Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Sheet Piles
Sheet Piles
By
Dr. Ashraf Kamal Hussein
Professor of Geotechnical Engineering and Foundations
Faculty of Engineering - Cairo University
2012
1. Introduction
- Same purpose as retaining walls.
- Commonly used as:
● Temporary structures to facilitate excavation and dewatering of limited
area.
● Water front structures.
Typical Shapes:
Excavation Height:
- H<7m
t
Design Steps:
● determine forces acting on SPW.
● determine penetration depth (t).
● determine Mmax and section modulus.
- Forces
- Simplification
H H
Ea Ea
Ep Ep
t C t
O O Ep
M Ea
- Penetration Depth γ
H φ
- ∑Mo = 0 Ea
D
Ep
neglect ∆M Ea ya – Ep yp = 0 t
O C
get D ∆M
t = 1.2D
- Maximum Moment γ
φ
H
y Epy
Eay = Epy Mmax
t n
get y
M at pt (n) = Mmax
get y
M at pt (n) = Mmax
- Effect of GWT γ
φ GWT
H
Ew1
GWT
Ea
Ew2
D Ep
t
O C
∆M
ea
- epn = 4cu – γ H D Ep
t
O O
Limiting Height: epn
Effect of Anchors:
● reduces lateral deflection.
● reduces penetration depth. t
Methods of Design:
● free earth support.
● fixed earth support.
H H
Mmax
Mmax
t t
Free Fixed
Free Fixed
- Soil type compressible soil (loose sand, clay) strong soil (φ > 32o)
Design Steps:
● determine forces acting on SPW. H
● determine penetration depth (t).
● determine forces in anchor rod.
● determine Mmax and section modulus. t
1- Forces
a a
γ γ
H φ H φ
Ea1
Ea2
Ea u
t Ep t
x Ep O
epn
2- Penetration Depth
Ea
- ∑Ma = 0 Ea ya – Ep yp = 0 t Ep
get D
t=D
t=u+x
T = A.S ton
A = Eay get y
M at pt (n) = Mmax
1- Forces
H
Ea1
Ea Ea Ea2
Ep Ep
t Ep
Ep
C C
O O
Ea ∆M ∆M
Net Earth Pressure
H
Ea1
Mmax
Ea2
u
t Ep b N
x
C
O
∆M
Faculty of Engineering Sheet Pile Walls
Cairo University
4. Anchored Sheet Pile Walls
Fixed Earth Support: d A
a
Design: Cohesionless Soils
H
2- Penetration Depth Ea1
- For upper beam:
Ea2
at distance u: zero pressure u
b R
eau = epu b R
x Ep
γ Ka (H + u) = γ Kp u get u
epn O 2R
∑Ma = 0
∑Ea ya – R( H + u – d) = 0 get R
- For lower beam:
for equilibrium with Ep
reaction at O should be 2R
3R = Ep = γ x2 (Kp– Ka)/2 get x
t = u + 1.2x
Faculty of Engineering Sheet Pile Walls
Cairo University
4. Anchored Sheet Pile Walls
Fixed Earth Support: A
a
∑X = 0 A = ∑Ea – R t/m
T = A.S ton
Ea2
- For upper beam: u
b R
- Mmax @ pt of zero shear (n)
A = Eay get y
M at pt (n) = Mmax
5- Design of Wales
M = A.S2/10
Two channels:
- Area of rod:
area = T / σy
as T = A.S
area = π d2/4
- Isolated Plate:
d
B
T
T
Β.L =
Kp ed ea
γ d( − Ka )
FS
t
45+φ/2
● Soldier Beams:
- Soldier beams: vertical steel or
timber beams driven into
ground before excavation.
- Laggings: horizontal timber
planks are placed between
soldier beams as excavation
proceeds.
- Wales and Struts: horizontal
steel beams are installed when
excavation reaches desired
depth.
● Sheet Piles:
- Sheet piles: (steel, concrete, or
timber) driven into ground
before excavation.
- Wales and Struts: inserted
immediately after excavation
reaches desired depth.
- Field measurements show that E.P. does not follow same laws
(Rankine or Coulomb).
ea ew
ea = 0.8 (γ H + q) Ka
as Ka = Rankine active E.P. coefficient
Ea = 1.44 Ea(Rankine)
as Ea(Rankine) = γ H2Ka/2
In case of GWT:
- take hydrostatic water pressure (triangular distribution), E.P. with γsub
Ea = 1.28 Ea(Rankine)
as Ea(Rankine) = γ H2Ka/2
In case of GWT:
- take hydrostatic water pressure (triangular distribution), E.P. with γsub
Ns = γ Η / cu > 4
ea = (γ H + q) – m (4cu)
m depends on soil below F.L.
m = 1.0 if stiff layer below F.L.
m = 0.4 if no stiff layer below F.L.
Ns = γ Η / cu < 4
ea = α (γ H + q)
α: 0.2 to 0.4 for long construction period.
Multiple layers
γ(avg) = (γ1 H1 + γ2 H2 + γ3 H3 + …) / H
D D
ea
- TA = A.S
- Assume intermediate hinges at
- TB = (B1 + B2) S struts (B) and (C)
- TC = (C1 + C2) S
- TD = D.S
D D
ea
D D
ea
- Mmax = A.S2/10.
cu Nc
FS = ≥ 1.5
γ H+q
cu Nc D
FS = ≥ 1.5
cu Η
γ H+q−
0.7Β
as cu = undrained strength below base
Nc = bearing capacity factor (see chart)
if depth to firm layer D < 0.7 B take D instead of 0.7 B
Faculty of Engineering Sheet Pile Walls
Cairo University
5. Strutted Sheet Pile Walls
Base Stability:
Cohesive Soils:
Short Term Analysis cu, φ = 0
If FS < 1.5
Sheet pile should be driven deeper t
cu Nc
FS = ≥ 1.5
2c t
γ H+q− a
Β
as ca = soil adhesion = α cu
α = 0.35 to 1.0 (soft)
impermeable layer
hw
d1 γ1 t
γ1d1 + γ 2 d 2
FS = ≥ 1.1 d2 γ2 Clay
γw hw
γwhw Sand
hw
d γ1 t
γ1d γwhw
FS = ≥ 1.1
γw hw