P.) needed for each pump: 1Qpumptlr "aCAnalysis and Design of Deep Wells With | Submersible Pumps | pe We i i i i i i i i i pee —s le— —2. The total discharge of the dewatered area can be computed from the equation of a single well discharging at a constant rate Qr, and reducing the head at r, to he. aK (H?-h; a oe) In— T Where: _R=radius of influence due to pumping, re= equivalent radius of the excavation area. h, = head of water at the centre of the excavation area above the impervious base. = depth of original ground water table from the impervious layer. depends on the amount of 3. The radius of influence of the well (R) s value can be empirically drawdown and the permeability of soil. It R = 3000 (H-he) SK Choke) = m estimated as: Naas ) x =300(H -h, VK) (H- h,) = drawdown at well location {rp] bility coefficient [emi/sec] Pggiog 19-2088 is determined according to the sete Thttton xo’ *In choosing the appropriate diameter of wells, the following table may be used: i'diameter [in] | Qhump [m°/hr] ] 0 150 | 10 12 300 | 12 14 | 450 14 16 600 | 5. The required numbers of wells are distributed around the excavation top. The water level at several locations (center, corners, and at well location) has to be checked before accepting the system using the following equation: Where: qui = actual discharge of the i* well hy = head at point “p” 1 = the distance of point “p” from the i well. j- ghlitie. : ‘At any point, if h, > 1. — increase number of pumps,Check head at Center Check head at Corner Check head at Well Location 1