Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Bone Formation - Ossification 2 PDF
Bone Formation - Ossification 2 PDF
Objectives
State the types of bone formation
State the basic differences between the types
Describe briefly the process of intramembranous
ossification giving examples
Describe briefly the process of Endochondral
ossification giving examples
Describe briefly the terms “Epiphysis, Diaphysis and
Metaphysis”
Describe briefly the epiphysial growth plate
Ossification- process of bone formation
Commences in foetal life
By replacement of pre-existing connective tissue
Bone is formed directly on primitive mesenchyme
intramembranous ossification
Occurs in clavicle and bones of the vault of the skull
Such bones membrane bones
the replacement of a preformed cartilagenous model
into a bone- endochondral ossification
cartilage
It is initially long, but shortens as
Zone of proliferation
Active proliferation of chondrocytes
in flattened lacunae
Separated by small amount of
matrix
Continued interstitial growth of the cartilage in this
zone is the mechanism by which bone increases in
length
Zone of maturation
Cell division stops
increases in size
The part of the diaphysis adjacent to the epiphyseal
plate where bone is being laid down is the
metephysis
Growth in length ceases when epiphyseal plate is
replaced by bone
Zone of union-epiphyseal line
Formations of osteones
The bone is laid down in the form of irregular plates
The collagen fibres are randomly arranged in the
form of a net work around irregularly scattered
vascular spaces
There is no lamellation
This type is woven fibred bone and is found young
foetal bones
It is also bone formed during repair of fractures and
lining tooth sockets
Later roughly concentric layers of non-lamellated
parallel fibred bone are deposited
Outer
Helical course of collagen
circumferential
lamellae
Volkmann’s
canal
Osteon
Inner
circumferential
lamellae
Endosteum
Haversian canal
Haversian system
These atypical Haversian systems of primary osteons
are deposited on the walls of vascular spaces which
are narrowed
As bone matures typical Haversian systems or
secondary osteones are formed
Their formation is preceded by an erosion of the
existing bone( woven and primary osteons) followed
by deposition of concentric lamellae of parallel fibred
bone on the walls of the resorption cavity
A basophilic cement line made up of ground
substance is seen at the site of reversal from erosion
to deposition
Cement line is seen between the secondary osteones
and early formed bone
As bone growth continues the erosive process also
involves the secondary osteones with formation of
new Haversian systems
Remnants of older osteones remain as the interstitial
lamellae
Circumferential lamellae deposited on both the
periosteal and endosteal surfaces are made up of
parallel fibred lamellae with the fibres arranged
longitudinally circumferentially in adjacent lamellae
Remodelling of bone
Internal remodeling occurs throughout life with the
removal of old osteones and deposition of new ones
Such a process allows the bone architecture to change
in response to altered mechanical stress
Gross remodeling with changes of shape
example- the bones of the skull involve not only an
increase in thickness but also the surface area and in
their curvarture
Growth at the margins would increase the surface
area while differential rates of periosteal bone
formation externally and bone erosion internally
would result in an increase in thickness
The shaft of a long bone increases in diameter by
periosteal deposition along with the endosteal
erosion.
Repair of fractures
When a bone fractures blood clot forms at the site
Capillary loops and mesenchymal cells invade the
clot and collagen is laid down forming granulation
tissue
Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondroblasts
and osteoblast
Fibrous granulation tissue is replaced with hyaline
cartilage and woven fibred bone to form provision
callus, which is strengthen by deposition of calcium
Osteogenic cells of the endosteum and periosteum
also lay down a mesh work of woven bone within and
around the provisional callus to form a bony callus
Later by osteoclastic and osteoblastic activity
lamellar bone is laid down at the site of fracture and
the original form is restored