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Chapter 2 YUM
Chapter 2 YUM
This chapter contains relevant studies and researchers from various sources,
both from foreign and local books and journals that were gathered to serve as
background material for the research to enlighten the researchers on the topic of the
interest and provide insight on how to conduct the study. After a thought search was
made, the proponent had come out with the following literatures and studies.
The state of the art included literature from the books, journals and articles about
the topic. The ideas from the authors and expert are also cited to make the report more
credible. The materials that constitute the following come from the foreign and local
sources. This provides the readers information about the level of development of a
This presents the foreign and local literature related to the subject of the research
study being conducted. This also present related studies both foreign and local made to
the same.
National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (2009) stated that Coronary Artery
leading cause of death in the United States in both men and women.
CAD happens when the arteries that supply blood to heart muscle become
hardened and narrowed. This is due to the buildup of cholesterol and other material,
called plaque, on their inner walls. As the building grows, less blood can flow through
the arteries. As a result, the health muscle can’t get the blood or oxygen it needs. This
can lead to chest pain (angina) or a heart attack. Most heart attacks happen when a
blood clot suddenly cuts off the heart’s blood supply, causing permanent heart damage.
Over time, CAD can also weaken the heart muscle and contribute to heart failure
and arrhythmias. Heart failure means the heart can’t pump blood well to the rest of the
body. Arrhythmias are changes in the normal beating rhythm of the heart.
Mary Ann George (2009) cited that Coronary artery disease usually results in
two conditions. One condition is called angina pectoris. Angina pectoris or angina is
pain in the chest that sometimes travels down the left arm. It is due to lack of oxygen
being carried to the heart from the arteries. The other resulting condition of CAD is
myocardial infarct or a heart attack. According to the Centers for Disease Control
(CDC), “Heart Disease Facts and Statistics”, heart attacks are leading cause of death
among adults.
The first symptoms include pain or discomfort. The pain or discomfort can be in
the chest, jaw, neck, back, arms or shoulders. Another symptoms is shortness of breath
or inability to take deep breath. Other symptoms may be weakness, dizziness, feeling
faint or lightheaded.
There was seven major health risks that can lead to coronary artery disease. The
first two factors relate directly to the blood and are high blood pressure and high
cholesterol levels. Other risk of CAD related to lifestyle. Examples of lifestyle risks are
coronary artery disease. The greater the number or severity of Cardiac Risk Factors
that apply to you, the higher your chances are for cardiovascular disease. By identifying
these Cardiac Risk Factors and taking active steps to reduce their number or severity,
you help lower the risk of developing a cardiovascular condition. There are Risk Factors
for Coronary Artery Disease as modifiable risk factors and modifiable risk factors such
as Heredity, Gender, Age, Smoking, High Blood Cholesterol, High Blood, Pressure,
As asserted by, Delos Reyes (June 2005) Coronary Artery Disease is when the
coronary arteries, the blood vessels that bring oxygen to the heart become narrowed by
a build up of fatty layer called plaque in the walls of artery. The general terms for this
process are known as atherosclerosis. As a result of the blockage, blood reaching the
experienced. Many People are not aware they have coronary heart disease until tests
are performed.
To decrease the risk of coronary artery disease and other heart conditions, first
eliminate saturated fat from your diet and control your calories – reducing cholesterol
level is very important. Exercise is also key, incorporate more physical activities such as
walking and taking the stairs into your daily routine. If you smoke, stop right away, and if
you have high blood pressure and diabetes, make sure follow your physician’s advice
and keep your condition under control. Work on maintaining a positive disposition evem
in the face of stressful situations. Remember a happy heart is a healthy one. As suggest
by (Cruz, 2005)
Anti-platelet therapy is indicated in addition to the other standard therapy for the
majority of patient who has a myocardial infarction (MI) to protect against majority of the
patient against recurrent vascular events to prevent restenosis in those who have
The National Nutrition and H Survey (2003 – 2004) that was conducted
Science and Technology (FNRI – DOST). Collectively, three groups formed the Multi
Sectored Task force on N NHES 2003 – 2004. The survey determined the National
Prevalence of over 20 non communicable diseases and over low risk factors. This
sectors such as lifestyle modify, nutrition labeling and healthy diet campaign among
others for prevention and equally vital N NHES. It is recommended that programs on
Valdes M.D. (2003), the national nutrition council claims 900,000 Filipinos are
stricken with heart disease every year making it one countries leading health problems
today next to the various cancer. It is no longer just a concern of elderly. Heart ailment
are now prevalent in Filipinos starting as young as 30- as possible reflection that
Today’s fast paced, highly competitive environment is taking its toll on the younger
Shah and Williams Kraus, M.D (2003) denoted that tiny bits of molecular “trash”
untimely death, say researchers at Duke University Medical Center. The discovery
comes from the largest study of its kind for cardiovascular disease, and is the first to
identify specific metabolic profiles associated with coronary artery disease, heart attacks
and death among patients who have associated with coronary catheterization. This
study analyzed metabolites, the molecular debris left over the body breaks food down
observation. Overall, total mortality was not significantly affected by alteration in fat
intake but there was a significant 24% reduction in cardiovascular events. Low fat or
modified fat diets mat altered protection against cardiovascular events is not as strong
as is commonly assumed and there is little evidence that such diet reduce overall
psychosocial stressors are more likely to trigger cardiac arrest in women, whereas
physical exertion is more a common trigger for men. Of the 20 women participating 40%
reported the presence of psychosocial stressors before cardiac arrest, compared with
16% men, conversely 40% of men and 5% of women reported physical exertion before
and increased need for late reintervention. However, the rate of late MI and death in FA
was similar to C patients. These results suggest that FA patients, especially those
presenting with diabetes fir CAD treatment, need to be followed closely after
As according to National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (2009) and Mary
Ann George (2009) Coronary Artery Disease Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the
most common type of heart disease. It is the leading cause of death in the United States
in both men and women and with older people. It happens when the arteries that supply
blood to heart muscle become hardened and narrowed. Most heart attacks happen
when a blood clot suddenly cuts off the heart’s blood supply, causing permanent heart
damage.
(2004) Cardiac Risk Factors are characteristics or traits that reliably predict a person;s
Factors and lifestyle modify, nutrition labeling and healthy diet campaign among others
should focus more on attitude and practice modification which is under the modifiable
Shah and William Kraus, M.D. (2003) stated that the largest study for
cardiovascular disease, and is the first to identify specific metabolic profiles associated
with coronary artery disease, heart attacks and death among patients who have
debris left over after the body breaks food down into energy sources and building blocks
There was no study done about the cardiac risk factors and preventive measures