(MINIMIZATION OF ELECTRICITY FOR AIR

CONDITIONING THROUGH HYBRID COOLING

FIRST REVIEW REPORT

B.Tech Mechanical (With Spec. in Energy Engineering)

by

Gunda Sarath Chandra-14BEM0017

Takasi Yugesh Satish Kumar-14BEM0020
Prathi Sri Girinath-14BEM0057

School of Mechanical Engineering

January-2018
Title here)
:

1
Project ID Winter2018/SMEC/B.Tech/Mechanical/

Date of Review 23rd January 2018

Prof. Tangellapalli Srinivas
VIT Guide
Student 1
Project Team Members
1. Name: Gunda Sarath Chandra
2. Reg. No:14BEM0017
3. Email: gundasarath.chandra2014@vit.ac.in
4. Mobile: 9585684440
Student 2
1. Name: Takasi Yugesh Satish Kumar
2. Reg. No: 14BEM0020
3. Email: ty.satishkumar2014@vit.ac.in
4. Mobile: 9087858759
Student 3
1. Name: Prathi Sri Girinath
2. Reg. No: 14BEM0057
3. Email:prathisri.girinath2014@vit.ac.in
4. Mobile: 9655912412
Guide’s Remarks

Name and Signature of the

guide

Comments of Reviewer(s)

Name and Signature of the

Reviewer

2
 Table of Contents

Chapter Description Page No.

Abstract 1

Chapter 1 Introduction and Literature Survey

1.1 Introduction 2

1.2 Literature Review 3

1.2.1 Knowledge gained from Literature

 Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycle 3

 Evacuated tube solar collector 4
 Solar hybrid air conditioning system 5

1.3 Gaps in the Literature 6

1.4 Objectives of the Work 6

1.5 Design Elements 7

1.6 Realistic constraints 7

Chapter 2 Methodology and Procedure 8

2.1 Methodology 8
2.1.1 Evaluation of Thermodynamic Properties 8
2.1.2 MATLAB Coding 9
2.1.3 Experimentation 9
2.1.4 Design and Simulation 9
2.1.5 Economic Assessment 10

Chapter 3 Results and Discussions 10

3.1 Work carried out so far 10

3.2 Work to be done 10

3.2.1 Gantt chart 12

3
Chapter 4 References 13

Chapter 5 Appendix 14

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Abstract

Now-a-days the demand for electricity is increasing with increasing household appliances.
But the Fossil fuels such as coal and natural gases are depleting day by day. We have to find an
alternative energy source to meet the increasing electricity demand. However, the air conditioning
load is high compared to others in electricity loads. In this project we concentrate on reducing the
electricity consumed in mechanical compressor through hybrid cooling. Thermal compressor
shares (approximately 50%) the load of mechanical compressor by using solar thermal energy.
This is achieved by using Hybrid Vapour Compression Refrigeration system over conventional
Vapour compression refrigeration system it will save the electricity cost per annum and reduce
harmful emissions into environment. MATLAB programming is used in model development and
simulation. Later, the computational model, experimental demonstration of the concept are
planned.

Keywords: Mechanical Compressor, Thermal Compressor, Hybrid cooling,

Conventional Vapour compression refrigeration system and Hybrid refrigeration system.

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 CHAPTER –I

INTRODUCTION & LITERATURE REVIEW

1.1 Introduction

The demand for electricity is increasing day by day, to let humans live with utmost
comfort in every aspect of life. Now-a-days it is inevitable to have an air conditioner to live
comfortably in extreme temperatures of summer and all conventional refrigerators and air
conditioners are running on electricity. Electricity is produced by conventional energy resources
like coal, gas etc., to large extent, which is polluting the environment badly. It was estimated that
around 60% of electricity produced in world is by coal and gas. They are in limited amount and
not freely available in nature and also responsible for release of harmful gases and pollute the
environment. Thus, use of it should be carefully taken care of. India as a tropical country is
endowed with rich solar resource with average solar radiation 4.5-5.5kWh/m2/day, has endless
potential in solar energy. The advent of generation of electricity using renewable energy sources
is a breakthrough in science. Based on this, the use of thermal compressor is considered to
minimize the use of electricity and harmful emissions. This is achieved by use of evacuated tube
collector which utilizes solar radiation to heat and also compress the refrigerant at constant
volume. Installation of the evacuated tube collector increases the cooling capacity of the overall
system as well as reducing the load on the mechanical compressor.

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1.2 Literature Review

1.2.1 Knowledge gained from the literature

Vapour Compression Refrigeration cycle

The vapour-compression uses a circulating liquid refrigerant as the medium which absorbs
and removes heat from the space to be cooled and subsequently rejects that heat elsewhere.
During the operation of a refrigeration cycle the following process occur-

Components of a Vapour Compression Refrigeration System

1. Compressor
A refrigerant is compressed, rises its pressure, as it passes through a compressor. This is a
reversible adiabatic (Isentropic) process. Saturated vapour is converted to superheated
vapour at the exit of the compressor.

2. Condenser
In a condenser, constant pressure heat rejection takes place in which the refrigerant is
condensed to saturated liquid at exit of the condenser

3. Expansion valve
In Expansion valve an irreversible throttling process takes place in which the temperature
and pressure of refrigerant decreases at constant enthalpy.

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 4. Evaporator
In Evaporator, an internally reversible constant pressure heat interaction takes place in
which the refrigerant is evaporated to saturated vapour at the outlet of the evaporator

Coefficient of Performance (C.O.P.) = Heat absorbed by the evaporator/Work done by

compressor
C.O.P= (h1-h4) / (h2-h1)
Where
h1= Enthalpy at the outlet of the evaporator
h2= Enthalpy at the outlet of the compressor
h4= Enthalpy at the inlet to the evaporator

Evacuated tube solar collector

A vacuum tube solar collector consists of 4 main components. They are
Evacuated tube:
Absorbs solar energy and converts it to usable heat. A vacuum between the two glass layers
insulates against heat loss. The heat transfer fin helps to transfer heat to the heat pipe.
Heat pipe:

A heat pipe can be considered as an evaporating and condensing device for rapid heat
transfer. An evaporating condensing cycle is employed by the heat pipe collecting heat from an
external source. An evaporating condensing cycle is employed by the heat pipe collecting heat
from an external source. This external heat source increases liquid to its boiling point. A water
based liquid in the heat pipe absorbs its latent heat of vaporization when sun rays fall on it. The
liquid releases its latent heat of vaporization in the condenser region when it comes into contact
with the flowing liquid through the header. In this way the latent heat of vaporization is
transferred.

Copper header with Manifold:

Insulating box contacting the copper header pipe. The header is a pair of contoured copper pipes
with dry connect sockets that the heat pipes plug into.

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Mounting Frame:
Ease of installation of large number of solar collector with excellent ventilation for maximum
performance.

Solar Hybrid-Air Conditioning System

In this system, an external heat source may be used to capture ambient temperature and
impart the heat in refrigerant, thus creating pressure within a closed loop of refrigerant. The more
heat the refrigerant is exposed to, the less work that the compressor must do to allow the process
to occur and therefore more energy efficient. This configuration greatly reduces energy
consumption by reducing the load on electric compressor. The compressor and solar thermal
collector are synergistically paired such that the system can operate with a smaller compressor
relative to a comparable sized inverter system. Also, the alternating current (AC) compressor is
replaced with high efficient direct current (DC) compressor which consumes less energy at the
same load compared to AC compressor. In case of low solar radiation additional compressor
power is supplied by electric compressor. The percentage of load on both compressors changes
with seasons.

Solar evacuated tubes and dc compressor is used for compressing the refrigerant in the air
conditioning system. r134a is used the suitable refrigerant for the air conditioning system. By

5
using the solar evacuated tubes we can reduce the air conditioning electricity compression by
40%( M. Khalaji Assadi1 et al,2016)

Solar collector is engaged with an air cooling system to assist in heating the
compressed working fluid using solar energy. The results obtained from the
experimental investigation show that the thermal efficiency of the collector was 29.17%.( J
Ferdous1, R A Beg1 et al,2013)

Description of the measurement method and evaluation of the thermal

power of evacuated tube solar collectors(Martin Beer et al,2016)

Experimental study on the performance of a solar-biomass hybrid

air-conditioning system(Boonrit Prasartkaewa et al,2013)

A numerical model of the solar-thermal-assisted heating, ventilation and air conditioning system
is used to predict performance and optimize control parameters(M. Ortiz et al,2010)

three integration
strategies have been generated
1.)integrated absorption air-conditioning; 2.) integrated absorption-desiccant air-conditioning;
3.)and integrated absorption desiccant air-conditioning (K.F. Fong et al,2014)

Is a simple technology that can be improved by

1.Combining the conventional vapor- 2.compression, vapor-absorption 3. and evaporative
cooling technologies(Abdulrahman Th.Mohammada et al,2013)

A solar-assisted ejector cooling system with latent heat cold storage and conventional
auxiliary heating was considered(Bogdan M. Diaconu et al,2012)

The Hybrid air conditioning system consisting of R140A

vapor compression refrigeration cycle cascaded with solar driven gives maximum COP,
compressor power consumption was obtained as 3.5 KW.( Anjali et al,2016)

6
1.3 Gaps in the Literature
It has been observed from literature survey that the works in the field of hybrid
refrigeration were very less and we have found that significant improvement can be made with
this project, which reduces the emission of harmful gases, electricity tariffs and energy used can
also be reduced to great extent.

R134A a non- toxic, non-flammable and non-corrosive refrigerant, which can be easily detected
when there is a leak in the air conditioning system such as use of soap solution, fluorescent dyes
etc. It is known as Tetra fluoro ethane (CF3CH2F) from the family of HFC refrigerant, superior
to all other refrigerant because of its novel properties has not been used or it was not explained
vividly in earlier studies in the field of Hybrid refrigeration to the best of our knowledge.
Considering the importance of R134A it was selected as refrigerant in this project.

Mathematical modelling and theoretical calculations were never before calculated by using
MATLAB, which improves the ease of calculating COP of Refrigeration system. The output COP
can be obtained by just giving the pressure and temperature of different components in the
system, which gives advantage over traditional method of finding the properties of components
by repeated solving as it gives answer just with the input of initial properties of the substance.
MATLAB functions such as fzero solves the complex equations faster and also the error is almost
zero percentage.

1.4 Objectives of the Work

The main objective of this project is to investigate the performance of a Hybrid

Vapour Compression Refrigeration system which has both Thermal and mechanical
compressors when compared to only mechanical compressor in a conventional Vapour
compression refrigeration system. This involves calculation of compression achieved in
both compressors and the COP of both Refrigeration systems. This also includes
theoretical calculations by MATLAB software and verification of this with the
experimental values. The design and simulation of properties like Temperature, Pressure
and velocity of medium in the pipes of evacuated tube solar collector. The integration of
thermal compressor reduces the electricity load for the compression in the refrigeration

7
 cycle and also enhances the performance of refrigeration system. The entropy increase of
the medium in the hybrid refrigeration system is more than a conventional refrigeration
system but the energy saved and the performance enhancement dominates former one
which helps us to adopt this.

To specify in points they are:

 Investigation of Performance of a Hybrid vapour compression refrigeration.

 Mathematical modelling of refrigeration system by MATLAB coding.

 Design and simulation of Thermodynamic properties.

1.5 Design Elements included

Engineering Standards* Prototype and Fabrication

Design Analysis* Experimentation

Modelling and Simulation Software Development

1.6 Realistic Constraints to be addressed (At least two to be selected)

Economic Ethical

Environmental Health and Safety

Social Manufacturability

Political Sustainability

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 CHAPTER –II

METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURE

2.1 Methodology

The methodology adopted in the project consists of the steps to be followed to

complete the project.
1. Evaluation of thermodynamic properties of Refrigerant.
2. Mathematical modelling and simulation of Hybrid Refrigeration system by
MATLAB
3. Experimentation with the equipment of Refrigeration.
4. Design and simulation of flow in Evacuated tube collector.
5. Economic assessment of Hybrid Vapour Compression Refrigeration system.

Evaluation of Thermodynamic properties:

Different equations of state for the refrigerant R134A are obtained and these are
used to calculate the pressure, temperature, specific volume, specific heat and density.

9
MATLAB Coding:

MATLAB coding enables us to develop Mathematical modelling for the processes

involved in Refrigeration system. This gives us Coefficient of Performance (COP) of the
system which can be compared with the experimental value and conclusion can be
derived based on the results.

Experimentation:
Experimentation involves the working of the refrigeration system. This gives
actual temperature and pressures at the entry and exit of different components of the
system. By the obtained values of Temperature and pressure we can calculate enthalpies
which helps us to calculate the COP of system.

Design and simulation:

Design and simulation involves the design of Evacuated tube collector which is
used as thermal compressor. Simulation gives the values for fluid flow properties like
Velocity, Temperature and Pressure.

Economic assessment:

Economic assessment involves the energy analysis which gives the amount of
energy that can be saved by the hybrid refrigeration system adopted and cost analysis
which gives the amount that can be saved by using Hybrid Vapour compression
refrigeration system.

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 CHAPTER –III

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Work carried out so far:

All the steps involved in the project are mentioned in the Methodology. The first
part which was to be worked on was evaluation of Thermodynamic properties and
MATLAB coding of basic Vapour Compression Refrigeration system. So, this was
started first and the code to get the enthalpy and entropy at the exit of compressor was
completed which is the second component of the refrigeration system.

The literature survey has also been done to know the basic functioning of the
Vapour compression refrigeration system, Evacuated tube collector which is to be used
as a thermal compressor. The ranges of the Temperature and Pressures for good working
of different components of Refrigeration system like Evaporator, Compressor, Condenser
and Throttle valve were known which can be incorporated in the experimentation to get
the coefficient of performance of the system.
The work carried out in the field of hybrid refrigeration system was very less so,
the literature available was also less and it requires to study individual ly and then get
whole idea of what to be done for the completion of the project.

3.2 Work to be done:

The work left out is MATLAB coding for the remaining components (Condenser
and throttle valves). Then the code is to be enhanced by adding the part of thermal
compressor. Finally, COP can be calculated by running the code.

Then, the experimentation with the equipment will be undertaken by which the
experimental value of COP can be calculated which can then be verified and validated
with the solution obtained by Mathematical modelling in MATLAB.

11
 Next step involves the design and simulation of evacuated tube collector by which
we can know the temperature, pressure and velocity of the medium flowing in the tubes
and the temperature attained by the tube can also be calculated.

Final step involves the economic assessment of the system which gives the energy
saved by adopting new hybrid refrigeration system and the money that can be saved on
electricity tariffs.

MATLAB code for basic Vapour compression refrigeration has been done till second stage i.e.,
the exit of the compressor and the results have a satisfactory matching with predetermined
standard table values of Refrigerant R134A by Dupont Suva Refrigerants.

Output from the code:

h1 =

396.2182

s1 =

1.7336

h2 =

425.8758

s2 =

1.6104

These values of Enthalpy and entropy are matched with the standard values.

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3.3 Gantt Chart:

Gantt Chart
5-Dec 10-Dec 15-Dec 20-Dec 25-Dec 30-Dec 4-Jan 9-Jan 14-Jan 19-Jan 24-Jan
Literature Survey
Thermodynamic properties evaluation
Saturated volume calculation
Wet region Enthalpy
Saturated enthalpy calculation
Enthalpy at First stage
Enthalpy at Second stage
Saturated Saturated Thermodynam
Enthalpy at Enthalpy at Wet region Literature
enthalpy volume ic properties
Second stage First stage Enthalpy Survey
calculation calculation evaluation
Start date 18-Jan 16-Jan 10-Jan 9-Jan 4-Jan 18-Dec 5-Dec
Duration 2 2 2 1 4 2 18

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 CHAPTER 4
References

1. Abdulrahman Th.Mohammad, SohifBinMat, M.Y.Sulaiman, K. Sopian, AbduljalilA.Al-

abidi Survey of hybrid liquid desiccant air conditioning systems.2013

2. Anjali, D. Buddhi, Nitish Kumar, Hari Kumar Singh. Performance Analysis of a Solar
Hybrid Air Conditioner with Waste Heat Recovery and Re-Use Using Evacuated Tube
Collector.2016

3. Boonerit, Rasartkaew, S.Kumar. Experimental study of solar –biomass hybrid air

conditioning system.2013

4. C.K. Lee, K.F. Fong. Performance advancement of solar air-conditioning through

integrated system design for building.2014

5. Design of Thermal Systems by WF Stoecker

6. How to use the functions in MATLAB by Satendra Kumar (Youtube video)

7. J Ferdous, R A Beg1 and M R I Sarker1. Experimental Investigation of a Hybrid

Evacuated Tube Solar Collector.2015

8. M. Khalaji Assadi, S. I. Gilani and T. C. Jun Yen. DESIGN of a solar hybrid air
conditioning compressor system. 2016.

9. M.Ortiz,H.Basrun,H.He,P.Vorobieff,A.Mammoli.Modeling of a solar assisted HVAC

system with thermal storage.2010

10. Osama Ayadi, Alberto Mauro, Marcello Aprile. Performance assessment for solar
heating and cooling system for office building.2012

14
 11. Programming in MATLAB by Marc E Hertiner

12. Radim Rybár, Martin Beer, Michal Cehlár. Thermal power measurement of the novel
evacuated tube solar collector and conventional solar collector during simultaneous
operation.2016

13. Refrigeration and Air-conditioning by CP Arora

14. Using fzero to solve Soave-Redlich-Kong equation of state by Gregory Reeves (Youtube
video)

CHAPTER 5
Appendix
MATLAB Code:

For Vapour compression Refrigeration cycle:

hf0=200;%Reference point at 0Cent(kJ/kg)

sf0=1;%Reference point at 0Cent(kJ/kg.K)
R=0.081486;
T0=273.15;%(k)
P0=292.93;%(kpa) %pressure at 0cent
A = 4.069889E+01;
B = -2.362540E+03;
C = -1.306883E+01;
D = 7.616005E-03;
E = 2.342564E-01;
F = 3.761111E+02;
dif=P0*log(10)*(-B/T0^2+C/(T0*log(10))+D-E*F*log10(F-T0)/T0^2-
E*F/(T0*log(10)*(F-T0))+E/(log(10)*(F-T0)));%dif=dp/dt
%To get Vg from Martin hou equation of state
init_videal_0=R*T0/P0; %V from the ideal gas equation for initial guess

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fhandle=@Martin_hou;
vg0=fzero(fhandle,init_videal_0,[],292.93,273.15);%(m^3/kg) %vg at T0
and P0
%
Tc=374.23; %critical Temp. (K)
Tr=T0/Tc;
Af= 5.281464E+02;
Bf= 7.551834E+02;
Cf= 1.028676E+03;
Df= -9.491172E+02;
Ef= 5.935660E+02;
df0=Af+ Bf*(1-Tr)^(1/3)+ Cf*(1-Tr)^(2/3)+ Df*(1-Tr)+ Ef*(1-Tr)^(4/3);
%Density of saturated liquid in kg/m^3
vf0=1/df0; %vf at P0 and T0(m^3/kg)
hfg=dif*T0*(vg0-vf0); %from Clapeyron equation
hg0=hf0+hfg; % enthalpy at T=273.15 and P=292.93
%Integrating cpdt to get h from T=273.15 to T=268.15
cp1 = 1.9400E+01;
cp2 = 2.58531E-01;
cp3 = -1.29665E-04;
cp_h=@(T)(cp1+cp2*T+cp3*T.^2)/102.03; %cp (kJ/kg.K)
cpdt_h=integral(cp_h,273.15,268.15);
%
T1=268.15;%(K)
%vapour pressure T (K) and Psat (kPa)
P1=Psat(268.15);
%
T_a=268.05;
init_v_a=R*T_a/P1;
fhandle=@Martin_hou;
v_a=fzero(fhandle,init_v_a,[],P1,268.05);
%

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T_b=268.15;
init_v_b=R*T_b/P1;
fhandle=@Martin_hou;
v_b=fzero(fhandle,init_v_b,[],P1,268.15);
%
T_c=268.25;
init_v_c=R*T_c/P1;
fhandle=@Martin_hou;
v_c=fzero(fhandle,init_v_c,[],P1,268.25);
final_v_h=v_b-T1*(v_c-v_a)/0.2;
h_VP=final_v_h*(P1-P0);
h1=hg0+cpdt_h+h_VP %h at P1 and T1 (kJ/kg)
%Entropy calculations at first point
sfg=dif*(vg0-vf0);
sg0=sf0+sfg; % sg at T0 and P0 (kJ/kg.K)
%Integrating cpdt to get s from T=273.15 to T=268.15
cp_s=@(T)(cp1./T+cp2+cp3*T)/102.03;
cpdt_s=integral(cp_s,273.15,268.15);
%
final_v_s=(v_a-v_c)/0.2;
s_VP=final_v_s*(P0-P1);
s1=sg0+cpdt_s-s_VP %s at P1 and T1 (kJ/kg.K)
% Calculation of properties at second stage
P2=891.2;
T2=320.45;
cp_h2=@(T2)(cp1+cp2*T2+cp3*T2.^2)/102.03; %cp (kJ/kg.K)
cpdt_h2=integral(cp_h2,273.15,T2);
%
T_a2=T2-0.1;
init_v_a2=R*T_a2/P2;
fhandle=@Martin_hou;
v_a2=fzero(fhandle,init_v_a2,[],P2,T_a2);

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%
T_b2=T2;
init_v_b2=R*T_b2/P2;
fhandle=@Martin_hou;
v_b2=fzero(fhandle,init_v_b2,[],P2,T_b2);
%
T_c2=T2+0.1;
init_v_c2=R*T_c2/P2;
fhandle=@Martin_hou;
v_c2=fzero(fhandle,init_v_c2,[],P2,T_c2);
final_v_h2=v_b2-T2*(v_c2-v_a2)/0.2;
h_vp2=final_v_h2*(P2-P0);
h2=hg0+cpdt_h2+h_vp2
%
cp_s2=@(T2)(cp1./T2+cp2+cp3*T2)/102.03;
cpdt_s2=integral(cp_s2,273.15,T2);
%
final_v_s2=(v_a2-v_c2)/0.2;
s_VP2=final_v_s*(P0-P2);
s2=sg0+cpdt_s2-s_VP2

Functions used:

1. Martin-Hou equation of state:

function f=Martin_hou(v,P,T)
R=0.081486;
Tc=374.23;
A(2)=-8.909485E-02;
B(2)= 4.408654E-05;
C(2)= -2.074834E+00;
A(3)= -1.016882E-03;

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B(3)= 2.574527E-06;
C(3)= 2.142829E-02;
A(4)= 1.778071E-05;
B(4)= -4.016976E-08;
C(4)= -2.977911E-04;
A(5)= -7.481440E-08;
B(5)= 1.670285E-10;
C(5)= 1.255922E-06;
b = 3.755677E-04;
k = 4.599967;
sum=0;
for i=2:5
sum=sum+(A(i)+B(i)*T+C(i)*exp(-k*T/Tc))/(v-b)^i;
end
f=R*T/(v-b)+sum-P;
end

2. Saturation Pressure from Temperature

function P=Psat(T)
A = 4.069889E+01;
B = -2.362540E+03;
C = -1.306883E+01;
D = 7.616005E-03;
E = 2.342564E-01;
F = 3.761111E+02;
Plog=A+B/T+C*log10(T)+D*T+E*((F-T)/T)*log10(F-T);%vapour pressure T (K)
and Psat (kPa)
P=10^(Plog);
end

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 3. Saturated Temperature from Pressure

function f = Tsat( T,P )

A = 4.069889E+01;
B = -2.362540E+03;
C = -1.306883E+01;
D = 7.616005E-03;
E = 2.342564E-01;
F = 3.761111E+02;
%T (K) and Psat (kPa)
f=10^(A+B/T+C*log10(T)+D*T+E*((F-T)/T)*log10(F-T))-P;
end

4. Redlich Kwong equation of state:

function f=redlich(v)
T=273.15;%in k
P=292.92;%in kpa
Tc=374.23;%in k
Pc=4060.3;%in kpa
R=0.081486;%in kj/kg.k
a=0.42748*R^2*Tc^2.5/Pc;
b=0.08664*R*Tc/Pc;
f=R*T/(v-b)-a/(T^0.5*v*(v+b))-P;
end

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