3D Audio: Byron Alfonso Pérez-Gutiérrez

Physics of audio
3D sound
3D Audio
BYRON ALFONSO PÉREZ-GUTIÉRREZ
Virtual Reality Center

Universidad Militar Nueva Granada
byron.perez@unimilitar.edu.co
February 2017
Byron Alfonso Pérez-Gutiérrez 3D Audio

Physics of audio
3D sound
Outline I
1 Physics of audio
2 3D sound
Audio hardware
Software

Physics of audio
3D sound
According to Merriam-Webster dictionary:

Hearing (noun)
1 the process, function, or power of perceiving sound;
specifically: the special sense by which noises and tones are
received as stimuli
Ear (noun)
1 The characteristic vertebrate organ of hearing and equilibrium
consisting in the typical mammal of a sound-collecting outer
ear separated by the tympanic membrane from a
sound-transmitting middle ear that in turn is separated from a
sensory inner ear by membranous fenestrae.
2 any of various organs (as of a fish) capable of detecting
vibratory motion

Physics of audio
3D sound
Sound (In physics)

Is a vibration that propagates as a typically audible mechanical
wave of pressure and displacement, through a transmission medium
such as air or water.
Sound (In physiology and psychology)

Is the reception of such waves and their perception by the brain.

Physics of audio
3D sound
Sound propagation
When a disturbance of air particles happens a series of waves

spread out from the source in all directions. Those waveforms are
composed of cycles of compressed air molecules and decompressed
air molecules. These waves will eventually lose their energy and
settle back to a resting state unless disturbed again.

Physics of audio
3D sound
Sound is a wave that results from vibration in a medium from one

location to another. As any other wave sound is introduced by a
vibration and so the particles move back and forth with a frequency,
which is expressed in Hertz: 1 Hertz = 1 vibration/second.

Physics of audio
3D sound
The human hearing system is capable of detecting frequencies

between 20 Hz and 20.000 Hz. Outside these ranges, below 20 Hz
we have infrasound and above 20.000 Hz we have ultrasound and
they are not audible by the human ear.

Physics of audio
3D sound
Sound intensity can be measured in two forms, either by

Intensity = Energy /(time + Area) or by Intensity = Power /Area,
expressed in W /m2 . This means that sound loses intensity over
distance. In terms of intensity the human ear can detect
1 ∗ 10−12 W /m2 , however, since the range of intensities is so large
it is measured on powers of 10, hence the decibel scale.
Source Intensity Intensity Level # of Times Greater Than TOH
Threshold of Hearing (TOH) 1 ∗ 10−12 W /m2 0 dB 100
Rustling Leaves 1 ∗ 10−11 W /m2 10 dB 101
Whisper 1 ∗ 10−10 W /m2 20 dB 102
Normal Conversation 1 ∗ 10−6 W /m2 60 dB 106
Busy Street Traffic 1 ∗ 10−5 W /m2 70 dB 107
Vacuum Cleaner 1 ∗ 10−4 W /m2 80 dB 108
Large Orchestra 6.3 ∗ 10−3 W /m2 98 dB 109 .8
Walkman at Maximum Level 1 ∗ 10−2 W /m2 100 dB 101 0
Front Rows of Rock Concert 1 ∗ 10−1 W /m2 110 dB 101 1
Threshold of Pain 1 ∗ 101 W /m2 130 dB 101 3
Military Jet Takeoff 1 ∗ 102 W /m2 140 dB 101 4
Instant Perforation of Eardrum 1 ∗ 102 W /m2 160 dB 101 6

Physics of audio
3D sound
Sound is affected by the mean that transport it, whereas is solid,

liquid or gas affecting either its inertial properties or its elastics
properties. This results in various speeds for sound and at normal
atmospheric in dry air is approximately 331m/s + (0.6m/s/c) ∗ T ,
where T is the temperature.

Physics of audio Audio hardware
3D sound Software
3D sound comes from the interest to provide more immersive

experiences within several scenarios, initially sound was recorded
with one microphone and reproduced with one speaker, this was
known as monophonics sound, however, in 1881 telephone headsets
where used with various microphones to record and transmit sound
through two channels, giving birth to stereo and binaural sound.

3D sound Software
Stereo: record multiple sources with two microphones and

plays it in two speakers, in this method the listener catches
everything in the environment, being able to distinct sounds
from left or right
Binaural: the system allows recording information similarly as
it is heard by the ears, this is why a dummy foam head is used,
in this case, the microphones are placed at a distance similar to
the one found between the ears and into the foam ear canals,
the result is that the listener can identify not only left or right
sounds but also an estimation from where it was coming.

3D sound Software
3D Audio
Sound displays are computer

interfaces that provide synthetic
sound feedback to the user
interacting with the virtual world.
The sound can be monoaural
(both ears hear the same sound)
or binaural (each ear hears a
different sound).

3D sound Software
3D Audio

3D sound Software
Human Hearing Model
Polar coordinate system – azimuth, elevation, distance (range);

Azimuth cues;
Elevation cues;
Effect of pinna (outer ear);
HRTF - Human Related Transfer Function

3D sound Software
Human Related Transfer Function

3D sound Software
Effect of pinna filtering of sound

3D sound Software
3D sound localization
Put microphones in
dummy heads;
Played localized sound
and measured signal;
Determined the
HRTF;
Worked on first
circuitry;

3D sound Software
Convolvotron

3D sound Software
Audio hardware
In terms of hardware there is also the alternative of recording with

multiple microphones and also reproducing them in multiple
speakers, such application can be found in movies and
entertainment cinemas.

3D sound Software
Stereo speakers and 2.1

3D sound Software
Surround speakers 5.1

3D sound Software
Surround speakers 7.1

3D sound Software
Sound cards - Creative Soundblaster

3D sound Software
External sound cards

3D sound Software
Headphones

3D sound Software
5.1 Headphones

3D sound Software
Virtual 5.1 Headphones

3D sound Software
Temporal bone headphones

3D sound Software
Software libraries for 3D audio
OpenAL - https://www.openal.org
Is a cross-platform 3D audio API appropriate for use with gaming
applications and many other types of audio applications. The
library models a collection of audio sources moving in a 3D space
that are heard by a single listener somewhere in that space.

3D sound Software
Software libraries for 3D audio
Yse - http://www.attr-x.net/yse/
Is a C++ audio library. It runs on Windows, Linux, MacOS,
Android and iOS. 3D & 2D sound, pitch control, doppler shift.

3D sound Software
Lokki, T., Savioja, L., Väänänen, R., Huopaniemi, J., & Takala, T.
(2002). Creating interactive virtual auditory environments. IEEE
Computer Graphics and Applications, 22(4), 49-57.
http://audio.rightmark.org/products/rm3ds.shtml https:
//www.princeton.edu/3D3A/PureStereo/Pure_Stereo.html

3D sound Software
Questions?
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Physics of audio

BYRON ALFONSO PÉREZ-GUTIÉRREZ

Virtual Reality Center

Byron Alfonso Pérez-Gutiérrez 3D Audio

Byron Alfonso Pérez-Gutiérrez 3D Audio

According to Merriam-Webster dictionary:

Byron Alfonso Pérez-Gutiérrez 3D Audio

Sound (In physics)

Sound (In physiology and psychology)

Byron Alfonso Pérez-Gutiérrez 3D Audio

When a disturbance of air particles happens a series of waves

Byron Alfonso Pérez-Gutiérrez 3D Audio

Sound is a wave that results from vibration in a medium from one

Byron Alfonso Pérez-Gutiérrez 3D Audio

The human hearing system is capable of detecting frequencies

Byron Alfonso Pérez-Gutiérrez 3D Audio

Sound intensity can be measured in two forms, either by

Byron Alfonso Pérez-Gutiérrez 3D Audio

Sound is affected by the mean that transport it, whereas is solid,

Byron Alfonso Pérez-Gutiérrez 3D Audio

3D sound comes from the interest to provide more immersive

Byron Alfonso Pérez-Gutiérrez 3D Audio

Stereo: record multiple sources with two microphones and

Byron Alfonso Pérez-Gutiérrez 3D Audio

Sound displays are computer

Byron Alfonso Pérez-Gutiérrez 3D Audio

Byron Alfonso Pérez-Gutiérrez 3D Audio

Human Hearing Model

Polar coordinate system – azimuth, elevation, distance (range);

Byron Alfonso Pérez-Gutiérrez 3D Audio

Human Related Transfer Function

Byron Alfonso Pérez-Gutiérrez 3D Audio

Effect of pinna filtering of sound

Byron Alfonso Pérez-Gutiérrez 3D Audio

Byron Alfonso Pérez-Gutiérrez 3D Audio

Byron Alfonso Pérez-Gutiérrez 3D Audio

In terms of hardware there is also the alternative of recording with

Byron Alfonso Pérez-Gutiérrez 3D Audio

Stereo speakers and 2.1

Byron Alfonso Pérez-Gutiérrez 3D Audio

Surround speakers 5.1

Byron Alfonso Pérez-Gutiérrez 3D Audio

Surround speakers 7.1

Byron Alfonso Pérez-Gutiérrez 3D Audio

Sound cards - Creative Soundblaster

Byron Alfonso Pérez-Gutiérrez 3D Audio

External sound cards

Byron Alfonso Pérez-Gutiérrez 3D Audio

Byron Alfonso Pérez-Gutiérrez 3D Audio

Byron Alfonso Pérez-Gutiérrez 3D Audio

Virtual 5.1 Headphones

Byron Alfonso Pérez-Gutiérrez 3D Audio

Temporal bone headphones

Byron Alfonso Pérez-Gutiérrez 3D Audio

Software libraries for 3D audio

Byron Alfonso Pérez-Gutiérrez 3D Audio

Software libraries for 3D audio