Nano Materials –

Synthesis, Characterisation
and Properties
Prof. Dr. Cordt Zollfrank
(Daniel Van Opdenbosch)
Fakultät Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan
am Wissenschaftszentrum Straubing

Prof. Dr. Johann Plank

Department Chemie

Technische Universität München

Contents

I Dispersion of particles

II Reduction of particle size (top-down approach)

III Synthesis of nanostructures (bottom-up approach)

Stabilization of Colloidal Systems

Attractive intermolecular and interparticular forces

Van-der-Waals Hydrogen bonding Coulomb (charged

0.5-5 kJ/mol 5-30 kJ/mol particles) >100 kJ/mol

Keesom
(Two permanent dipoles) Some factors:

Polarity, electronegativity of atoms

London Atomic weight of constituents
(Two induced dipoles) Specific surface
Material mixtures
Particle shapes
Particle size
Debye
(One induced dipole)
Stabilization of Colloidal Systems
Electrostatic repulsion Steric hindrance

electrostatic repulsion + + steric hindrance

⇒ dispersing effect -
-
⇒ dispersing effect
+
+ - +
- -
+

- -
+ +

electrosteric repulsion by adsorption of polyelectrolytes

⇒ dispersing effect
Electrostatic and Steric Stabilisation of Collodial Suspensions

Polycondensate Polycarboxylate

+ - +
+ O3S +
+ - +
+ O3S +
Zement Zement
-korn -korn
+ - O3S +
+ +
+- +
+ O3S +

-
O3S

• Electrostatic Repulsion • Steric Effect

Electrostatic Stabilization: DLVO Theory
DLVO theory, developed by Derjaguin, Landau (1941) and Verwey,
Overbeek (1948)

describes the electrostatic stabilization of colloidal suspensions

Repulsion of droplets possessing same electrical charge in an emulsion.

Total interaction potential

VT = VA + VR + VB
Attractive Forces = Van der Waals attraction (approximation
for spherical particles at distance d « a)

A⎛a⎞ A = Hamaker constant (material specific)

VA = − ⎜ ⎟ a = radius of particle
12 ⎝ d ⎠ d = distance between particles
Electrostatic Stabilization: DLVO Theory
Material Aeff, Water Aeff, Air
Hamaker Kaolinite 1.80 x 10-20J NA
Constant α-Al2O3 5.32 x 10-20J 15.6 x 10-20J
(Aeff) Fused Silica 0.85 x 10-20J 6.55 x 10-20J
Quartz 1.70 x 10-20J 8.33 x 10-20J
0

Attractive Potential (Va/kT)

-5
-10
-15
van der Waals attractive -20
forces scale with -25
Hamaker constant. -30
Kaolinite
-35
Alumina
-40
-45
-50
0 20 40 60 80

Interparticle Separation (H, nm)

Electrostatic Stabilization: DLVO Theory

Electrostatic repulsive forces

a 32 ⋅ ε ⋅ ε 0 ⋅ (R ⋅ T ) 2 2 −κ⋅H
VR = ⋅ ⋅γ ⋅e
ν F 2

where a = particle radius

H = distance between spherical particles
⎛ 2z ⎞ ν = charge of ion
⎜ e − 1⎟
⎜ ⎟ ν ⋅ F ⋅ ψ0 1/κ = Debye Hückel length (describes
⎝
γ= z ⎠ mit z = extension of diffuse ion layer)
⎛ 2 ⎞ R ⋅T ε = dielectricity constant
⎜ e + 1⎟
⎜ ⎟ ε0 = dielectricity constant in vacuum
⎝ ⎠ F = Faraday´s constant
ψ0 = surface potential

Born´s Repulsive Forces (only occur at almost direct contact between

particles)
VB
Electrostatic Stabilization: DLVO Theory
Total Interaction Potential:

VR= electrostatic repulsion

VB= Born´s repulsion
VA= van der Waals attraction
VT= total interaction potential

A dispersion is stable when Vm is

particularly high

The distance between particles at

which Vm attains a maximum
represents the particle distance in a
stable dispersion
Electrostatic Stabilization: DLVO Theory
Total interaction potential
between particles:

Dispersion

a) stable
b) almost stable
c) unstable
 Surface Charge, Zeta Potential and Charge Density
Surface charge of a SiO2 particle

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
-10 Zeta potential of SiO2
Zetapotential [mV]

-20
Isoelectric point at ~ pH 1.5
-30

-40

-50

-60
pH-Wert
Surface Charge, Zeta Potential and Charge Density
Surface charge of inorganic nano / colloid particles

e.g. Al2O3, SiO2, MgO Silver iodide

Isoelectric point (IEP)

Development of Surface Charge

Surface charge of colloidal and nano particles comes from:

- Incomplete coordination / bond sphere of

surface atoms

- Incongruent dissolution behavior of ions

located on the surface (example: cement)
colloid
particle - Adsorption of anions or cations onto the
surface

- Protonation and deprotonation of

functional groups present on the surface
Surface Charge of a Cement Particle

++
Surface charge: +
+ ++ + +
- Can not be measured directly + ++ +
++ + ++ + + +
+ ++ + + + +
+
- Indirectly accessible via zeta potential +
+++ + ++
- Average of different surface charges +

Phase Zeta Potential

C3S - 5 mV
C2S - 7 mV
C3A + 12 mV
C3A + CaSO4 . xH2O + 7 mV
C4AF + 5 mV
C4AF + CaSO4 . xH2O + 5 mV
from Yoshioka et al., Cem. Concr. Res. 32 (2002), 1507
Isoelectric points for several oxides

Oxide i.e.p.
Silica (Quartz), SiO2 2.0
Tin Oxide, SnO2 4.5
Titania (Rutile), TiO2 5.7-6.5
Zirconia, ZrO2 6.5
Hematite, α-Fe2O3 8.5
Magnetite, FeO 6.5
Goethite, α-FeOOH 7.5-9.0
Alumina, γ-Al2O3 8.9-9.1
Alumina, α-Al2O3 9.1
Boehmite, AlOOH 10.4
Magnesia, MgO 12.0
Surface Charge of a Cement Particle

Clinker phases: C3S, C2S, C3A, C4AF

.
Dispersion of Cement in Water

+ SP

++ + - - -+ - - + - - - - - - +- -
- +
+ - - --- +
+ - - + -- + + + - + - - - - - + + -- -+- +- - - -- -
-- - - - - - - - -
- -+ - - + -- - -
+ + - -
- + - - +-+ +-
+- + -+ + -- - - -+ - -- - -
- - -- +-- - - -
-- - + + + - -
-+- - - + -- - - - - +
- -
--- - - + + - - + +
+ -- + + +
- -
-
+ +
- -
+ + - - -- -
- -- -+- - -+- -
+ - - -
- +
-
-
+
+
- - - -
+
+
- -
+ SP -+ -
-- - - - - -
- +
-- - - + -
--
- -+
+ +
-- - -+ - +- - +--
+ - -
-- ++ + -- - + - -
-+ +- - -
+ + - - - - - - + - -
- - --
- -- -+ - - - - - - - +- -+ - -
-+ - - -+- - - -
+ -- -
- - + + -+- -
- + - - +- - - - - - -++ -
+ -- - -
+
- - - -+ -
--+ - + -+- - - -
- -
+ -
+ + + - - + - -
- - - -- + - - -
- + - + - +
- - + -
-+ - -
- + + - -
- - -- - -- +
- - + -
++ + - + - -++ - +-- -
-
+ - - - + - - - - - - - - - - -- - - -
. .
 Electrochemical Double Layer Around a Colloidal Particle

STERN layer of adsorbed

anions/cations

-
+ +
- -
+
- - +-
- -- --
+ --+ - +
-
- + -- - - + -
-- - - -
+ +-+ +
- -
+
Anions always adsorb first on particle
surface because of van der Waals
attractive forces Diffuse ion layer Cement
in pore solution particle
 Surface Charge, Zeta Potential and Charge Density
Definition of Zeta potential
S
Ψi
- dehydr. anion
- hydr. anion
-
Ψa - hydr. cation
-
Ψ0
-
-
ζ -
-
-
-
-
-
-
}

Stern-
Stern-layer
Ψ0 = Nernst-Potential
Ψi = Potential der inneren Helmholtz-Schicht
-Schicht
Ψa = Potential der äußeren Helmholtz-Schicht }Stern-Schicht mit Ψa = ΨS
ζ = Potential an der Scherebene = Zetapotential
S = Scherebene (Teilabriss der diffusen Schicht)
Water Layer on Surface of Colloidal/Nano Particles
Molecular condensator after BOCKRIS
Factors Impacting the Surface Charge of Colloids
Impact of pH value on surface charge
50 SiO2-Sol
40 TiO2
30 Fe2O3
Al2O3-Sol
20

10
Zetapotential (mV)

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
-10
pH-Wert
-20

-30

-40

-50

-60

isoelektrischer Punkt
Factors Impacting the Surface Charge of Colloids
Impact of electrolyte concentration (ionic strength) on surface charge

- Shear plane of zeta potential

-
Particle surface

-
-
-
- Electrolyte
- concentration
- ΨS
-
ζ1
-
-
-
ζ2 -
- 10-6 M

ζ3 0,1 M 10-2 M
}

Stern layer
Flussdelta durch Ton-Ausflockung
Mississippi-
Delta
(Louisiana/USA)

Golf von Mexiko

Mündung
des Yukon
(Alaska/USA)
Surface Charge, Zeta Potential and Charge density

Instrument for electrophoretic measurement of zeta potential

Surface Charge, Zeta Potential and Charge Density
Electrophoretic measurement of zeta potential

verschobene bewegtes Teilchen

Gegenionenwolke

- -
- -
- -
-
- -
- -

Elektrophoretic behavior of colloids in an electrical field

 Principle of Zeta Potential Measurement

Electroacoustic method:

+ + Strömungsrichtung
+ - - - der Flüssigkeit
+ - -
- -
+ Schicht
- -
+ - - - adsorbierter
Wassermoleküle
+
+

Colloid
Vibration
+ Potential

Dipolmoment
Surface Charge, Zeta Potential and Charge Density
Surface charge of a latex dispersion
Experimental determination of surface
charge of colloidal particles via
streaming potential

++ ++ ++- ++
-- - ++ - --+
-
----- ++ ------+ +
-+ + +
-----+++++ -----++
- + -
----- +++ ----- +++
- - - -
------+++++ ------ +++++
-- -- +++ -- -- ++ ++
-- --- ++ + -- --- ++ ++
-- + ++ -- ++
+++ +++++ ++
+
 Surface Charge, Zeta Potential and Charge Density
Charge determination of silica by titration with cationic polymer (Poly-DADMAC)
200 Zugabe PDADMAC 1 mmol (mL)
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
-200

-400
Ladungsmenge (mV)

-600

-800

-1000

-1200

-1400

-1600

-1800
Ludox TM 0,1% (28 nm)
-2000 Ludox LS 0,1% (12 nm)
Ludox SM 0,1% (7 nm)

Streaming potential is measured

Factors Impacting the Surface Charge of Colloids
S1 S2
-
-
-
-
-
-

Relatives Potential
-
-
- Zetapotential ohne Polymer
-
-
-
- Zetapotential mit Polymer
-

Schichtdicke des adsorbierten

Polymers

Impact of adsorbed Impact of adsorbed nonionic polymer on zeta

positively charged potential
polymer on zeta
potential of a negatively Æ Decrease of zeta potential measured
charged particle

Æ Charge reversal
Electrochemical Double Layer after Adsorption of Anionic Polymers
Steric Stabilization of Colloidal Suspensions
The concept of „steric“ hindrance

Steric Stabilization from:

- osmotic effect
- gain in entropy
- enthalpic effect
Attraction or replusion development with particle distance by steric hindrance

Compare to electrostatic
repulsion
 Attraction or replusion development by electrosteric hindrance

VR=electrostatic repulsion
VS=steric repulsion

Example: polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride

Disperse your particles!
Synthesis Methods For Colloids and Nano Particles

Two principle methods:

Bulk
Material
Colloid Solution

Break down method Bottom up method

(Top down process)

Break Down Method: Milling

Limitation of milling method:

dry milling: approx. 3 µm Agglomeration prevents
wet milling: approx. 200 nm further disintegration into
smaller particles

Quartz flour
d50 approx. 3,5µm
Break Down Methods

Preparation of colloids/nano particles by milling:

a) Frictional dispersion (low rotation speed in rotating mill)

b) Hammering dispersion (medium rotation speed in ball mill)
c) Centrifugal milling (high rotation speed)
Break Down Methods

„stirred ball mill“

Break Down Methods

Vertical colloidal mill

(1.000 – 20.000 rpm)
Æ Stator/Rotor gap adjustable/variable
Æ requires water cooling !!!
 Break Down Methods
Shear milling

„single-stage homogenizer“
Emulsion is squeezed through a narrow
Jet mill
gap:
material is accelerated to 250-700 km/h
Æ high shear forces
Milling occurs when particles hit each other
Æ no mechanical parts
(autogeneous milling)
Æ used to homogenize milk
Break Down Methods
Ultrasound Milling
Æ In the fluid, gas bubbles are formed by ultrasonic (cavitations)
Æ Gas bubbles collapse, fluid shoots through gas bubble at approx. 500 m/s
Æ Pressures up to 1 GPa !
Æ Temperatures up to 10.000 K (products like from high temperature synthesis)
Æ Dissociation, formation of radicals, charge separation (Î Ultrasonic chemistry)

Decay of a cavitation bubble Zn particle made by ultrasound

 Break Down Methods
Dispersion in a „colloidal mill“

Ultra Turrax colloidal mill (high speed disperser) Working principle of a disperser
approx. 4.000 – 30.000 rpm
Synthesis via Bottom up – Principle Methods
Synthesis of Precipitation from solution by addition of a nonsolvent
colloids/nanos - precipitation of colloidal S from ethanol by addition of water
from solution - Colloidal carotenoid (food colorant) by addition of water to
a solution of carotenoid in acetone

Ionic precipitation reactions

- exceeding the solubility product
- surface energy of particle increases with decreasing
particle size

Hydrolysis of organometal compounds

- preparation of silica sol from Stöber process
- preparation of TiO2 sol

Reduction of ions to the element followed by agglomeration

- Preparation of gold ruby

Polymerisation and polycondensation of monomers into

polymers
Bottom Up Methods

Synthesis of colloidal sulfur sol (colloidal S particles are used as insecticides and
fungicides)

a) Dilution of solution of S in ethanol with water: colloidal S precipitates

b) Comproportioning of S in water or air

SO2 + 2 H2S Æ 3 S + 2 H2O

c) Acid degradation of sodium thiosulfate in water

Na2S2O3 ÅÆ 1/8 S8 + Na2SO3

Bottom Up Methods: Seed Crystallisation

Change of free energy of a seed crystal with size;

n= number of building units

A) Minor oversaturation
B) High oversaturation
nc= critical size from which seeds start to grow

Conditions necessary to achieve

monodisperse particles:

A) Solution of particles
B) Concentration where seeds form
C) Maximum oversaturation

I) No seed formation
II) Range where seeds form
III) Growth regime for particles, seeds are no
(La Mer diagram) longer formed
Opposite Æ precipitates (no seeds)
Bottom Up Methods: Nano Crystals by Seeding

- Principle: small particles possess higher solubility than large ones

- Æ large particles grow at the expense of small particles (Ostwald ripening)

- Method to achieve nano sized crystals:

a) initially high oversaturation Æ spontaneous formation of many seed crystals

b) then lower concentration Æ no more seeds are being formed
c) maintain low concentration Æ particles continue to grow
 Bottom Up Reactions: Elemental Sols
Elemental sols of Au, Ag or Pt:
Preparation by reduction from metal salt solutions with citrate, hydrazin, hydroxylamin,
formaldehyde etc.

Gold sol: Æ Gold ruby glas

Cassius´ gold ruby: reduction of gold salt solution with Sn2+ in acid solution
Æ Absorption is a function of colloidal/nano particle size

Preparation of gold sols possessing different particle

sizes
Absorption maximum of
A) HAuCl4 solution 0,01 %
Au sol as a function of
B) Tri sodium citrate dihydrate solution 1,0 %
particle diameter
Bottom Up Synthesis of Nano Particles

colloidal ZnS colloidal CdCO3

colloidal TiO2
Fe2O3 barium ferrite
Bottom Up Synthesis of Nano Particles

Star-shaped Anatase nano crystals

Bottom Up Synthesis of Nano Structures

Biotemplated amorphous silica

 Bottom Up Synthesis: Sol – Gel Process
Preparation of a silica sol

Æ condensation of ortho silica acid (Si(OH)4)

Preparation of a silica sol by acid Mono disperse silica

from aqueous sodium silicate
solution
 Bottom Up Synthesis: Sol – Gel Process
Preparation of monodisperse nano silica particles:

Stöber-Process:

hydrolysis of tetraalkylortho silicates (eg. tetraethylorthosilicate, TEOS)

Chemical reactions
involved in the Stöber
process

Ammonia concentration
determines particle size
(„morphological catalyst“)
Sol-Gel Process

Sol gel transformation is the result of a

chemical reaction (condensation)
between the sol particles

Condensation of two silica particles

Sol-Gel Process

Difference between gel and precipitate:

 Sol-Gel Process

Sol-gel transformation

50 100
45
Gel formation only occurs at
90
40 specific pH values where particles
35 80
30
can get in such proximity that a
25
70
condensation reaction can take
Zetapotential (mV)

Viskosität (mPas)
20
Zetapotential
60
place
15
50
10 Viskosität
5 40 Example:
0
30
-5
-10 20 Zeta potential and Brookfield
-15
-20
10 viscosity as a function of pH value
-25 0 of a Al2O3 sol at a concentration of
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
0,95 mol/l
pH-Wert

Gel formation occurs best at pH 9.5

Sol-Gel Process

Sol-gel transformation

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
-10 Gelation times of silica sols as a
Zetapotential [mV]

-20 function of the SiO2 concentration of

-30
the sols
-40

-50

-60 pH dependent zeta potential of silica

pH-Wert
Sol-Gel Process
Condensation of silica
particles possessing
different sizes

Æ Bond between smaller

particles is stronger

Æ finer particles produce

more stable gels
Network of particles
in a gel

Characteristics of gels

- low mechanical stability

- at least two phases
- 3D network of solid phase
- interstitial space filled with:
a) Water Æ Hydrogel
b) Alcohol Æ Alcogel
c) Gas Æ Aerogel/Xerogel
Sol-Gel Process
„Site Percolation“ in a square lattice, shown for three
different particle concentrations p.

A gel is formed only when p = 0,75 (when at least 75 % of

all site are occupied by particles)
Sol-Gel Process
Formation of a 3D network during gelation

Aggregates, agglomerates and networks

Aggregates: irreversibel
Agglomerates: reversibel
Network: labile
 Sol-Gel Process: Stabilization of Sols
Surface modification of sol particles to
prevent condensation/gelation

Surface inertisation and electrostatic

stabilization

Æ allows higher solids content in a sol

Æ enhances shelf life (stability) of a sol
 Sol-Gel Process: Xerogel and Aerogel

Relationship between particle geometry and gel

Xerogel / Aerogel
Xerogel: evaporation of solvent causes
Shrinkage or collapse of 3D network in sol
structure:
a) Spherical network structure
b) Platelet structure
c) Fibrous structure of gel

Aerogel: careful removal of solvent under sustainment of 3D network

(supercritical CO2)
Sol-Gel Process: Preparation of CaCO3 Nano Particles, Xerogel
and Aerogel
CaCO3 aerogel, CaCO3 xerogel and CaCO3 nano particles from sol-gel transformation
of calciumdi(methylcarbonate)

Reaction scheme:
+ 2CO2 + H2O
CaO + 2CH3OH Ca(OCH3)2 + H2 O Ca(OCOOCH 3)2 CaCO 3 + CH3OH
Sol/Alkogel

CaO in MeOH
suspendiert
Filtration
Rückstand
pH Reaktion
CO2
L

Filtration

überkritische Trocknung
Gelierung mit CO2
Sol Gel CaCO3 Aerogel

Trocknung an Luft
CaCO3
CaCO3 Xerogel
Nanopartikel
Sol-Gel Process: CaCO3 Nano Particles

100 nm

Primary CaCO3 nano

particles (Ø 1-5 nm!)

TEM image of CaCO3

nano particles

SEM image of 500 nm

CaCO3 nano particles
Combined sol-gel and metallic reduction
Sol-gel silica coated
cellulose nanocrystals
decorated with gold
nanoparticles by THPC-
reduction of HAuCl4
 Sol-Gel Process: Characterization

Analysis of scattering curves yields structural

Scattering from fibrillar information such as particle size, shape,
nanostructures (scale bar 2 nm-1) core-shell structuring, specific surface,
particle density, ...
Further reading: Guinier, A. & Fournet, G. Small-angle scattering of X-rays. 268 (John Wiley &
Sons: Hoboken, 1955).
Pilz, I., Glatter, O. & Kratky, O. Small-angle x-ray scattering. Methods Enzymol.
61, 148–249 (1979).
Sol-Gel Process: CaCO3 Alcogel and Aerogel

CaCO3 Alkogel

ESEM image of a CaCO3 Aerogel

CaCO3 Aerogel obtained

from supercritical drying
Sol-Gel Process: Nanos, Xerogels, Aerogels, Ceramics

Ceramic Coatings, Bodies and Fibers:

Application of a xerogel, followed by solvent evaporation and calcination
Sol-Gel Process: Preparation of Cement Clinker Phases

Wasser Netzwerk
Wasser+
kolloidales gelöste Nitrate
Teilchen

+ Ca(NO3)2
pH-Wert

Sol Hydrogel

Netzwerk
mit Nitraten

Luft Klinkerphase

T T
- H2O Zersetzung
Ca(NO3)2
Xerogel reine Klinkerphase
 Sol-Gel Process: Industrial Applications

Inorganic coatings

- reactive oxides (e.g. manufacture of pure cement clinker phases)

- ceramic materials

- ceramic coatings on temperature sensitive surfaces

- glasses

- manufacture of silica gels (adsorbens, chromatography, substrate for catalysts etc.)

Æ In solid state reactions, the sol-gel process ensures high homogeneity

and small particle sizes
Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
Principle of „chemical vapor deposition“ : deposition from gas phase

Processes in use
Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
Preparation of a Cu nano film on a substrate

Schematic „hot-wall-reactor“ Schematic „cold-wall-reactor“

 Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
Deposition of Al layers from AliBu3

At low T Æ
homogeneous Al
surface

At high T Æ Al
layer contaminated
with impurities of C

CVD von Al-Schichten aus Me3N-AlH3

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
Manufacture of diamond films for dental instruments etc.
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
Manufacture of diamond films

Different morphologies achieved by Different morphologies achieved

different gas pressures during through different temperatures during
synthesis synthesis
Synthesis of Nano Particles – Carbon Black
Industrial manufacture of carbon black:

Incomplete combustion of aromatic compounds

Global production: approx. 6 - 7 mio. to/year

Air inlet

Complete Incomplete Water cooling

combustion combustion
 Industrial Carbon Black

30 nm
Primary particles : diameter ~ 5 – 500 nm,

often aggregated to chains and intergrown

Chemical structure: layered, like graphite

• C6 rings, but irregular arrangement

• Extremely high surface area, ca. 10 – 1000 m2/g
• Ideal pigment: insoluble in all common solvents, resistent against
most chemicals, UV stable, very intensive color
• As filler for strength enhancement of elastomers
Carbon Black
Examples for industrial use of carbon black

> 90 % as filler for

elastomers, thereof 2/3
for tire industry,
remainder for rubber

Printing inks for newspapers

(only 0,015 g of carbon black are
needed for one page!)

Æ a point (.) on a newspaper

page contains 250.000.000.000
carbon black nano particles!!!
Coatings and paints
Synthesis of Pyrogenic Silica
Industrial manufacture by
flame pyrolysis:

2 H2 + O 2 Æ 2 H 2O
SiCl4 + 2 H2O Æ SiO2 + 4 HCl

Combustion in O2/H2 flame

Manufacture of Pyrogenic Silica
 Umsetzung in der Gasphase

Verwendung pyrogener Kieselsäure

In Siliconkautschuk als Verstärkerfüllstoff, aber auch in vielen anderen Anwendungen

zur Kontrolle der Rheologie (z.B. Ketchup).

Zur Verdickung und Thixotropierung in Lacken und Farben, Druckfarben und

ungesättigten Polyesterharzen sowie Epoxidharzen.

Als Zusatzstoff und Verarbeitungshilfsmittel in der Kosmetik und der pharmazeutischen

Industrie sowie als Rieselhilfsmittel bei Lebensmitteln, Futtermitteln und in der
chemischen Industrie eingesetzt.