Human Needs for Modern Living

Human needs for modern living

Thermal comfort (evaporation, convection and radiation)

Lighting comfort (adequate day lighting or artificial lighting)

Acoustic comfort

Visual comfort

Safety and security

Aesthetics
 Thermal Comfort (I)
• According to the ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2010, thermal comfort is
defined as “that condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with the
thermal environment and is assessed by subjective evaluation.
• Noticed that the lower limit of effective temperature for winter is 20̊C, the
upper limit of effective temperature in summer is 26̊C. Relative humidity
(RH) between 45% to 70%, depend on temperature. (Chirarattananon,
2005)
• The study on thermal comfort by Karyono and Tri Harso (2000) has been
carried out in Jakarta by survey to 596 officers in seven buildings. The
result is 87% officers feel comfortable in the range 21.7̊C to 29.0̊C with
neutral temperature 25.3̊C.
 Thermal Comfort (II)
• thermal comfort zone is shown in psychometric chart

• Dry bulb temperature (DBT) from 24̊C to 29̊C and absolute humidity (AH)
from 4 to 19, it is the vapor content of air, given in grams of water vapor
per kilogram of air.
Thermal Comfort (III)
• Factors in human comfort:
– Metabolic rate (met): The energy
generated from the human body
– Clothing insulation (clo): The amount of
thermal insulation the person is wearing
– Air temperature: Temperature of the air
surrounding the occupant
– Radiant temperature: The weighted
average of all the temperatures from
surfaces surrounding an occupant
– Air velocity: Rate of air movement given
distance over time
– Relative humidity: Percentage of water
vapor in the air
 Thermal Comfort (IV)
• A method of describing thermal
comfort was developed by Ole Fanger
and is referred to as Predicted Mean
Vote (PMV) and Predicted Percentage
of Dissatisfied (PPD).
• The Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) refers
to a thermal scale that runs from Cold
(-3) to Hot (+3), originally developed
by Fanger and later adopted as an ISO
standard.
• The recommended acceptable PMV Simulation:
range for thermal comfort from http://sustainabilityworkshop.autod
ASHRAE 55 is between -0.5 and +0.5 esk.com/buildings/human-thermal-
for an interior space. comfort
 Thermal Comfort (V)
• Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD) predicts the percentage of
occupants that will be dissatisfied with the thermal conditions.
• It is a function of PMV, given that as PMV moves further from 0, or
neutral, PPD increases.
• The maximum number of people dissatisfied with their comfort conditions
is 100% and, as you can never please all of the people all of the time, the
recommended acceptable PPD range for thermal comfort from ASHRAE 55
is less than 10% persons dissatisfied for an interior space.
 Thermal Comfort (VI)
• The Math behind PMV & PPD
E=10
 Thermal Comfort (VII)
• Adaptive comfort
– Adaptive comfort models add a little more human behaviour to the
mix.
– if changes occur in the thermal environment to produce discomfort,
then people will generally change their behaviour and act in a way
that will restore their comfort
 Lighting Comfort (I)
• Candelas (cd): luminous intensity and is a measure of the overall amount
of light being produced
• Lumens:the amount of light that travels in certain directions from the
source is called the "luminous flux" or "radiant flux“
• Lux: The amount of light falling on a surface is illuminance, and is
measured in lux (metric unit = lumen/m2) or foot-candles (English unit =
lumen/ft2). For example, design sky illuminances for cities in Indonesia
refer to 10,000 lux based on SNI 03-2396-2001 about Code on Daylighting
System Planning for Buildings.
• There are2 types of lighting sources:
– Daylighting
– Artificial lighting
 Lighting Comfort (II)
• Daylighting
– Daylighting analysis based on static measurement in Daylighting Factor
(DF)- percent ratio between light level inside and outside as follows:

– Where
Iin = Light level inside the room (lux).
DF = Daylighting Factor, the value 0-1 or 0%-100%
Iout = Light level outside, this method use uniform sky 10000 lux based
on Indonesian standard.
– DF could be calculated in different way by room properties as
following:
 Lighting Comfort (III)
• The equation simplifies in Table below from SNI 03-2396-2001by knowing
ratio L/D and H/D.
 Lighting Comfort (IV)
• In SNI mentioned main distance (MD) and secondary distance (SD) for light
measurement.
• MD measures 0.75 m from the floor and 1/3 room’s length from window.
• Then SD, measure 0.5 m from the side wall. The standard daylighting
shown

Room Type DFmin (MD) DFmin (SD)

Classroom 0.35 0.2
Laboratory 0.35 0.2
Workshop 0.25 0.2
Office 0.35 0.15
 Lighting Comfort (V)
• Artificial lighting
– Artificial lighting is needed to achieve standard lighting in the room,
beside usage of daylighting. The comparison of illumination level
standard based on SNI 03-2396-2001 and Illuminating Engineering
Society of North America (INSA) (2010) is shown
Recommended illumination (lux)
Room
SNI INSA
Classroom 250 269
Library 300 269
Laboratory 500 538
Canteen 200 161
Drawing room 750 538

Location Maximum Power per meter square (W/m2)

SNI ANSI
Office 15 10.74
Auditorium 25 17.22
Classroom 15 12.91
Road 1.5 3.3
Lighting Comfort (V)
• Illuminance (E) from artificial lighting can be
defined by:
 Lighting Comfort (VI)
• In addition, LLF accounts for the variation in flux output lamps defined by:

LLF= a.b.c.d.e.f.g
 Lighting Comfort (VII)
• Total lumen output from the lamp (ɸL) can be obtained
∅𝐿𝐿 = 𝑛𝑛. 𝐸𝐸𝑓𝑓. 𝑃𝑃
Audio Comfort