SMART STREET LIGHT TECHNOLOGY

A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment for the degree of
Bachelor of Technology in
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
From
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal
(MAKAUT, WB)

Submitted by

KUNAL KARMAKAR
KRISHANU CHATTERJEE
SURYA KARAN SINGH
RAVI KANT KUMAR
RESHAV KUMAR

Under the guidance

of
Dr. Arghya Sarkar

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING MCKV

Institute of Engineering 243, G.T. Road (North), LILUAH,
HOWRAH

30th November, 2017

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 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
MCKV Institute of Engineering
Affiliated to
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal
(MAKAUT, WB)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled “SMART STREET LIGHT
TECHNIQUE” submitted by “KUNAL KARMAKAR,KRISHANU
CHATTERJEE,SURYA KARAN
SINGH,RAVI KANT KUMAR,RESHAV KUMAR” for 7th/8th semester
examination have been prepared following the guidelines of B.Tech degree in
Electronics & Communication Engineering, awarded by the Maulana Abul Kalam
Azad University of Technology, West Bengal (MAKAUT, WB).

They have carried out the project work under my supervision.

……………………………….. ……………………………..

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT Dr. Arghya Sarkar

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
MCKV Institute of Engineering
243, G.T. Road (North), LILUAH, HOWRAH
MCKV Institute of Engineering
243, G.T. Road (North), LILUAH, HOWRAH

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 ABSTRACT
The project is designed to detect vehicle movement on highways to switch ON only a block of street lights
ahead of it (vehicle), and to switch OFF the trailing lights to save energy. During night all the lights on the
highway remain ON for the vehicles, but lots of energy is wasted when there is no vehicle movement.
This proposed system provides a solution for energy saving. This is achieved by sensing an
approaching vehicle and then switches ON a block of street lights ahead of the vehicle. As the vehicle passes
by, the trailing lights switch OFF automatically. Thus, we save a lot of energy. So when there are no vehicles
on the highway, then all the lights remain OFF. However, there is another mode of operation where instead
of switching OFF the lights completely, they remain ON with 10% of the maximum intensity of the light. As
the vehicle approaches, the block of street lights switch to 100% intensity and then as the vehicle passes by,
the trailing lights revert back to 10% intensity again. High intensity discharge lamp (HID) presently used for
urban street light are based on principle of gas discharge, thus the intensity is not controllable by any voltage
reduction. White Light Emitting Diode (LED) based lamps are soon replacing the HID lamps in street light.
Intensity control is also possible by Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) generated by the microcontroller.
Sensors used on either side of the road senses vehicle movement and sends logic commands to
microcontroller to switch ON/OFF the LEDs. Thus this way of dynamically changing intensity ON/OFF
helps in saving a lot of energy. The project uses an 8051 series microcontroller.
Further the project can be enhanced by using appropriate sensors for detecting the failed street light
and then sending an SMS to the control department via GSM modem for appropriate action.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

OBJECTIVE iv

LIST OF FIGURES v
1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. CIRCUIT DESIGN 2

3. WORKING 3
4. BLOCK DIAGRAM 4
5. HARDWARE REQUIREMENT 5
5.1 TRANSISTOR 5
5.2 IN 4007 5
5.3 AT895S2 6
5.4 IC LM7805 7
5.5 PHOTO DIODE 8
5.6 IR LED 9
6. PWM 10
7. OPERATION OF PROJECT 11
8. APPLICATION 12
9. ADVANTAGE 12
10. FUTURE SCOPE 13
11. CONCLUSION 13
12. REFERENCES 14

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 LIST OF FIGURES
S.NO. FIGURE CAPTION PAGE NO.
Fig. 1 CIRCUIT VIEW 1

Fig. 2 POWER FLOW DIAGRAM 3

Fig. 3 BLOCK DIAGRAM 4

Fig. 4 BC547 TRANSISTOR 5

Fig. 5 1N 4007 DIODE 6

Fig. 6 PIN DIAGRAM OF AT89S52 7

Fig. 7 PIN DIAGRAM OF LM 7805 8

Fig. 8 PHOTO DIODE 8

Fig. 9 IR LED 9

Fig. 10 SQUARE WAVE DUTY CYCLE 10

Fig. 11 APPLICATION 12

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 1. INTRODUCTION

Street lighting provides a safe nighttime environment for all road users including pedestrians. Providing
street lighting is one of the most important and expensive responsibilities of a city. Lighting can account
for 10–38% of the total energy bill in typical cities worldwide. Street lighting is a particularly critical
concern for public authorities in developing countries because of its strategic importance for economic
and social stability. Inefficient lighting wastes significant financial resources every year, and poor
lighting creates unsafe conditions. Energy efficient technologies and design mechanism can reduce cost
of the street lighting drastically.
The main objective of the present project is to reduce the power consumption and efficient utilization of
renewable sources for the application of street lightening and traffic signaling. Hence, this paper is aimed
at design and implementation of an automatic system to control the traffic and reduce energy
consumption of streets public lighting system up to the maximum possible extent. The density of traffic is
sensed by using an array of Infrared Sensors (IR), which senses the traffic movement. LDR is used to
detect the presence of day light. The proposed system is able to control the traffic during the day as well
as night. In this system, the streetlights are switched ON/OFF automatically during the presence of the
traffics only during the nights.
These systems are developed to control and reduce energy consumption of a town's public lighting
system using different technologies. The existing work is use the High intensity discharge lamp (HID).
HID presently used for urban street light are based on principle of gas discharge, thus the intensity is not
been controllable by any voltage reduction method as the discharge path is broken.

Fig 1. Circuit view

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 2. Circuit Design
The main components of the project are AT89C52 Microcontroller, IR Sensor (IR Transmitter and IR
Receiver) and LEDs.

The basic connections required for 8051 Microcontroller involve crystal, reset and External Access.

In order to use the on-chip oscillator, the 8051 microcontroller requires an external clock. This is
provided by a crystal oscillator. An 11.0592MHz quartz crystal is connected to XTAL1 and XTAL2 pins
with two 22pF ceramic capacitors connected to it.

The reset circuit of the microcontroller consists of a 10K resistor, 10uF capacitor and a push button. All
the connections of the reset circuit are shown in the circuit diagram.

External access Pin is used to access external memory when it is connected to ground. Anyway, we are
not going to use any external memory here. So, connect this pin to Vcc via a 10K resistor.

The next hard ware we are going to connect is the IR Receiver. We are going to connect the 8 IR
receivers to port 0 pins of the microcontroller. In order to use the PORT0 as I/O port, we need to connect
external pullup resistors to the port 0 pins.

After that, connect the output of the IR receiver i.e. anode terminal of the photo diode to port 0 pins.
Cathode terminals of the photo diodes are connected to supply. Also, a 3.3k Resistor is connected
between the anode terminal and ground.

The next part of the circuit is IR transmitter. IR transmitter is not a part of the microcontroller
connections as the only job of the IR transmitter is to continuously emit infrared rays.

Hence, connect the 8 IR transmitters with corresponding 8 current limiting resistors of 470 ohms with a
power supply.

Finally, we need to connect the LEDs. We need to connect the LED’s with the help of transistors to the
PORT2 of the microcontroller. The base of the 8 2N2222 transistors is connected to the PORT 2 of the
microcontroller while the emitters of the transistors are connected to ground.

An LED along with a series current limiting resistor of 100 ohms is connected to the each of the collector
terminal of the transistor.

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 3. Working

The aim of this project is to design a street light control system using 8051 microcontroller, which
automatically turns on or off the street lights by detecting the movement of vehicles. The working of the
project is explained here.

The IR transmitter is placed directly in line of sight with IR receiver, so that the IR receiver continuously
receives infrared rays. Once the IR receiver receives infrared rays, the microcontroller will detect Logic
1. If the infrared rays are blocked by some means, the microcontroller will detect logic 0.

So, the program for the microcontroller must be written in such a way that it will turn ON the LEDs,
which means here the street lamp, when it detects Logic 0 and it will turn OFF the LEDs, when it detects
Logic 1.

Consider the two IR sensors i.e. IR Transmitter and IR Receiver are placed on the either side of the road.
As per the circuit diagram, the IR receivers are connected to the PORT0 and the LEDs are connected to
the PORT2 of the microcontroller.

At the beginning, when there is no obstacle, the IR receiver continuously detects IR light transmitted by
the IR Transmitter. When a car or any other vehicle blocks any of the IR sensor, the microcontroller will
turn ON the immediate three LEDs.

If the car blocks the first IR sensor, the first three LEDs are turned ON by the microcontroller. As the car
moves forward and blocks the second IR sensor, the corresponding next three LEDs will be turned ON
and the first LED of the previous set is turned OFF. The process continues this way for all the IR Sensors
and LEDs.

Fig 2. Power flow diagram

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4. Block diagram

Fig 3:- Block diagram

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 5. Hardware requirements

5.1 TRANSISTOR

BC547 is an NPN bi-polar junction transistor. A transistor, stands for transfer of resistance, is commonly
used to amplify current. A small current at its base controls a larger current at collector & emitter
terminals.

BC547 is mainly used for amplification and switching purposes. It has a maximum current gain of 800.
Its equivalent transistors are BC548 and BC549.

The transistor terminals require a fixed DC voltage to operate in the desired region of its characteristic
curves. This is known as the biasing. For amplification applications, the transistor is biased such that it is
partly on for all input conditions. The input signal at base is amplified and taken at the emitter. BC547 is
used in common emitter configuration for amplifiers. The voltage divider is the commonly used biasing
mode. For switching applications, transistor is biased so that it remains fully on if there is a signal at its
base. In the absence of base signal, it gets completely off.

Fig 4:- Bc 547 transistor

5.2 1N4007

A rectifier diode is used as a one-way check valve. Since these diodes only allow electrical current to
flow in one direction, they are used to convert AC power into DC power. When constructing a rectifier, it
is important to choose the correct diode for the job; otherwise, the circuit may become damaged. Luckily,
a 1N4007 diode is electrically compatible with other rectifier diodes, and can be used as a replacement
for any diode in the 1N400x family.

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Reverse Voltage Rating
A diode allows electrical current to flow in one direction -- from the anode to the cathode. Therefore, the
voltage at the anode must be higher than at the cathode for a diode to conduct electrical current.

In theory, when the voltage at the cathode is greater than the anode voltage, the diode will not conduct
electrical current. In practice, however, the diode conducts a small current under these circumstances. If
the voltage differential becomes great enough, the current across the diode will increase and the diode
will break down.Some diodes -- such as the 1N4001 -- will break down at 50 volts or less. The 1N4007,
however, can sustain a peak repetitive reverse voltage of 1000 volts.
Forward Current
When the voltage at the anode is higher than the cathode voltage, the diode is said to be "forward-
biased," since the electrical current is "moving forward." The maximum amount of current that the diode
can consistently conduct in a forward-biased state is 1 ampere.

The maximum that the diode can conduct at once is 30 amperes. However; if the diode is required to
conduct that much current at once, the diode will fail in approximately 8.3 milliseconds.
Forward Voltage and Power Dissipation
When the maximum allowable consistent current amount is flowing through the diode, the voltage
differential between the anode and the cathode is 1.1 volts. Under these conditions, a 1N4007 diode will
dissipate 3 watts of power (about half of which is waste heat).

Fig 5:- 1N4007 diode

5.3 AT89S52

Features • Compatible with MCS®-51 Products • 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash
Memory – Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles • 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range • Fully Static
Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz • Three-level Program Memory Lock • 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM • 32
Programmable I/O Lines • Three 16-bit Timer/Counters • Eight Interrupt Sources • Full Duplex UART
Serial Channel • Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes • Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
• Watchdog Timer • Dual Data Pointer • Power-off Flag • Fast Programming Time

Description The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes
of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density
nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the indus-try-standard 80C51 instruction set and
pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a

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conventional nonvolatile memory pro-grammer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system
programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which
provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The
AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines,
Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt
architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is
designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable
power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port,
and to continue functioning.

Fig 6. Pin diagram of AT89S52

5.4 IC LM7805

Voltage sources in a circuit may have fluctuations resulting in not giving fixed voltage outputs. Voltage
regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a constant value. 7805 IC, a voltage regulator integrated
circuit (IC) is a member of 78xx series of fixed linear voltage regulator ICs used to maintain such
fluctuations.

The xx in 78xx indicates the fixed output voltage it provides. 7805 IC provides +5 volts regulated power
supply with provisions to add heat sink as well. Let’s look into some of the basic ratings to get an
overview.

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 Fig 7. Pin diagram of LM7805

7805 Rating
 Input voltage range 7V- 35V
 Current rating Ic = 1A
 Output voltage range VMax=5.2V ,VMin=4.8V
POWER SUPPLY
Description of power supply

 The circuit uses standard power supply comprising of a step-down transformer from 230v to 12v
and 4 diodes forming a Bridge Rectifier that delivers pulsating dc which is then filtered by an
electrolytic capacitor of about 470microf to 100microF.
 The filtered dc being un regulated IC LM7805 is used to get 5v constant at its pin no 3
irrespective of input dc varying from 9v to 14v.
 The regulated 5volts dc is further filtered by a small electrolytic capacitor of 10 micro f for any
noise so generated by the circuit.
 One LED is connected of this 5v point in series with a resistor of 330ohms to the ground i.e.
negative voltage to indicate 5v power supply availability.

5.5 PHOTO DIODE

A photodiode is a type of photo detector capable of converting light into either current or voltage,
depending upon the mode of operation.

Photodiodes are similar to regular semiconductor diodes except that they may be either exposed (to
detect vacuum UV or X-rays) or packaged with a window or optical fibre connection to allow light to
reach the sensitive part of the device.

Fig 8:- Photo diode

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5.6 IR LED

An IR LED, also known as IR transmitter, is a special purpose LED that transmits infrared rays in the
range of 760 nm wavelength.

Such LEDs are usually made of gallium arsenide or aluminum gallium arsenide. They, along with IR
receivers, are commonly used as sensors.

The appearance is same as a common LED. Since the human eye cannot see the infrared
radiations, it is not possible for a person to identify whether the IR LED is working or not, unlike
a common LED.

To overcome this problem, the camera on a cell phone can be used. The camera can show us the IR
rays being emanated from the IR LED in a circuit.

Fig 9 :- IR LED

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6. PWM(Pulse width modulation)

The term duty cycle describes the proportion of on time to the regular interval or period of time.

A low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time.

Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100% being fully on.

The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off
there is practically no current.

When it is on, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch.

PWM works also well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed
duty cycle.

The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the power supplied to the load is.

Fig 10. Square wave duty cycle

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 7. Operation of project
There are two basic modes of operation,
1. Transition of streetlights from dark to bright state.
2. Transition of streetlights from dim to bright state.


In the first mode of operation, when the vehicle is not present, all the streetlights will be in dark
state. When a vehicle is sensed then the window of streetlights is illuminated in front of the
vehicle.

In the second mode of operation, initially when the vehicle is not sensed, all the streetlights will be in dim
state.

This is achieved by use of pulse width modulation technique through the program stored in the
microcontroller.

When a vehicle is not present on the highway, then the streetlights are made to glow for about 1ms and
then for 100ms they are switched off. Thus, we get streetlights with less brightness.

When a vehicle is sensed, all the streetlights are illuminated for 1ms and the window of streetlights are
illuminated for 100ms. Thus we have a PWM wave of 99% duty cycle.

Soft ware requirements


Keil an ARM Company makes C compilers, macro assemblers, real-time kernels, debuggers,
simulators, integrated environments, evaluation boards, and emulators for ARM7/ARM9/Cortex-
M3, XC16x/C16x/ST10, 251, and 8051 MCU families.

Compilers are programs used to convert a High Level Language to object code.

Desktop compilers produce an output object code for the underlying microprocessor, but not for other
microprocessors.

That is the programs written in one of the HLL like ‘C’ will compile the code to run on the system for a
particular processor like x86 (underlying microprocessor in the computer).

For example compilers for Dos platform is different from the Compilers for Unix platform.

If one wants to define a compiler then compiler is a program that translates source code into object code.

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 8. Applications
 The street light control circuit can be used in normal roads, highways, express ways etc.
 The project can also be used in parking areas of malls, hotels, industrial lighting, etc.
 This innovation can be used in hospital and auditorium.
 As energy is saved so there are many indirect application of this project.
 Safe road lighting for smooth vehicular movement.
 This idea can be implemented on both small roads and busy highways.

9. Advantages
 If the lighting system implements all LED lights, the cost of the maintenance can be reduced as the
life span and durability of LEDs is higher than Neon based lights which are normally used as street
lights.
 As the lights are automatically turned ON or OFF, huge amount of energy can be saved.
 Nowadays the energy saving is big challenge so it can help in that direction.
 Power saving
 LEDs consume less power
 Easily implementable
 Low cost

Fig 11. Application

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10. Future Scope
 The number of channels can be increased to interface more number of light sensors which is
possible by using advanced versions of microcontrollers.
 Further the project can be enhanced by using appropriate sensors for detecting the failed street
light and then sending an SMS to the control department via GSM modem for appropriate action.
 This system can be connected to communicate devices such as GSM, cellular phones or satellite
terminal to enable the remote collection of recorded data or alarming of certain parameters

11. Conclusion
In this project we allow the users to set the conditions appropriate to the crop is growing. The
more accurate a sensor is, better it will perform. The unit will monitor the conditions of various
parameter considerations and take appropriate action. Action taken is as follows.
 If sun light is lower than the set sensitivity: switch on only a block of street lights before of
vehicles and to switch OFF the behind lights.
 If sun light is high than the set sensitivity: vehicles moving on the road but OFF the bulb.
 If no vehicles moving on the road: turn OFF the LED’s.
 If vehicles moving on the road: turn ON the bulb.

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12. References
 http://www.electronicshub.org/
 https://www.elprocus.com/street-light-glows-on-detecting-vehicle-movement-circuit/
 www.ijsre.in/Vol-1/Special-Issue-3/6.pdf
 https://www.eeweb.com/member-projects/street-lights-that-glow-on-vehicle-movement-detection
 Creative science Projects volume 1
 HOD sir Dr. Arghya Sarkar
 International journal of Science research in Engineering

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