Temario

Lección 1ª Reading: Holidays

Composition: Informal Letter
Grammar: The Past Simple
Exercises
Vocabulary: Holidays
-
Lección 2ª Listening: Robots
Grammar: Will & Going to
Exercises
Vocabulary: Joining Words
-
Lección 3ª Reading: The Hamburger
Composition: Formal Letter
Grammar: Adjectives
Exercises
Vocabulary: Food & Drink
-
Lección 4ª Reading: Health Advice
Grammar: Modal Verbs
Exercises
Vocabulary: Useful Verbs
-
Lección 5ª Reading: Thinness
Grammar: Word Order
Exercises
Vocabulary: Shopping
-
Lección 6ª Reading: Making Cheese
Grammar: The Passive (I)
Exercises
Vocabulary: Science & Technology
-
Lección 7ª Listening: The Judgement of Paris
Grammar: The Passive (II)
Exercises
Vocabulary: Tourism
-
Lección 8ª Reading: The Secret Workers
 Dialogue
Grammar: Direct & Reported Speech
Exercises
Vocabulary: Useful Verbs
-
Lección 9ª Reading: The Greenhouse Effect
Composition: An Account of an Event
Grammar: Questions
Exercises
Vocabulary: Environmnet
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Lección 10ª Reading: Welcome to London Heathrow
Grammar: The
Exercises
Vocabulary: Transport
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Lección 11ª Reading: My Favourite Room
Grammar: Joining Sentences & Relative Clauses
Exercises
Vocabulary: Personal Relationships
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Lección 12ª Reading: A Guide to London
Grammar: Conditional
Exercises
-
Lección 13ª Reading: Superstitions
Grammar: Conjunctions
Exercises
Vocabulary: Useful Phrases & Conjunctions
-

Lección 14ª Reading: Conversation

Grammar: Prepositions
Exercises
Vocabulary: War & Peace
-

Lección 15ª Reading: Morocco

Grammar: Compound Prepositions
Exercises
Vocabulary: Adjectives
-

Lección 16ª Reading: How to Prepare for an Interview

 Grammar: Still, Yet, Already
Exercises
Vocabulary: Work
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Lección 17ª Reading: A Problem Shared...
Grammar: Phrasal Verbs
Exercises
Vocabulary: People
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Lección 18ª Reading: Soap Guide
Grammar: Position of the Phrasal Verbs
Exercises
Vocabulary: Arts
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Lección 19ª Listening: China: The War at Home
Grammar: Prepositional Phrases
Exercises
Vocabulary: Health
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Lección 20ª Listening: Karma
Grammar: Make & Do / Tell & Say
Exercises
Vocabulary: Politics
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Lección 21ª Pronunciation

Lección 1ª: Composition

Informal Letter

Remember:

1. Your address on the right hand side of the page.

2. Leave one space and write the date underneath your address.

3. Leave one space and write the introduction, e.g. Dear…….,

4. Write an introduction, main body and conclusion.

5. To end the letter either write:

With love from / Love from / Love to all (If you wish to send love to somebody's friends/family) / All my
love
Useful Phrases:

Thank you for your letter

It was nice to hear from you

I'm sorry I haven't written for so long

Hoping to hear from you before too long

I'm afraid to say that I won't be able to…

I would be most grateful if you could…

Do you think you could…?

I regret to inform you that we are unable to…

I am writing to inquire whether it is possible…

I will have great pleasure in…

Lección 1ª (cont.): Grammar

The Past Simple

a) Form

1.- Regular verbs: Bare Infinitive + ed

Examples:
Present Past

Watch I work every day I worked every day

Work I watch television at the weekend I watched television at the weekend
Play I play football at school I played football at school

2.- Irregular verbs: ver lección 10º Curso de Inglés (www.aulafacil.com)

b) Use

1.- To talk about things that happened in the past:

I stayed in that hotel last week

He worked all night and finished the project

2.- To talk about the general past and about regular actions:

We lived in Rome for a year when I was a child

Our friends often visited us there

Lección 1ª: Reading

Holiday

1. Before you read the passage, answer these questions:

Have you ever been on holiday? If so, where? What did you do? What did you eat? Did you enjoy
yourself?

2. Read the passage through to find out what it's about. DO NOT use a dictionary.

In August 1987 I went on holiday with my family, to a small Greek Island. We were going to spend two
whole weeks basking in the sun, eating traditional Greek food and relaxing on the beach. Everything was
going to plan until one day, in fact the eigth day of my holiday, the sky changed from being a bright blue
to a dark grey colour. It started to rain. I really believed that the rain would last maybe an hour or two. I
retreated back into the hotel to take a little rest. I closed the shutters, got into bed and set the alarm
clock to go off in two hours time, a siesta, why not?!

When the alarm clock went off, I jumped out of bed, opened the shutters and to my total dismay it was
still raining. The rain was falling quite heavily. On the ground there were huge puddles, "How strange!", I
said to myself. I had been abroad many times but I had never experienced heavy rain. I decided to walk
up to the entertainment room, to see if I could pass the time. On my way there, I was presented with
quite a shock. The path to get there was completely flooded and covered with a thick mud.
The next day when I woke up, it was still raining and the hotel was completely flooded. The corridors
leading in to the apartments were filled with water, at least 1 metre deep. People with hotel rooms next
to the mountain had been evacuated because mud had fallen down from the mountain. The dining room
had water running down the walls. There wasn't any food because there wasn't any electrical power. My
holiday had turned into a disaster.

That day, the hotel manager announced, "Due to the circumstances, everyone is to evacuate the island
as soon as possible". Later that day, boats were sent from Greece to come and collect us. As soon as I
arrived at main land Greece I sighed a sign of relief, I was safe and sound!

Lección 1ª (cont.): Vocabulary

Holidays (Las Vacaciones)

A holidaymaker: un veraneante

A festival: una fiesta

Fortnight: quince días

Easter: Pascuas

Holy Week: Semana Santa

Christmas: Navidad

Abroad: en el extranjero

Beach: la playa

Coast: la costa
Sunglasses: las gafas de sol

In the open air: al aire libre

Isolated: aislado

A trip: una excursión

Souvenir: el recuerdo

Travel agency: una agencia de viajes

Tourist office: una oficina de turismo

A brochure: un folleto

A plan: un plano

Climate: el clima

Atmosphere: el ambiente

Wave: la ola

Sand: la arena

Sandy: arenoso

Tide: la marea

Light-house: el faro

Entertainment: la distracción

Season: la temporada

To go on holiday: ir de vacaciones

To relax: relajarse

To enjoy oneself: divertirse

To have a good time: pasarlo bien

To have a bad time: pasarlo mal

To go camping: hacer camping

To take a photo: sacar una foto

To have a snack: merendar

To sunbathe: tomar el sol

To get a suntan: broncearse

To rent: alquilar

To remember: acordarse / recordar

To forget: olvidar

Lección 2ª (cont.): Grammar

Will & Going to

a) Form

1.- "Will"
Form Contraction

I Will I'll
You Will You'll
He / she / it Will He'll / She'll / It'll
We Will We'll
You Will You'll
They Will They'll

2.- "Going to"

Form Contraction

I am going to I'm going to

You are going to You're going to
 He / she / it is going to He's / She's / It's going to
We are going to We're going to
You are going to You're going to
They are going to They're going to

b) Use

1.- We use "will" when we make decision at the time of speaking. A decision that has
not been decided before.

Katie: Let's go out for dinner

Maria: That's a good idea. We'll go to the Chinese restaurant.

2.- We use "going to" when we have already decided to do something.

(Maria and Katie have already decided to eat Chinese food)

Maria: Katie and I have decided to go out for dinner. We're going to eat Chinese.

James: That's nice.

Compare:

"Manuel is in London". "Oh really? I didn't know. I'll phone him later"

"Manuel is in London". "Yes, I know. I'm going to see him later"

3.- You use "will" or "going to" when you are predicting what will happen:

I think John will go to the party

I think John is going to go to the party

4.- You use "going to" when you use facts or events in the present situation as
evidence for a prediction:

It's going to rain

Oh dear, I'm going to be late.

5.- You use "going to" when something is clearly going to happen very soon and as a
warning:

Watch out, we're going to crash

Be careful, you are going to drop those glasses

6.- You use "will" when you are making a promise or an offer:

I'll ring you later tonight

I'll come round and help you later

Lección 2ª: Listening

Read the following questions carefully. Then listen to the speaker and fill in the questions. You may listen
to the speaker a maximum of three times.

Robots - The Future

They have been around for years. They come in all shapes and sizes. When they were first invented
nobody knew their importance. But, how soon will it be before they are so intelligent that they take over
jobs which only human beings can do, such as, treating patients or constructing houses? You may
wonder what I am talking about…..well, I am talking about robots.

If we examine the possible advantages that robots could offer us in the future, we see that there are
numerous. Just imagine if there was a robot that could carry out all of the housework, drive you about,
prepare your food and build houses. How would your life be? I bet millions of people would say, "just
perfect". Having a robot to do all these things would undoubtedly save a lot of time and money.

However, there are, of course, some disadvantages. I can envisage that in the future, possessing a robot
will be very expensive, and perhaps only those elitists will be able to afford them. Something that might
worry me a little, would be, 'what if the robot began to malfunction and started to destroy things?' I am
sure that in the future, just as there may be robots that are good and helpful, there are also going to be
those that are bad and made to kill. This is something extremely important to bear in mind.
I think I can conclude by saying that although having a robot in the future could be extremely useful, I
personally see more disadvantages than advantages. I am happy with my life at the moment even if I
have to do my own ironing and cooking!

According to the speaker:

What jobs might robots be able to do in the future?

What are the advantages of having a robot?

What are the main disadvantages?

What concerns the speaker?

How does the speaker conclude?

Lección 2ª (cont.): Vocabulary

Joining Words

Because: Porque

Thanks to: Gracias a

It's just that: Es que

That's why: Por eso

For fear that: Por miedo a que

Seeing that: En vista de que

Since: Puesto que

Because of: A causa de

For this reason: Por este motivo

Given that: Dado que

As a result of: Como consecuencia de

Owing to: Debido a

Is a result of: Resulta de

Therefore: Por lo tanto

Unfortunately: Desgraciadamente

Nowadays: Hoy en día

It is often said that: Se suele afirmar que

However: Sin embargo

First: Para comenzar

Next: A continuación

Finally: Como colofón

In short: En resumen

Moreover: Por otra parte

Nevertheless: Sin embargo

In spite of: A pesar de que

Although: Aunque

In fact: Efectivamente

Owing to: Debido a

While: Mientras que

 Lección 3ª: Composition

Formal Letter

One of the types of compositions often required in Paper 2 of the First Certificate is a letter. The layout of
your letter is VERY IMPORTANT. Look carefully at the layout of the following letter.

Remember:

1. If you DO NOT know the name of the person who you are writing to:

Start: Dear Sir or Madam

End: Yours faithfully

2. If you DO know the name of the person:

Start: Dear Miss / Mrs / Mr (Smith)

End: Yours sincerely

Useful Formal Phrases

Peticiones de información y cómo responder

Please send me details of...

I enclose...

Pedidos y cómo responder

We would like to place an order for the following items, in the sizes and quantities specified below...

I wish to order...

Para hacer una reclamación

I have not yet received...

Unfortunately...

Lección 3ª (cont.): Grammar

Adjectives

a) Form

1.- An adjective always has the same form. It never changes.

The funny man / The funny men

The small tree / The small trees

b) Use

1.- We use adjectives to describe nouns

Maria is a tall, young girl (The adjectives here describe what Maria is like)
2.- An adjective can go before a noun or as a complement after the noun

It is a large stadium

The stadium is large

c) Position of adjectives (OSASCOM)

1.-The order in which you put adjectives in a sentence is very important. In English there is a rule:
Opinion
Size
Age
Shape
Colour
Origin
Material
+
Noun
2.- Ejemplos:

Opinion: beautiful, ugly, etc.

Size: small, big, large, etc.

Age: old, young, etc.

Shape: round, square, etc.

Colour: red, blue, green, yellow, etc.

Origin: Spanish, Dutch, American, etc.

Material: glass, paper, wood, etc.

Lección 3ª: Reading

The History of the Hamburger

Who invented the hamburger? Many people throughout the world claim that it was their invention. Here
are some theories: Some people believe that it was invented in Hamburg, Germany. In the early 19th
Century, German immigrants arrived in America and they brought with them their own style of cooking.
They cooked their beef-steaks in a very similar way the Americans cook hamburgers today. However
some maintain that American, Charlie Nagreed created the hamburger in 1885 at the age of 15. Also,
Frank Menches's family, claim that he invented the hamburger by substituting beef for pork in his
famous sausages on one day when the heat and humidity forced butchers to stop slaughtering pigs.

The popularity of the hamburger began to rise just before World War II. With names like Whopper, Big
Mac and Flame grilled steak burger - hamburgers became a speciality in most American restaurants.

The wide-open spaces in America and its growing automobile culture helped make the hamburger a
great success. The first chain-restaurant was opened in Wichita by Walter Anderson and Billy Ingram in
1921. However, it was the McDonald brothers, Richard and Maurice, who opened the doors to fast-food.
The first McDonald's opened in 1948. Soon there were more than 100 restaurants all serving exactly the
same burger. Nowadays, the hamburger is not only loved by Americans but also by people all over the
world. Americans alone consume almost 11 billion burgers a year.
The hamburger is liked so much because of its simplicity and convenience i.e. it can be bought and eaten
anywhere, it can be accompanied with anything e.g. cheese, tomato, ketchup, lettuce, onions,
mayonnaise, etc. Today McDonald's hamburger is the most popular in America. And while we may never
find out exactly who really discovered the hamburger, one thing is clear - Burgers have existed in
America for over a century and they show no signs of going away!

Lección 3ª (cont.): Vocabulary

Food & Drink

Roast: Asado

Meat balls: Albóndigas

Pork: Lomo

Shellfish: Mariscos

Mussel: Mejillón

Cod: Bacalao

Octopus: Pulpo

Champagne: Champán

Cider: Sidra

Fruit juice: Jugo de fruta

Sherry: Jerez

Artichoke: Alcachofa

Cabbage: Col

Olives: Aceitunas

Flour: Harina

Well done (meat): Muy hecho

Rare: Poco hecho

Raw: Crudo

Grilled: A la parrilla

A mixed dish: Plato combinado

Stew: Cocido

Vegetarian: Vegetariano

Atmosphere: Ambiente

Welcoming: Acogedor

Main course: Plato principal

Cover charge: Cubierto

The complaints book: Libro de reclamaciones

To add: Añadir

To try: Probar

To smell of: Oler a

To taste of: Saber a

To bring: Traer

To choose: Escoger

To recommend: Recomendar

To order: Pedir

To charge: Cobrar

To owe: Deber
To complain: Quejarse

To make a mistake: Equivocarse

To be missing: Faltar

Enjoy your meal!: ¡Que aproveche!

Cheers!: ¡Salud!

Lección 4ª (cont.): Grammar

Modal Verbs

a) Ability: "can", "could", "be able to"

a.1. "can" / "could"

1.- We use "can" ("could" en el pasado) to say that something is possible or to say that someone knows
how or has the ability to do something.

can (could) + infinitive

I can see the lake from my window

Can you speak Japanese?

We can't go to Paris this weekend

"Can" can only be used in the Present and the Past. It cannot be used in the present perfect. Can does
not have an infinitive.

a.2. "be able to"

2. We can use "be able to" instead of can.

 be able to + infinitive

I haven't been able to do my homework. I will do it tomorrow

Are you able to play the piano?

b) Obligation: "must", "have to", "have got to"

b.1. "must"
must + infinitive

1.- We use "must" to say that it is necessary for someone to do something

I must go to work today

They mustn't smoke in this building

We use "must" when we feel that something is true

You have been working all day. You must be tired

Manuel has been translating all day. He must be bored

For the past tense we use:

must + have + past participle

I have lost my mobile phone. I must have left it in the library

b.2. "have to + infinitive" / "have got to + infinitive"

1. We use "have to" / "have got to" when you talk about external obligation, such as when a law or
someone says that something is necessary or important.

Tonight we have to go to swimming practice (if we don't we won't be in the team)

They have got to go to school on Friday

c) Possibility

c.1. "may" / "might"

may (might) + bare infinitive

They may go to the party on Saturday

I might wear a dress

We may not be able to go to school this week

She might not (mightn't) play tennis at Wimbledon

1.- We use "may" or "might" to talk about possible actions in the future.
2. "May" and "might" are usually interchangeable. However, we use "might" (not "may") when the
action is not real.

If I knew your Mum better, I might invite her over for a cup of tea (The situation is not real because I
don't know the Mum better, so I'm not going to invite her. May is not possible in this example).

d) Responsibility

should (ought to) + bare infinitive

e) Lack of obligation / responsibility

don't have to (needn't) + bare infinitive

Lección 4ª: Reading

Health Advice

Health Advice for Travellers

Every year, more than 56 million overseas journeys are made by English people either travelling in search
of sea and sun, business or backpacking. Travelling to foreign countries is now so common that it can be
easy to forget about the health risks involved.

Eat and Drink…Safely

Wherever you are in the world, be careful what you eat and drink. Food and water may be
contaminated. In some European countries tap water cannot be drunk - Always check! If you have any
doubts, boil it, sterilise it with disinfectant tablets or use bottled water. Try to avoid drinking drinks with
ice. When eating, make sure you always eat freshly cooked food. Avoid re-heated food and always avoid
food, which looks like it has been exposed to flies.

Take care in the sun

Many English people travel away from the United Kingdom, in the summer, in search of beautiful
beaches and, of course, the sun. Most believe that a holiday is not a proper holiday without returning
with a beautiful tan. However, the sun can be extremely dangerous. Overexposure can cause sunburn,
leading to premature skin ageing and an increased risk of skin cancer.

It is important to protect yourself:

Always use a sun tan cream containing UVA and UVB protection. Remember to re-apply every 45-60
minutes.
Stay out of the sun when it is at its strongest between 11am and 3pm.
Cover up - dress in loose, close cotton clothes that cover as much of your skin as possible.
Wear sunglasses which filter UV to protect your eyes.

Lección 4ª (cont.): Vocabulary

Useful Verbs

Abolish: Eliminar / suprimir

Accuse: Acusar

Get accustomed to: Acostumbrarse a

Achieve: Conseguir / lograr

Admit: Admitir / confesar

Advise: Aconsejar

Afford: Costear

Agree with: Estar de acuerdo con

Allow: Permitir

Annoy: Fastidiar
Apologise: Disculparse

Appear: Parecer / aparecer

Appreciate: Apreciar

Approve: Aprobar

Attempt: Intentar

Attract: Atraer

Avoid: Evitar

Bear: Aguantar

Become: Hacerse / llegar a ser / ponerse

Behave: Comportarse

Betray: Traicionar

Blame: Culpar

Boast: Jactarse

Cancel: Anular

Cheat: Burlar

Check: Comprobar

Complain: Quejarse

Conclude: Concluir

Confess: Confesar

Confuse: Confundir

Congratulate (on): Felicitar (por)

Deal (with something): Tratar de

Demand: Exigir

Deny: Negar

Deserve: Merecer

Develop: Desarrollar

Disagree: No estar de acuerdo

Distrust: Desconfiar de

Endure: Aguantar

Enjoy: Disfrutar de

Envy: Envidiar

Excuse: Perdonar

Lección 5ª (cont.): Grammar

Word order

Subject + Verb + Object

The subject, verb and object normally go together. We do not usually put other words between the verb
and the object.

I play football

He sees Jack

We eat apples

Study the following examples. Notice how the verb and the subject go together every time.

Do you watch television every night? (Not - Do you watch every night television?)
Our teacher speaks Spanish quickly (Not - Our teacher speaks quickly Spanish)
Everybody liked the match a lot (Not - Everybody liked a lot the match)
Place

Normally the verb and the place go together:

Walk to the park

Go home
Live in the centre
If the verb has an object, the place goes directly after the verb
Meet a friend in a restaurant
Take somebody to a bar

Time

when? how long? how often?

Usually goes after the "place".

We arrived home at ten o'clock
I have been in Madrid since June
Did you drive to work this morning?

Study the following examples. Notice how the place goes before the time:

I went to Madrid on Monday

We arrived at work three hours late
They didn't go to the zoo yesterday as it was too dark

It is sometimes possible to put the time at the beginning of the sentence:

On Monday I went to Madrid

Yesterday, they didn't go to the zoo as it was too dark

Some adverbs

probably, almost, never, usually, etc

This adverbs go with the verb in the middle of the sentence

I never smoke
We usually go to work by car

Here are some general rules as to the positioning of adverbs:

1. If the verb is one word (e.g. walk / speak / does, etc) the adverb usually goes before the verb.

Exception: "have to". In this case adverbs go before "have to".

They often speak Spanish to each other

Children always have to do their homework.

2. Adverbs go after "am / is / are / were"

We are always hungry

They are never late
3. If the verb is two or more words (e.g. do smoke / can swim, etc) the adverb goes after the first verb.
Laura and Vicky have never been to America

Maria doesn't usually smoke

 Lección 5ª: Reading

The Persistent Pursuit of Thinness

Adolescence, as we all know, is one of the most problematic and difficult stages in the Evolution of Man.
The youth not only suffers physical, psychological and social changes, but is also subject to pressure from
friends and the Media. These pressures can cause certain eating disorders among adolescents.

Anorexia nervosa is one of the principal illnesses with youths between the ages of 14 and 18. However, it
can also affect adult women and men. People with anorexia are obsessed with being thin - they starve
themselves to achieve this. They believe that they are fat even though they are very thin. It is a mental
illness as it is an attempt to use food and the concept of weight to deal with emotional problems.

The number of cases is increasing because today we live in a world where "image" counts for practically
everything. The television, magazines and newspapers only show amazingly pretty and slim people. In
the media we don't see successful 'fat', 'ugly' actors/actresses, models, etc. Consequently giving the
impression to teenagers that success is related to being attractive. Therefore people with anorexia may
believe that they would be happier and more successful if they were thin.

Treating people with anorexia is extremely difficult because those who suffer from this illness believe
there is nothing wrong with them. However, if treatment is carried out within the first six months, the
patient can be successfully treated. On the other hand, once beyond the six-month stage, treatment
becomes less efficient. The anorexic can be taken into hospital, but even then it is not certain that the
patient will make a complete recovery. Once in hospital, the patient not only has to change their diet,
but also face up to the fact that they themselves have a problem.
 Lección 5ª (cont.): Vocabulary

Shopping

Clothes shop: Una tienda de ropa

Dry cleaner's: La tintorería

Hypermarket: El hipermercado

Tailor: El sastre

Bracelet: La pulsera

Chain: La cadena

Earrings: Los pendientes

Lipstick: La barra de labios

Make-up: El maquillaje

Necklace: El collar
Ring: El anillo

Changing room: El probador

Cloth: La tela

Cotton: El algodón

Leather: La piel

Nylon: El nilón

Sandals: Las sandalias

Silk: La seda

Sleeve: La manga

Striped: A rayas

Swimsuit: El bañador

To be in fashion: Estar de moda

In the latest fashion: De última moda

To charge: Cobrar

To give back: Devolver

To spend: Gastar

To wrap: Envolver

To queue: Hacer cola

 Lección 6ª (cont.): Grammar

The Passive (I)

To be + past participle

The door is always locked

The letter was posted yesterday

We use an active verb to say what the subject does:

The secretary typed the report

We wash the dishes every day

Darren played the game

We use a passive verb to say what happens to the subject. Who or what causes the action is often
unknown:

The report was typed (By who? We don't know - it is unimportant)

The dishes are washed every day

However, if we want to say who does or what causes the action, we use "by…".
The report was typed by the secretary

The game was played by Darren

Lección 6 ª: Reading

The Basics of Making Cheese

The process of cheese making dates back thousands of years. Even by today's experts the process is
considered to be difficult, as it combines both "Art" and "Science

Milk from different mammals such as cows, sheep's, goats and buffalo's are used to produce cheese.
However, using milk from different mammals has an effect on the final quality of the cheese. For
example, sheep's milk contains high total solids and thus makes the cheese harder. However, milk high in
fat produces softer cheese. Therefore, the cheese process has to be modified in relation to the type of
milk used.

Cheese making depends on the curdling of milk. First, the milk is carefully selected to make sure there
are no antibiotics or harmful agents that could affect the process. The milk is then heated and held at a
given temperature for a short period to destroy any harmful bacteria (i.e. pasteurisation). Special starter
cultures are then added to the warm milk and change a very small amount of the milk sugar into lactic
acid. This acidifies the milk at a much faster rate and prepares it for the next stage. Rennet is then added
to the milk and within a short time a curd is produced. The curd is then cut into small cubes, and heat is
applied to start a shrinking process, which, with the steady production of lactic acid from the starter
cultures, changes it into small rice-sized grains. At a carefully chosen point the curd grains are allowed to
fall to the bottom of the cheese vat, the left-over liquid, which consists of water, milk sugar and albumen
(now called whey) is drained off and the curd grains allowed to mat together to form large slabs of curd.
The slabs are then milled, and salt is added to provide flavour and help preserve the cheese. Later, it is
pressed, and subsequently packed in various sized containers for maturing.

Fat exists in milk as small globules that can vary in size depending on the breed of cow. The fat in the
milk helps to produce flavour, aroma and body in mature cheese. Cheese made from skimmed milk is
hard in body and texture, and lacks flavour. Protein exists in two forms in milk as a suspension/colloidal
(casein) and in a soluble form (whey proteins). In milk different enzymes may arise from the cow herself,
from bacteria present in the teat canals or from organisms that gain entry to the milk at a later stage.
Lactose is the main sugar in the milk. It provides the energy source for the starter cultures to produce
lactic acid, and so helps to modify the milk for cheese making. About 10% of the lactose is used by the
starter bacteria to make lactic acid, and the rest is drawn off with the whey

Cheese is really a form of fermented milk, and acid production is carried out by starter cultures. Milk
being sourced from a living animal has bacteria in it when fed to the calf. Some bacteria produce acid,
others help to digest the protein in the milk; some use milk as a base for their own development which,
in the case of disease-producing bacteria, can infect those who drink it. Tuberculosis and undulant fever
are three examples of diseases that can affect those who may drink un-pasteurised milk.

The need to clot milk has been well recognised since Roman times, and this can be achieved by the
selective use of certain plants or by extracting the enzyme rennet from the fourth stomach of the milk-
fed calf.

These are called textured cheese, such as Cheddar, Cheshire and the English regional cheeses including
Caerphilly, which undergo pressing for a period from 18 hours up to 2-3 days after being put into the
cheese moulds. Throughout the cheese making process the starter is steadily making acid, its speed in so
doing reduced somewhat in the heating process used in the final stages. To stop further acid
development, and also to provide an element of flavour and help preserve the final cheese, salt is added
after the curd blocks are milled. Salting provokes a further small rush of whey, cools the curd slightly and
controls further acid development.

Moulding has nothing to do with the blue green mass sometimes seen on traditional cheese, or stale
bread, but is the term used for containing and pressing salted curd into a certain shape in which it can be
matured before finally being sold.
 Lección 6ª (cont.): Vocabulary

Science & Technology

Equipment: El equipo

Laboratory: El laboratorio

Biologist: El biólogo

Chemist: El químico

Physicist: El físico

Scientist: El científico

Explode: Explotar

Explosion: La explosión

Nuclear disaster: El siniestro nuclear

Nuclear energy: La energía nuclear

Nuclear power station: La central nuclear

Radioactive: Radioactivo
Dishwasher: El lavaplatos

Hair dryer: El secador del pelo

Washing machine: La lavadora

Video-recorder: La video-grabadora

Video-camera: La videocámara

To be ready: Estar listo

To cultivate: Cultivar

To dry: Secar

To plug in: Enchufar

To process: Procesar

To research: Investigar

To unplug: Desenchufar
 Lección 7ª (cont.): Grammar

The Passive (II)

Active
-
Present continuous am/is/are + present participle
We are washing my car
-
Past continuous was/were + past participle
They were explaining the rules
-
Present perfect have/has + past participle
We have cleaned the room
-
Past perfect had + past participle
They had watched the film
-
Modal verb modal verb + infinitive
You can catch the ball
Passive
am/is/are + being + past participle
My car is being washed
was/were + being + past participle
The rules were being explained
have/has + been + past participle
The room has been cleaned
had + been + past participle
The film had been watched
modal verb + be + past participle
The ball can be caught
 Lección 7 ª: Listening

Read the questions, then listen to the listening carefully. Answer the questions. You may listen to the
listening twice.

The Judgement of Paris

The Judgement of Paris is told in Greek Mythology. It is the story of the Trojan Prince Paris, who was
called upon to Judge who was the most attractive of the goddesses, Hera, Athene or Aphrodite.

Hera, Athene and Aphrodite desperately wanted to win the competition and so to try and persuade Paris
they each tried to bribe him by offering him great gifts. Hera offered Paris 'great power', Athene offered
him 'success in battle' and Aphrodite offered the most beautiful woman in the world. After a lot of
thought, Paris took Aphrodite up on her offer. She then helped Paris to abduct Helen. This abduction
caused The Trojan War.

Questions

1.- Where is the Judgement of Paris told?

2. By who and why was Paris called upon?

3. What did the goddesses do in order to try and persuade Paris?

4. What did Athene offer Paris?

5. Whose offer did he take?

6. What was the result of taking this bribe?

 Lección 7 ª (cont.): Vocabulary

Tourism

A historic town: Una ciudad monumental

A room with a sea view: Una habitación con vistas al mar

Complaints book: El libro de reclamaciones

Cost of accommodation: El coste del alojamiento

Cruise: El crucero

Double booking: La doble reserva

Day-trippers: Los excursionistas

For all tastes: Para todos los gustos

Geographical situation: La localización geográfica

Hotel industry: La industria hotelera

Mass tourism: El turismo de masas

Tour operator: El tour operador

Package tour: El viaje con todo incluido

Quality tourism: El turismo de calidad

Within anyone's reach: Al alcance de cualquiera

The beaches are overflowing: Las playas están a rebosar

The coastal areas: Las zonas costeras

The forecast for this year: Las previsiones para este año

The nightlife: La movida nocturna

To afford a holiday: Costearse unas vacaciones

To choose a trendy place: Escoger un sitio marchoso

To develop a roll of film: Revelar un rollo de película

To enjoy a good holiday: Disfrutar de unas buenas vacaciones

To get a suntan: Broncearse

To get drunk: Emborracharse

To go inland: Dirigirse tierra adentro

To go on a trip: Salir de excursión

To have forty winks/a snooze: Echarse una siestecita

To have a sweet tooth: Ser goloso/a

To lodge/make a complaint: Formular una reclamación

To relax from the daily grind: Descansar del ajetreo cotidiano

To seek a few days' peace and quiet: Buscarse unos días de paz y tranquilidad

To spend a small fortune: Gastarse un dineral

To sunbathe on the beach: Tomar el sol en la playa

To take up Spanish: Empezar con el español

To take photos: Sacar fotos

 Lección 8 ª (cont.): Dialogue

Dialogue

(You have bought a coat and when you go home you realise you do not really like it. You go back to the
shop in order to return it and you have an argument with one of the assistants)

Maria: Good afternoon.

Shop assistant: Good afternoon, can I help you?

Maria: Well, the other day I bought this coat and to be honest, I don't like the colour very much. Can I
get my money back or exchange it?

Shop assistant: No, …I'm sorry but we only exchange items if they are faulty.

Maria: I know but I really don't like the coat and I feel that if I changed it for another item in this shop I
would be happier.

Shop assistant: I'm afraid we do not refund or exchange items just because you don't like them. You
tried the jacket on in the shop didn't you?

Maria: Yes, but when I saw the coat in daylight I realised that I didn't like the colour.

Shop assistant: If you don't like the colour you can exchange the jacket for another colour.

Maria: Oh really, that is what I have been trying to say to you.

Shop assistant: Well, you should try and speak clearer next time. Here you are.

Maria: Thank you!

 Lección 8ª (cont.): Grammar

Direct & reported speech

Study this example:

John

"I am very happy"

If you want to tell somebody what John said, there are two ways of doing this. You can use direct or
reported speech.

John said, "I am very happy" (direct speech)

John said that he was very happy (reported speech)

You use reported speech when you give information about what people say or think. The main verb
and the rest of the sentence are usually in the past tense.

Maria said (that) she went to London yesterday

I told her (that) we couldn't go to her party

(*) You can leave out "that"

Maria said she went to London yesterday

As a rule, the present form in direct speech changes to the past form in reported speech:

Present simple Past simple

- -
am / is was
 are were
can could
do / does did
have / has had
will would
- -
help helped
finish finished
... ...

However, if what you are reporting is still true at the time of reporting, you do not need to change the
verb.

John said "Maria is a shy person" (direct speech)

John said that Maria is a shy person (reported speech)

Maria said "I want to go to Marbella next summer" (direct speech)

Maria said that she wants to go to Marbella next summer (reported speech)

Note that it is also correct to change the verb into the past:

John said that Maria was a shy person

Maria said that she wanted to go to Marbella next summer

In reported speech, the past simple can stay the same or you can change it to the past perfect:

Past simple Past perfect

- -
could had been able
did had done
had had had
was had been
... ...

James said, "I went to Paris for the weekend" (direct speech)

James said (that) he went to Paris for the weekend (reported speech)

Or:

James said (that) he had been to Paris for the weekend (direct speech)

These verbs are often used to report statements:

Add Explain Shout

Admit Find out State
Announce Inform someone Suggest
Answer Reply Tell someone
Complain Say Whisper
Remember: When you're reporting times and places, these words sometimes change.

Direct speech Reported speech

- -
Here There
Now Then
This The
Tomorrow The next day
Yesterday The day before
This week That week
Last week The week before

Lección 8 ª: Reading

(An extract from Roald Dahl's, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory; Chapter 4)

The Secret Workers

The next evening, Grandpa Joe went on with his story.

You see, Charlie', he said, 'not so very long ago there used to be thousands of people working in Mr Willy
Wonka's factory. Then one day, all of a sudden, Mr Wonka had to ask every single one of them to leave,
to go home, never come back'.

'But why?' asked Charlie.

'Because of spies'.

'Spies?'

'Yes. All the other chocolate makers, you see, had begun to grow jealous of the wonderful sweets that
Mr Wonka was making, and they started sending in spies to steal his secret recipes. The spies took jobs
in the Wonka factory, pretending that they were ordinary worker, and while they were there, each one of
them found out exactly how a certain special thing was made'.

'And did they go back to their own factories and tell? Asked Charlie.

'They must have', answered Grandpa Joe, 'because soon after that, Fickelgruber's factory started making
an ice cream that would never melt, even in the hottest sun. Then Mr Prodnose's factory came out with
a chewing-gum that never lost its flavour however much you chewed it. And then Mr Slugworth's factory
began making sugar balloons that you could blow up to huge sizes before you popped them with a pin
and gobbled them up. And so on, and son on. And Mr Willy Wonka tore his beard and shouted. "This is
terrible! I shall be ruined! There are spies everywhere! I shall have to close the factory!"

'But he didn't do that!' Charlie said.

'Oh, yes he did. He told all the workers that he was sorry, but they would have to go home. Then, he shut
the main gates and fastened them with a chain. And suddenly, Wonka's giant chocolate factory became
silent and deserted. The chimneys stopped smoking, the machines stopped whirring and from then on,
not a single chocolate or sweet was made. Not a soul went in or out, and even Mr Willy Wonka himself
disappeared completely.'

'Months and months went by', Grandpa Joe went on, 'but still the factory remained closed. And
everybody said, "Poor Mr Wonka. He was so nice. And he made such marvellous things. But he's finished
now. It's all over."

'Then something astonishing happened. One day, early in the morning, thin columns of white smoke
were seen to be coming out of the tops of the tall chimneys of the factory! People in the town stopped
and stared. "What's going on?" they cried. "Someone's lit the furnaces! Mr Wonka must be opening up
again!" They ran to the gates, expecting to see them wide open and Mr Wonka standing there to
welcome his workers back'.

'But no! The great iron gates were still locked and chained as securely as ever, and Mr Wonka was
nowhere to be seen.'

"But the factory is working!" the people shouted. "Listen! You can hear the machines! They're all
whirring again! And you can smell the smell of melting chocolate in the air!".

' Grandpa Joe leaned forward and laid a long bony finger on Charlie's knee, and he said softly, 'But most
mysterious of all, Charlie, were the shadows in the windows of the factory. The people standing on the
street outside could see small dark shadows moving about behind the frosted glass window.'

'Shadows of whom?' said Charlie quickly.

'That's exactly what everybody else wanted to know.'

 Lección 8 ª (cont.): Vocabulary

Useful Verbs (2)

Fail: Fracasar

Favour: Favorecer

Fear: Temer

Fight (for): Luchar (por)

Forbid: Prohibir

Forsee: Prever

Forgive: Perdonar

Fulfil: Cumplir

Govern: Gobernar

Hesitate: Dudar/vaciliar

Imagine: Imaginarse

Improve: Mejorar

Increase: Aumentar

Intend to: Pensar

Judge: Juzgar

Maintain: Mantener

Manage to: Conseguir

Make a mistake/be wrong: Equivocarse

Mistrust: Desconfiar de

Neglect: Descuidar

Obey: Obedecer a

Object to: Oponerse a

Offend: Ofender

Offer: Ofrecer

Omit: Omitir

Owe: Deber

Own: Poseer

Persuade: Persaudir a

Possess: Poseer

Postpone: Aplazar

Prevent: Impedir

Profit from: Aprovechar de

Promise: Prometer

Propose: Proponer

Protect: Proteger

Prove: Comprobar

Provide: Proveer

Recognise: Reconocer

Refuse: Negarse

Regret: Lamentar

Reject: Rechazar

Satisfy: Satisfacer

Succeed / be successful: Tener éxito

Supply: Suministrar
Support: Apoyar

Suppose: Suponer

Suspect: Sospechar

Worry: Inquietarse

Lección 9 ª: Composition

An account of an event

Bon Jovi Concert

Last Thursday I went to see Bon Jovi in concert. The concerts was held in Madrid, in "La Peineta". It was
amazing.

When we arrived at half past eight the stadium wasn't very full, but there was a good atmosphere.
People were singing, shouting and doing Mexican waves. There were two ways of seeing the concert:
sitting or standing. We had chosen standing and the view that we had was excellent. At around half past
nine, the time the concert was due to start, the stadium was almost full with around 50,000 people. At
precisely twenty to ten, the band drove up to the stadium, the fans were going crazy. The band jumped
on to the stage and sang their first song. However, it wasn't until they sang their second song, "Living on
a prayer" that I actually realised that, right before my eyes, I was watching Bon Jovi Live! As the
adrenaline went through my body I began screaming and dancing.

The concert lasted just over two hours and, in my opinion, it was one of the best concerts I have ever
seen. I would recommend going to see Bon Jovi in concert to everyone.

One kind of composition you may be asked to write is an account of an event such as a football match,
party, concert, exhibition, etc.

Paragraph 1 - Introduction. Give details of the visit. What was the event? Where? When? Why did you
got to it?
Paragraph 2 - General impression. Give some information about the building, the atmosphere, how
many people there were, etc.
Paragraph 3 - Details. Give details about some aspects of the event. (This will probably be your longest
paragraph.

Paragraph 4 - Opinion and summary. Say what you thought of the event and whether you would
recommend such an event to others.
 Lección 9ª (cont.): Grammar

a) Questions

Question words:
What Qué
Where Dónde
When Cuándo
Why Por qué
Who. Quién
How Cómo

Formation of questions using question words:

Question word + auxiliary verb + subject + bare infinitive (without to)

Examples:

What do you eat for breakfast?

Where do they live?

Why do we need to go to school?

Why does he play football?

The auxiliary "do / does" changes to "did" when asking a question in the past.

Where did you live?

We do not use the auxiliary "do / does / did" in questions if "who / what / which" is the subject of the
sentence.

Who - object Who - subject

- -
Amanda spoke to somebody Somebody spoke to Amanda
Who did Amanda speak to? Who spoke to Amanda?

We use "who" when we are referring to people. We use "what" or which when we are referring to
things or places.
More examples with "who / what / which" as the subject:

Who wants to play tennis? (Not - who does want)

Which computer is the best? (Not - which computer does be)

Questions without question words:

We usually make a question by changing the word order in a sentence. We put the first auxiliary verb
before the subject:

Sentence: We will go swimming tomorrow

Question: Will we go swimming tomorrow?

Sentence: I have been working hard

Question: Have you been working hard?

b) Answering questions

When answering a question you usually use the bare infinitive:

Where do you live? I live in London

Do you have any brothers or sisters? Yes, I have one brother

However, when the question does not require any specific information and a simple yes or no answer,
we use the auxiliary verb as the answer.

Does he enjoy his job? Yes, he does

Do you play the trumpet? Yes, I do

 Lección 9 ª: Reading

The Greenhouse Effect

The greenhouse effect is the rise in temperature that the Earth experiences because certain gases in the
atmosphere (water vapour, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane, for example) trap energy from
the sun. Without these gases, the earth would be a frozen planet, with an average temperature of about
-18 degrees C.

Greenhouses work by trapping heat from the sun. The glass windows of the greenhouse let in light but
prevent heat from escaping. This causes the greenhouse to heat up, much like the inside of a car parked
in sunlight, and keeps the plants warm enough to live in the winter.

Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere behave much like the glass panels in a greenhouse. Sunlight enters
the Earth's atmosphere and passes through the layer of greenhouse gases. As the sunlight reaches the
Earth's surface, land, water, and biosphere absorb it. Once absorbed, this energy is sent back into the
atmosphere. Some of the energy passes back into space, but much of it remains trapped in the
atmosphere by the greenhouse gases, causing our world to heat up.

Although the greenhouse effect is very important, the amount of Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has
increased by about 28% in the last 100 years. Scientists believe that this increase is due to: the burning
of fossil fuels (oil, gas and coal), the chopping of trees in the tropical forests and the increase of levels of
methane and chlorofluorocarbons in the air. If the greenhouse effect becomes stronger, it could make
the Earth warmer than usual causing Global Warming. Even a little extra warming may cause problems
for humans, plants, and animals.

In 1995, leading scientists predicted the rise in temperatures of 2 degrees C by the year 2005. Warming
of this scale will change the climates throughout the world and cause the sea levels to rise significantly.

International efforts have been undertaken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In 1997 the Kyoto
Protocol was set up. This pack obliges 38 countries to reduce emissions of any 6 greenhouse gases.
 Lección 9 ª (cont.): Vocabulary

Environment

Aerosol: El aerosol

Acid rain: Las lluvias ácidas

Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC): El cloroflurocarburos

Destruction of the rain forests: La destrucción de las selvas tropicales

Global warming: El recalentamiento del planeta

Greenhouse effect: El efecto invernadero

Hole in the ozone layer: El agujero de ozono

Hydrocarbons: Los hidrocarburos

Polluting gases: Los gases contaminantes

Spray: El spray

Ultraviolet radiation: Las radiaciones ultravioletas

Environmental damage: El deterioro ambiental

Man's survival: La superviviencia del hombre

Natural surroundings: El entorno natural

Reduction of the quality of life: El empeoramiento de la calidad de la vida

Crude oil: El petróleo

Fuel: El combustible

Oil slick: La mancha de petróleo

Recycling: El reciclaje

Renewable resources: Los recursos renovables

The oil crisis: La crisis de petróleo

To cause irreversible damage: Causar daños irreversibles

To consume: Consumir

To conserve energy: Conservar energía

To decontaminate: Descontaminar

To exhaust: Agotar

To poison: Envenenar

To pollute/contaminate: Contaminar

To recycle: Reciclar

To reduce the damage caused to…: Reducir los daños causados a….

To take measures: Tomar medidas

 Lección 10ª (cont.): Grammar

The

1.- You use "the" with singular nouns and when the person you are talking to knows the thing or
person you are talking about:

I spoke to the Queen yesterday (the Queen of England)I left the food in the fridge (the fridge in my
house)I bought two skirts and a watch. The skirts were expensive (the skirts I bought)

Have you washed the glasses? (the glasses we have been using)

2. You use "the" when there is only one of something:

Madrid is the capital of Spain

The earth goes round the sun

3.You use "the" with a singular noun when you want to make general statement.

The book is very interesting

However, you do not use "the" with plural nouns to make a general statement 4.- We say:

The sky / The sea / The ground / The country / The environment / The cinema / The theatre

5.- We do NOT say:

The breakfast / The lunch / The dinner

Example:

What did you have for breakfast?

 Lección 10 ª: Reading

Welcome to London Heathrow Airport

Here is some advice for our travellers:

1. It is your responsibility to have all the right travel documents with you (passport, visa, medical & travel
insurance, return ticket, etc.). Always check that you have these documents with you and that they are
not out of date.

2. Your airline or tour operator will inform you on how much luggage you can take free of charge, what
you can keep with you while on board the plane and what you are not allowed to pack at all. Sharp or
pointed items must not be taken in any hand luggage. Remember to label your bags with luggage tags or
special markings.

3. If your luggage is over-weight or too large, the extra charges can be very high. Alternatively, the airline
could insist that you leave some of your luggage behind.

4. You are allowed to carry with you on the aircraft a handbag, duty-free goods bought at the airport and
usually, one item of hand luggage. Keep this as small and as light as you can - as it will have to go under
the seat in front of you or in the overhead locker. When you check-in, the rest of your luggage will go
into the plane's cargo hold. Do not pack in this luggage any cash, valuables, fragile or perishable items. If
in doubt, ask the airline beforehand.

5. Allow plenty of time to get to the airport, especially if travelling by car. Airports can be very busy,
especially at holiday and peak business travel times.

6. When you get your ticket, it should indicate the latest time for checking in. Do make sure you have this
information in advance. The check-in time is the latest time for getting to the check-in desk. If you miss
the check-in deadline, your place on the plane may go to someone on the waiting list. Airlines usually
advise that you check in at least one and a half hours before your scheduled departure time.

When in the airport - NEVER leave your luggage unattended

7. Once you have checked your luggage in, you will get a luggage receipt. This is usually attached to your
ticket stub or boarding card. Keep this receipt safe.
 Lección 10 ª (cont.): Vocabulary

Transport

Dual carriageway: La autovía

Excessive speed: La velocidad excesiva

High-speed train: Un tren de alta velocidad

Freight transport: Transporte de mercancías

Ministry of Transport: Ministerio de transporte

Motorway: La autopista

Safety: La seguridad

Toll road: La carretera de peaje

Weekly/monthly travel card: Abono de transportes semanal/mensual

To build new lines: Construir nuevas líneas

To cut train services: Quitar los trenes

To improve: Mejorar

To obstruct traffic: Obstaculizar el tráfico

To reduce fares: Reducir las tarifas

Airline: La línea aérea

Air safety: La seguridad aérea

Baggage allowance: La franquicia de equipaje

Baggage search: El registro de equipaje

Charter flight: El vuelo charter

Catastrophe: La catástrofe

Delay: El retraso

Disaster: El siniestro

Gate five: La puerta cinco

Jet lag: El desfase

Jumbo jet: El jumbo

Luggage handler: El despachador de equipaje

Mechanical fault: El fallo mecánico

Scheduled flight: El vuelo regular

Time difference: La diferencia de horario

To check in: Facturar el equipaje

To crash: Estrellarse

To X-ray: Radiografiar

Car park: Aparcamiento

Driving licence: El permiso de conducir

Highway Code: El Código de la circulación

Parking meter: El parquímetro

Parking ticket/fine: La multa de aparcamiento

To be broken down: Estar averiado

To break down: Tener una avería

To fine somebody: Ponerle una multa a alguien

To hitch-hike: Hacer autostop

To knock over: Atropellar

To overtake: Adelantar
 Lección 11ª (cont.): Grammar

Joining Sentences & Relative Clauses

We use a relative clause when we want to add information to a sentence.

The glass - in the cupboard - is heavy

The glass that is in the cupboard is heavy

1.- "Who": we use in a relative clause when we are talking about people (NOT things).

The man who we saw yesterday is a Doctor

The people who sent us the email are American

We can also use "that" instead of "who".

The man that we saw yesterday is a Doctor
2.- "That" & "Which": we use when we are talking about things (NOT people). They are
interchangeable.

I don't like sweets that (which) have soft centre

The fan that (which) was in my bedroom has broken

3.- "Whom": We use with formal writing. It is uncommon in informal writing and in conversation. We
use it when we are talking about people.

The person to whom you spoke was…

The man from whom you received the letter…

Remember:

Who - people

That - people or things

Which - things

Whom - people (formal)

Defining & Non defining relative clauses

1.- Defining: identify which person or thing is meant. Notice the lack of commas.
The architect who designed this building does not live here

We couldn't find the restaurant that we were looking for

2.- Non-defining: give extra information. They are often used to join sentences and are more common in
writing than in speech. "That" is not used in these sentences. Notice the use of commas.

James, who is a 26 year old man, lives in London

El Pais, which is a Spanish newspaper, sells hundred of thousands of copies daily.

 Lección 11 ª: Reading

My favourite room

My house is quite large. It has four bedrooms, three bathrooms, a kitchen, a study, a living room, a
dining room, a special games room and a big front and back garden.

My favourite room is my bedroom. I love it because it is the only room in my house where I can lock
myself away from the rest of the world. After a long hard day, all I want to do is go up to my cosy
bedroom and either listen to some mellow music, or lie down, unwind and watch a bit of T.V or maybe
even a relaxing film. This room is very special to me because I have inhabited it for over fifteen years. It is
a part of me. It is full of my personal possessions and it has been decorated with my fair hands.

So what does this special room look like? Well, it's quite big, but not huge. It's big enough to hold a
double bed, which leans against the back wall of the room. There is a sofa bed, which leans against the
left wall in the room. In front of the bed there is a dressing table with a large mirror. This is the place
where I sit every morning and dry my hair and put on my make-up. Either side of the dressing table there
are two wardrobes.

The wardrobe on the right is the one I use daily, the one on the left is full of disused toys, games, clothes
and books. A bit messy! My television and video recorder are on a shelf above the dressing table. Also on
this shelf, there is a selection of my favourite videos: Pretty Woman, Dirty Dancing, and Austin Powers.
On the left hand side of my bed, to the left of the door, there is a chest of draws and on top of the chest I
have my stereo. Scattered around the room. I have photos of my friends and family. These photos bring
back memories of happy times spent.
 Lección 11 ª (cont.): Vocabulary

Personal relationships

To be happily married: Estar felizmente casados

To be pregnant: Estar embarazada

To be in love: Estar enamorado/a

To confide in/trust one's friends: Confiar en los amigos

To evolve/work out a relationship: Evolucionar una relación

To fall in love: Enamorarse

To get divorced: Divorciarse

To get married: Casarse (con)

To get on well/badly with…: Llevarse bien/mal con…

To give birth: Parir

To have a special relationship with…: Tener una relación especial con..

To respect other people's feelings: Respetar los sentimientos ajenos

To tolerate others: Tolerar a los demás

To support each other: Ayudarse uno a otro

To share/keep a secret: Compartir/guardar un secreto

To strike up friendships: Entablar amistades

Baby-sitter: El/la canguro

Best man: El padrino

Bridesmaid: La madrina

Infidelity: La infidelidad

Marriage break-up: La ruptura matrimonial

Marriage guidance: La orientación matrimonial

Maternity leave: La baja de maternidad

Separation: La separación

Wedding: La boda

Family Planning: Planificación familiar

Birth control: El control de la natalidad

Contraception: La contracepción

Contraceptive pill: La píldora anticonceptiva

Surrogate mother: La madre portadora

Test-tube fertilisation: La fecundación in vitro

Test-tube baby: El niño probeta

To have an abortion: Abortar

The divorce rate: La tasa de divorcio

Senior citizens: Las personas mayores

Pensioner: El/la pensionista

Retired people: Los jubilados

To be retired: Estar jubilado/a

To do as you please: Hacer lo que te dé la gana

To have to depend on others: Tener que depender de otros

 Lección 12ª (cont.): Grammar

Conditional

In English, there are many different ways of making sentences with if. It is important that:

1) You understand the difference between sentences that express real possibilities, and those that
express unreal situations.

2) You learn which tenses follow each conditional

a) Zero Conditional

We use the zero conditional to express a situation that is always true.

Present simple + present simple

If I read too much, I get a headache

b) First Conditional

We use the first conditional to express real possibilities.

Present simple + future

If I go to the concert, I'll see Ricky Martin

c) Second Conditional

We use the second conditional to express an unreal situation. The situation or condition is improbable,
impossible, imaginary or contrary to known facts.

Past simple + would (conditional)

If I won the lottery I would buy a house

d) Third Conditional

We use the third conditional to imagine the consequence of events that happened or began to happen
in the past.

Past Perfect + would have + past participle

If I had known, I would have gone to visit you

e) Mixed Conditional (2nd & 3rd Conditional)

The mixed conditional is a mixture between the 2nd and 3rd conditional.
If the weather had been better, we would go back next year

If I'd been born in 1980, I'd be 23 years old now. (remember: I'd been born - I'd = I had; I'd be 23 years -
I'd = I would)
 Lección 12 ª: Reading

A Guide to London - Soho & Covent Garden

In the 1960s and 70s Soho was renowned for sex clubs and prostitution. The area has since been
partially cleaned up, although some of the clubs still function. Nowadays, the people who visit Soho take
advantage of the main streets full of fashionable restaurants serving an immense variety of foods from
all over the world.

As well as being a perfect place to dine, Soho is theatreland, with five on Shaftsbury Avenue alone.
Directly behind Shaftsbury Avenue is the world famous Chinatown - a perfect place to try both tasty and
reasonably priced dishes. However, if what you are looking for is a relaxing evening, then why not head
down to Leister Square where you can go to one of the four different cinemas. These cinemas have the
largest screens and the biggest buckets of popcorn ever.

If when you have finished with the cinema you fancy trying some of London's nightlife then what better
place to go than Leicester square. In the square itself there are a variety of places to drink and dance the
night away. You can choose between typical English pubs (*), Wine bars, Comedy clubs, Planet
Hollywoods bar/restaurant, Naomi Campbell and Kate Moss's "Fashion Café", The Hippodrome
Discoteque and a favourite with foreigners, Equinox and much much more.

Following Leicester Square across Charing Cross Road brings you to Long Acre and into Covent Garden. In
the 1970s Covent Garden was a shabby part of London, home to wholesaler's market stalls. Today,
Covent Garden is a traffic free zone with a lively and bright Art and Craft market, which has surrounding
it fashionable boutiques, gift shops, petite cafés, pubs and restaurants. When the sun comes out, pubs
and restaurants open their terraces and make the ideal places to spend a lazy Sunday afternoon.

Walking around the piazza you will often find street performers singing or dancing. They make light and
refreshing entertainment. Around the area is the recently refurbished Royal Opera House, the London
Transport Museum and St. Paul's Church.

(*) English pubs close at 11:30 Monday -Saturday and at 11:00 on Sunday.
 Lección 13ª (cont.): Grammar

Conjunctions

a) Although

Although + subject + verb

Although I wanted to go New York, I couldn't go because the flights were too expensive

b) In spite of / Despite

We use "in spite of" / "despite" in a sentence which starts off negative and which has a positive ending.

In spite of (Despite) + noun / pronoun + ing

In spite of what I did yesterday, I still had a good time

Despite the bad weather, I still went out

In spite of having no money, I still managed to buy

c) In case

We use "in case" to say why somebody does or doesn't do something. You do something now in case
something happens later.

In case + subject + verb

You can not use the simple future tense after "in case".

My brother might call tonight. I don't want to leave my house in case he phones

d) Unless

Unless + subject + verb

1. We use "unless" as a synonym of "except if" / "only if"

You can not go to the party unless you have an invitation

2. We can use "unless" as a warning:

We will miss the train unless we hurry (except if we hurry)

e) As long as / So long as / Provided (that) / Providing (that)

1. We use these conjunctions as a synonym of "if" or "on condition that".

2. We do not use the future simple tense (will) after these conjunctions.

As long as / So long as / Provided (that) / Providing (that) + subject + verb

You can borrow my shoes as long as / so long as you don't walk in the rain with them on

You can use my computer provided that / providing that you don't use the internet
 Lección 13 ª: Reading

Superstitions

What is a superstition?

Superstition, a belief or practice generally regarded as irrational and as resulting from ignorance or from
fear of the unknown. It implies a belief in unseen and unknown forces that can be influenced by objects
and rituals. Magic or Sorcery, witchcraft, and the occult in general are often referred to as superstitions.
Examples of common superstitions include the belief that bad luck will strike the person in front of
whom a black cat passes or that some tragedy will befall a person who walks under a ladder.

But where do these superstitions come from?

If you see a black cat, you'll have bad luck - In ancient Egypt, the Goddess Bast, was a black female cat.
Christian priests wanted to wipe out all traces of other religions so convinced their ignorant followers to
destroy the evil demons that were black cats.

If you walk under a ladder, you'll get bad luck - This came from the early Christian belief that a leaning
ladder formed a triangle with the wall and ground. According to the Holy Trinity you must never walk
through a triangle, unless you want to be considered in league with the devil.

If you spill some salt, throw it over your left shoulder to keep bad luck away - In the middle ages salt
was a very precious expensive commodity. It was also used for medicinal purposes. If you spill salt you
must immediately throw it over your left shoulder to strike the horrible spirits in the eye, thus preventing
sickness.

Take care on Friday the Thirteen - Those who know about these things, inform us that Adam and Eve
were expelled from the Garden of Eden on a Friday. Noah's flood started on a Friday, and Christ was
crucified on a Friday. Christians also noted that twelve witches and one devil are present at Santanic
ceremonies so Friday and 13 make a deadly combination.
 Lección 13 ª (cont.): Vocabulary

Useful phrases & Conjunctions

First: Para comenzar

Next: A continuación

Finally: Como colofón

As a result (of): Como resultado (de)

Besides: Además

Consequently: Por consecuencia

Given that: Dado que

However: Sin embargo

In any case: De todos modos

In fact: De hecho

In this context: En este contexto

In other words: Dicho de otro modo

In Principle: En principio

In spite of: A pesar de

Instead of: En lugar de

It's certain that…: Es cierto que…

Moreover: Es más

Nevertheless: Sin embargo

Nowadays: Hoy en día

Of course: Por supuesto

Owing/due to: Debido a

That is to say: Es decir

Therefore: Por lo tanto

Unfortunately: Desgraciadamente

Whereas: Mientras que

A worrying situation: Una situación inquietante

It is often said that: Se suele afirmar que

It's worth considering…: Vale considerar…

The key to the problem: La clave del problema

The main worry: La preocupación predominante

The obvious solution: La solución obvia

There is no denying that…: No se puede negar que…

There is no room for doubt that..: No cabe duda de que

You have to bear in mind (that): Hay que tener en cuenta (que)

From my point of view: Desde mi punto de vista

I think that: Pienso que

In my opinion: A mi parecer

My personal opinion is that: Mi opinión personal es que

It is my belief that: Es mi creencia que..

To be honest: Para ser sincero/a

In conclusion: En conclusión / para concluir

In brief/to sum up: En resumen

 Lección 14ª (cont.): Grammar

Prepositions

a) At / on / in (Time)

We use:
At Time
On Days & Dates
In Months, years & seasons

Examples:

I start school at five o'clock (time)

I go to the tennis club on Fridays (days)

My birthday is on the 13th of August (dates)

I usually go on holiday in August (months)

I was born in 1980 (years)

In Summer, I like going swimming (seasons)

Expressions with "at":

At night / At the weekend / At Christmas / At the same time / At the moment

Expressions with "in":

In the morning (s) / In the afternoon (s) / In the evening (s) / In a few minutes / In six months

We do not use "at / on / in" before "last / next / this / every":

We'll see you next Friday

I went on holiday last summer

b) In / at & on (place)

We use:
In At On
- -
A country A specific place Surfaces
Geographic region An exact address Buildings
A city, town or village Public places
A road or street Shops or workplaces
Social events
Inside a room, building, place
Building

Examples:

In Spain the people speak Castilian (country)

We took these photos in the mountains (geographical region)

I used to live in London (city)

Selfridges is in Oxford Street (street)

It is very hot in the living room (room)

I was at my friend's house (specific place)

I live at 32 Bradgate, Cuffley, Herts (address)

We'll meet at the station (public place)

James is at the supermarket (shops)

They were at the theatre yesterday (social event)

Does this train stop at Paddington? (place)

Last night I ate at a restaurant (building)

I am lying on an island (surface)

The fly is on the ceiling (surface)

I am sitting on the floor (surface)

Expressions with "in":

In a line / in a queue / in a street / In a picture / In the world / in the sky / In a book / In a letter / In a
car (taxi)

I was waiting in the queue for two hours

I read it in a book

I got in the car

Expressions with "on":

On the right (left) / On the first (second, etc.) floor / On the menu / On the coast / On a bus (train,
plane, ship, bicycle, horse)

My house is the first on the left and I live on the third floor

I got on the bus

Expressions with "at":

At home (work, school, university, college) / At somebody's house / At the station (airport) / At sea

We were at sea for 3 months

 Lección 14 ª: Reading

Conversation

Manuel: Hi Kara?

Kara: Yes.

Manuel: Hi it's Manuel. I was wondering, could you direct me to the university library?

Kara: Yes of course. Where are you coming from and how are you going to get there?

Manuel: I am going to go by car from my house.

Kara: Ok. Let me think….ok, turn right out of your house and when you get to the T-junction at the end
of the road, bear left on to the A1M. Keep on that road for 5 miles. Once you have gone over the bridge,
take the 2nd turning on your right.

Manuel: That's the road where the Chinese restaurant is, isn't it?

Kara: Yes, that's right. Anyway, continue up the road for about another mile and when you get to the
roundabout take the 2nd exit.

Manuel: The exit towards Hatfield?

Kara: Yes. Then I suggest that you park your car and walk, as the library is the 1st one-way street on the
left. It's signposted.

Manuel: Thank you, you have been very helpful.

Kara: That's ok, see you later.

Manuel: Bye
 Lección 14 ª (cont.): Vocabulary

War & Peace

To attack: Atacar

To be at war: Estar en Guerra

To beat: Vencer

To declare war: Declarar la Guerra

To defeat: Derrotar

To defend: Defender

To fire: Disparar

To go to war: Emprender la Guerra

To invade: Invadir

To provoke a crisis: Provocar una crisis

To win: Ganar

To wound: Lesionar

Ally: El aliado

Attack: Atacar

Chemical weapons: Las armas quómicas

Chemical warfare: La Guerra química

Invasion: La invasion

Ministry of Defence: El Ministerio de Defensa

Red Cross: La Cruz Roja

Trench warfare: La Guerra de trinchera

Air force: Las fuerzas aéreas

Army: El ejército

Navy: La armada

Admiral: El almirante

Bomb: La bomba

Military service: El servicio militar

Warship: El buque de Guerra

Recruit: El recluta

Tank: El tanque

Troops: Las tropas

Volunteer: El voluntario

To deter: Disuadir

To keep the peace: Mantener la paz

To make peace: Hacer las paces

To sign a treaty: Firmar un tratado

Ceasefire: El alto de fuego

In peacetime: En tiempo de paz

Peace demonstration: Una manifestación pacifista

Peacekeeper: El pacificador
 Lección 15ª (cont.): Grammar

Compound prepositions

A compound preposition is a word followed by a preposition. This preposition never changes. It is

advisable to learn these words. Here is a list:

According to

Apart from

As for

As regards of

By means of

Due to

Except for

Instead of

On behalf of

Owing to A

In English, there are many verbs that are followed by determined prepositions. It is essential to learn
these prepositions. Here is a list:

To admire somebody for something

To agree with somebody

To apologise for doing something

To argue with somebody

To believe in something / somebody

To blame somebody for something

To borrow something from somebody

To be capable of doing something

To congratulate somebody for doing something

To convince somebody to do something

To deal with something

To depend on something/somebody

To be engaged to somebody

To be married to somebody

To forgive somebody for something

To exchange something for something

To insist on doing something

To interfere with something

To introduce somebody to somebody

To be involved in something

To be interested in something

To have confidence in somebody

To be longing for something

To quarrel with somebody

To remind somebody of somebody

To rely on somebody

To provide somebody with something

To succeed in doing something

To revise for something

To share something with somebody

To be stolen from somewhere

To pay for something

To be suffering from something

To thank somebody for something

To be tired of something

To work for somebody / company

To resign from something

Lección 15 ª: Reading

Morocco

Morocco is one of the African countries with the greatest range of landscapes and natural beauties. A
traveller can get lost between the thin and labyrinth type streets, have a tea whilst contemplating the
way, visit its ancient roman remains, and enjoy excursions to remote mountain areas and small towns
around a hundred years old.

Useful Information:

1.- In the North East of Africa, its coasts expand to more than 3.400km, surrounded by the Atlantic
Ocean in the East and the Mediterranean Sea in the North.

2.- In autumn and winter, the time is exactly the same as BMT. In spring and Summer 1 hour less than
BMT.

3.- The official language is Arabic. French is also widely used throughout the country.

4.- The official currency is the Moroccan Dirham which is divided into 100 cents. Money can be
converted in Hotels, banks, bureau de change, airports and travel agents. Durham's cannot be taken out
of the country.

5.- Moderate temperatures throughout the year. From July until September, high temperatures in the
inside zone and during the day. In the evening the temperatures decrease considerably. In winter,
snowfalls can be from 1.600 metres.

6.- The art of "haggling" is a costume in the markets. Arts and Crafts are typical and extremely popular.
Rugs, leather goods, copper gold, silver, etc.
 Lección 15 ª (cont.): Vocabulary

Adjectives

Curly: Rizado

Fit/healthy: Sano

Red-haired: Pelirrojo

Sporty: Deportivo

Straight: Lacio

Sturdy: Robusto

Affectionate: Cariñoso

Confident: Seguro de uno mismo

Dependable: Serio, formal

Glamerous: Glamoroso

Generous: Generoso

Honest: Honrado

Inconsiderate: Poco considerado

Jealous: Celoso

Kind: Amable

Lazy: Perezoso

Naughty: Travieso

Narrow-minded: Estrecho de mente, cerrado

Nice: Simpático
Odd/strange: Raro

Pleasant: Agradable

Selfish: Egoista

Sophisticated: Sofisticado

Stubborn: Terco

Trustworthy: Fiable

Unbearable: Insorportable

Amazing: Asombroso

Impressive: Impresionante

Ancient: Ancestral, antiguo

Modern: Moderno

Disgusting: Asqueroso

Terrible: Terrible

Square: Cuadrado

Oval: Ovalado

Round: Redondo

Wooden: De madera

Plastic: De plástico
 Lección 16ª (cont.): Grammar

Still, yet & already

a) Still

We use "still" for something going on longer than expected. The situation has not stopped.

It is five o'clock in the morning and Paul is still working

Do you still want to go on holiday?

1.- If the verb has one part (e.g. says, does, fell, etc.), the adverb "still" usually goes before the verb.

I still watch 'Neighbours'

They still go to school

2.- If the verb has two or more parts (e.g. am running, were watching, etc.) the adverb "still" goes after
the first verb.

I am still eating my dinner

We are still going to the cinema tonight

3.-If the sentence is negative, "still" goes before the negative.

I gave up smoking, but my friends still haven't given up

4.- If you want to express surprise, "still" can go after the negative.

You don't still like him, do you?

b) Yet

We use "yet" to express "until now".

We use "yet" for something that is expected.

Have you replied to the letter yet?

1.- We normally use "yet" with the present perfect.

I haven't eaten my breakfast yet

Have you been to London yet?

2.- "Yet" goes at the end of a question or a negative statement.

I haven't washed my car yet

Have you seen your Mum yet?

3.- We can use "yet" in the middle of a sentence, this is a little formal.

We have not yet reached a decision on the subject

c) Already

We use "already" for something happening sooner than expected.

I already know how to speak French

1.- If the verb has one part, "already" goes before the verb.

She already knows how to cook

2.- If the verb has two parts, "already" goes after the first verb.

I have already received my exam results

3.- "Already" at the end of a sentence has more emphasis.

Have you typed the letter already? (I am surprised that you have done it so quickly)

4.- You cannot use "already" with a negative sentence.

 Lección 16 ª: Reading

How to prepare for an Interview

An interview can be a nerve-racking experience if you are not prepared. Therefore, before you go to an
interview, take the time to think about what questions might arise and how you would answer them.

These types of questions are bound to come up and so be prepared!

1. Why are you leaving your current job? Try not to criticize your present job or employer. If you feel
bored or unhappy in your job, simply say that you don't think that you are making full use of your true
abilities and that you need a job that demands more from you.

2. Why do you want to work for our company? This is your chance to show the interviewer that you
know something about her/his company. Emphasize how your past experience can be useful in this job.

3. What can you offer our company? Point out your strengths and how using them would benefit the
company.

An interview gives you the opportunity to show off your past experience and your abilities; to show the
interviewer the type of person you are and why you are interested in working in her/his company.

What NOT to do in an interview:

- Never chew gum.

- Never interrupt the interviewer in the middle of a sentence.

- Never ask the interviewer personal questions.

- Never answer your mobile phone.

- Make sure it is switched off BEFORE you enter!

- Don't give "yes" or "no" answers.

- Try not to lie.

What to do:

- Sit up straight.

- Look the interviewer in the eyes.

- Give straight but detailed answers.

- Be honest.

- Be positive.

- At the end, ask 2 or 3 questions concerning the job.

- Relax and be yourself.

 Lección 16 ª (cont.): Vocabulary

Work

A job: Un puesto de trabajo

Advertisement: Un anuncio

Employment agency: Una agencia de colocaciones

Government job centre: Centro oficial de empleo (El INEM)

Interview: La entrevista

Training: La formación

To aim high: Apuntar alto

To be ambitious: Ser ambicioso

To be suitable for the job: Ser apto para el trabajo

To interview well: Entrevistarse bien

To negotiate: Negociar

To plan one's future: Planificar su futuro

To reply to an advert: Responder a un anuncio

Civil servant: El funcionario

Employee: El empleado

Firm/company: La empresa

Manager/boss: El empresario

Worker: El trabajador

Flexi-time: El trabajo a tiempo flexible

Full-time work: El trabajo a tiempo completo

Part-time: El trabajo a tiempo parcial

Shift work: El trabajo por turnos

To be self-employed: Ser trabajador autónomo

To go on strike: Ir a la huelga

To earn: Ganar

To work overtime: Trabajar horas extras

Competition: La competencia

Minimum wage: El salario mínimo

Profitability: La rentabilidad

Productivity: La productividad

Safety regulations: Las normas de seguridad

Salary: El sueldo

Trade Union: El sindicato

Trade unionist: El sindicalista

Dole: El subsidio de paro

Unemployment: El paro

To be unemployed: Estar desempleado

To lay off: Despedir temporalmente

To retire: Jubilarse

To sack/fire/dismiss: Despedir
 Lección 17ª (cont.): Grammar

Phrasal Verbs

In English, there are hundreds of verbs that consist of more than one word. These verbs are:

verb + preposition (on / in / off / etc.)

These are called phrasal verbs.

A phrasal verb does not have the same meaning as a normal verb.

Here is a list of the most common phrasal verbs. It is very important that you learn these verbs as they
are the key to a good First Certificate grade:

To answer back: Reponder

To apply for: Solicitar

To apologise for: Disculparse por algo

To apologise to: Disculparse a alguien

To ask in: Invitar

To believe in: Creer en

To bump into: Chocar con / encontrarse con alguien

To break down: Romperse / averiarse

To break into: Entrar a robar

To break up: Partir / romper

To call back: Volver a llamar

To call for: Pedir / venir a recoger

To care about: Preocuparse por

To catch out: Pillar alguien cuando miente

To close down: Cerrar definitivamente

To come back: Volver

To come off: Desprenderse de / Tener éxito

To concentrate on: Concentrarse en

To count on: Contar con

To count out (money): Contar dinero

To cross out: Tachar

To depend on: Depender de

To die of: Morir de

To divide into: Dividir entre

To drop out: Derramar

To fill in: Rellenar

To fill up: Llenar (deposito)

To find out: Averiguar

To get across: Lograr comunicar

To get by: Defenderse

To get off: Bajar / se

To get on: Llevarse bien con alguien / subirse a

To get out: Salir / Bajar de algo

To get up: Levantarse

To give away: Regalar / dar

To give back: Devolver algo a su dueño u origen

To give out: Distribuir / repartir

To give up: Dejar de hacer algo

To glance at: Echar una mirada

To go off: Caducar / pasarse

To go on: Continuar
To go away: Marcharse / irse alguna parte

To go with: Acompañar a / ir con

To grow up: Crecer

To hand in: Entregar en un sitio algo

To hand over: Dar personalmente algo a alguien

To hang on: Esperar

To hang up: Colgar

To hold on: Esperar / mantener en espera

To insist on: Insistir en

To invite in: Invitar a

To keep on: Mantener / seguir haciendo algo

To keep up: Llevar el ritmo de alguien

To knock over: Volcar / atropellar

To listen to: Escuchar

To look after: Cuidar de

To look for: Buscar algo

To look into: Investigar

To look out: Tener cuidado / prestar atención

To look up: Buscar (diccionario)

To make for: Dirigirse a / Encaminarse a

To make up: Hacer las paces

To meet up: Quedar / reunirse con

To pass away: Pasar a mejor vida

To play around: Dar rodeos / tontear

To point out: Señalar / destacar

To put away: Ordenar

To put down: Soltar algo / ponerlo en el suelo

To rub out: Borrar

To run into: Chocar con / tropezar con

To run over: Atropellar

To see off: Despedirse de

To show round: Enseñar algo

To show off: Hacer gala de / presumir de algo

To sort out: Arreglar / solucionar un problema

To specialise in: Especializarse en

To stand by: Contar con

To stand for: Representar / dar la cara por alguien

To stay up: No acostarse

To succeed in: Triunfar

To suffer from: Padecer de / sufrir

To talk about: Hablar sobre algo

To talk to: Hablar con alguien

To take after: Parecerse a

To take in: Recoger

To take off: Quitarse

To take on: Aceptar

To take out: Llevar fuera / extraer

To take over: Encargarse de / apoderarse de / adelantar

To take up: Empezar con una actividad

To tear up: Romper

To tell apart: Distinguir

To throw away: Tirar (basura)

To try on: Probar

To try out: Intentar / dar una oportunidad

To turn down: Rechazar

To turn off: Apagar

To turn on: Encender

To turn out: Resultarse

To turn up: Aparecer

To turn round: Darse la vuelta

To wait for: Esperar

To wake up: Despertarse

To watch out: Tener cuidado

To write out: Escribir

Sometimes a phrasal verb is followed by a preposition:

To come round (faint): Volver en si

To come up against: Encontrarse con (problemas / situaciones)

To cut down on: Hacer recortes

To do away with: Acabar con / eliminar

To get on with: Llevarse bien con alguien

To get out of: Salir de un coche / lugar / problema

To get round to: Encontrar tiempo para hacer algo

To go out with: Salir con alguien

To keep up with: Seguir el ritmo de alguien

To look forward to: Tener ganas de hacer algo

To look up to: Admirar

To put up with: Aguantar

To run away from: Huir de algo

To run out of: Quedarse sin algo / salir corriendo

To stand up for: Dar la cara por alguien

 Lección 17 ª: Reading

A problem shared………is a problem halved

So why not write to me? Send your letters to Mary @ Hot tips magazine, PO BOX 2398, London.

I am so bored of exercising

I go running everyday for an hour after work. I like to keep fit as I am a little overweight and would like to
loose a few extra pounds before summer, to get into my swimsuit! At first, I loved running, but now I find
it terribly monotonous. I dread it everyday. How can I liven it up?

(Susana, 30 years old, Brighton)

If you really want to enjoy yourself, try doing a team sport instead of going running. Netball, tennis and
hockey are interactive. However, if you really want to carry on running, then try doing different routes.
Try to go running in the park, in the woods, around the roads. After all, "variety is the spice of life"!

Nightmares keep me from sleeping

For the last four months I have been having terrible dreams. I go to sleep at 11 o'clock and then around 2
o'clock in the morning I start dreaming absolutely terrible things. I dreamt that my mum was kidnapped,
that I was shot in the leg, that I was trapped in a fire and many other nasty things. I always wake up in
the middle of my nightmare, boiling hot and covered in sweat. After that I cannot go back to sleep for
fear of dreaming something similar. What should I do? My sleepless nights are beginning to affect my
work and also my social life. Help me, please.
(Sarah-26 years old, London)
There could be two possible causes for your lack of sleep, either there is something that has been
upsetting you emotionally for the last four-six months, e.g. that you are not content with your job or
your private life or that you are eating too late or watching the wrong type of T.V programmes before you
go to bed. What I suggest is that you take some time to work out the things that you are not happy with
in your life at the moment. Then, decide if any of these reasons are serious enough to make you not
sleep. Try to avoid eating late and watch light-hearted programmes before going to bed. If the problem
continues I suggest you go and see your local G.P.

School or modelling?

I am 17 years old and am studying French, German and Spanish at school. For the past two years I have
been working at the weekends for a modelling agency. Last week they told me that the perfect
opportunity had come up for me to do modelling as a career, as "Elle-Paris" were looking for new young
models to start their careers with them. My agency told me that I would have to leave school
immediately to go to modelling school. What do I do? Please advice me.

(Lauren - 17 years old - Edinburgh)

 Lección 17 ª (cont.): Vocabulary

People

Happiness: La felicidad

Mood/frame of mind: El estado de ánimo

Tolerance: La tolerancia

Virtue: La virtud

Quality: La cualidad

To act instinctively: Actuar por instinto

To be a perfectionist: Ser perfeccionista

To be clever: Ser listo/a

To be demanding: Ser exigente

To be happy: Ser alegre

To be honest: Ser honrado/a

To be friendly: Ser amistoso/a

To be funny: Ser chistoso/a

To be imaginative: Ser imaginativo/a

To be kind/generous: Ser bondadoso/a

To be persistent: Ser persistente

To be ready: Estar listo/a

To be sensitive: Ser sensible

To be sincere: Ser sincero/a

To keep calm: Conservar la calma

To have a sense of humour: Tener el sentido del humor

To have the gift of…: Tener el don de...

To get on with people: Relacionarse con la gente

To take life as it comes: Tomarse la vida como viene

To think before acting: Reflexionar antes de actuar

Defect: El defecto

Hate: El odio

Phobia: La fobía

To be a gossip: Ser chismoso/a

To be argumentative: Ser conflictivo/a

To be bad tempered: Tener mal genio

To be dishonest: No ser honrado/a

To be envious: Ser envidioso/a

To be obsessed with…: Obsesionarse por…

To be selfish: Ser egoísta

To get irritable: Volverse irritable

To have a dim view of: Ver con malos ojos

To have a tendency to: Tener una tendencia a…

To hate: Odiar
 Lección 18ª (cont.): Grammar

Position of the phrasal verb

1. Usually the phrasal verbs is not separated.

The car broke down on the motorway

In September I took up French

We grew up on a farm

2. If the phrasal verb has an object. There are two possible positions for the object:

I turned on the light

I turned the light on

If the object is a pronoun (him/her/me/it/etc) only one position is possible:

in between the verb + preposition.

I turned it on
More examples

Don't throw away the jumper / Don't throw the jumper away

Can you fill in this sheet? / Can you fill this sheet in?
 Lección 18ª : Reading

Soap Guide for week beginning 7th January

Brookside(Channel 4) A double episode of the Liverpool-based soap. Nikki is devastated by Jimmy's

decision and Jerome suffers the consequences of his actions. Is Jimmy about to have a nervous
breakdown?

Coronation Street (ITV1) Richard sets a trap for Audrey. Peter holds a surprise party for Viv. Kevin asks
Sally to marry him. Will she accept? Roy turns down the chance of a trip to Greece with the historical
society.

Eastenders (BBC 1) A perfect day turns into a nightmare as Sonia is forced to give up her baby. There are
no shocks for Sharon as the week's events reach a tragic and explosive end. Ian grieves for the death of
Cindy.

Emmerdale (ITV1) The press threaten to reveal Gloria's past. Pollard regrets experimenting with politics
and Edna is shocked to discover the new identity of her new neighbour.

Friends (Channel 4) Phoebe gets her pregnancy test results. Joey finds it difficult to hide a secret. Rachel
and Ross have a big argument, that causes chaos in the house.

Holby City (BBC1) Ed receives the news that his father has collapsed in prison. Kath is devastated to
discover Terry has just a few months to live, but refuses to abandon their plans.

Hollyoaks (Channel 4) Anna must make a difficult decision about her and Charlie's future. Debbie tries to
help improve Dan's love life. Matt fears his relationship with Chloe is moving too fast.

Home and Away (Channel 5) In Summer Bay love is in the air. Sally and her new boyfriend are organizing
a romantic trip to Paris, but can they afford it? Wil has bought a surprise present for Danny and is
thinking about how to give it to her. The year nine boys organize an end of year dance party.

Neighbours (BBC1) Michelle applies for a job working as a hairdresser. Conor composes a rock song for
Nina. Harold tries to cope with living alone without the boys. Stuart reveals his feelings for Abby, how
will she react?
 Lección 18 ª (cont.): Vocabulary

Visual Arts

Design: El diseño

Drawing: El dibujo

Exhibition: La exposición

Fine arts museum: El museo de bellas artes

Gallery: La galería

Masterwork: La obra maestra

Painting: La pintura

Picture: El cuadro

Portrait: El retrato

Sculpture: La escultura

Still life: El bodegón

Auction: La subasta

To bid: Pujar

To design: Diseñar

To draw: Dibujar

To paint: Pintar

To sculpt: Esculpir

To symbolize: Simbolizar

To represent: Representar
Actor/actress: El actor / la actriz

Comedy: La comedia

Director: El director/la directora

Failure/flop: El fracaso

Interpretation/performance: La interpretación

Make-up: El maquillaje

Opening night/first production: El estreno

Role: El rol / el papel

Season: Temporada

Serial/series: La serie

Spotlight: El foco

Subtitles: Los subtítulos

Tragedy: La tragedia

To criticise: Criticar

To dub: Doblar

To enjoy the cinema: Gozar del cine

To fail/flop: Fracasar

To make people laugh: Hacer reír

To play a role: Desempeñar un papel

To put on for the first time: Estrenar

To shoot a film: Rodar una película

To subtitle: Subtitular
 Lección 19ª (cont.): Grammar

Prepositional phrases

a) With "by"

We use "by" in a number of different ways:

1.- To say how we do something.

To send something by post

To do something by hand

To pay by credit card (N.B. in cash)

2.- To say how somebody travels.

by car / by train / by bus, etc. (N.B. on foot)

3. With the use of the passive.

The painting was painted by Goya

A Mid Summer Night's dream was written by Shakespeare

4.- Expressions with "by":

By accident / By all means / By chance / By hand / By mistake / By sight / By surprise / By yourself

b) With "in"

Here is a list of prepositional phrases with "in". Please learn them.

In all / In common / In danger / In debt / In difficulties / In general / In a hurry / In other words / In

particular / In private / In public / In secret / In tears

c) With "on" and "out of"

Here is a list of prepositional phrases with "on" and "out of". Learn them!
On business / On duty / On the one hand……on the other hand / On purpose / On the telephone / On
time / On the whole / Out of date / Out of order / Out of reach / Out of time / Out of work

Lección 19ª : Listening

China: The War at Home

Hardly had the war in Iraq finished when China found themselves swept up by a far less controversial
and more immediate war at home: the battle against a new and lethal virus that has quickly reached
epidemic size around the world.

In China it is called atypical pneumonia, the disease, defined by the World Health Organization in March
2003 as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).

Until early April, the epidemic, which originated in South China's Guangdong Province in February had
hardly been mentioned in the Chinese media.

When the media silence on SARS broke, the overwhelming tone was the official line that "the disease
was already brought under effective control" and "Beijing remained as normal and safe as ever."

The media's apparent light-heartedness began to withdraw around April 9 when Wen Jiabao, China's
new prime minister, told the nation that the situation regarding the SARS outbreak "is grave." Even in the
week following this admission, the amount of SARS infections and deaths released by the Ministry of
Health and the Beijing municipal government were widely believed to be low.

The real turning point in Chinese media coverage came on April 20, following a press conference given
by a new official from the Ministry of Health, Vice Minister Gao Qiang. The figures he released at the
press conference showed that Beijing had 346 confirmed SARS cases with 18 deaths, instead of 37 cases
with 4 deaths, as previously reported. From that day on, the Ministry of Health has released the national
SARS statistics daily to the public.

Now the country's media have devoted much more time to the battle against the new killer, which as of
April 22 had claimed 102 lives in China and had infected 2,317 people. For instance, the April 21 edition
of Beijing Daily (government-owned) devoted an entire page to methods for disinfecting the home, the
importance of wearing a surgical mask, and suggested prescriptions for preventing SARS.

On April 23, Beijing Evening News, a popular tabloid-size newspaper in China's capital with a circulation
of nearly 2 million, devoted six of the 16 pages in its first section to the war against SARS. One of the
stories featured the experience of a nurse from a local hospital who has just recovered from the disease.
The same day's Wen Hui Bao, a Shanghai-based newspaper popular among intellectuals, gave five of its
12 pages over to coverage of SARS.
 Lección 19 ª (cont.): Vocabulary

Health

Health education: La educación sanitaria

Hygiene: La higiene

A healthy diet: Una dieta sana

Health care: Cuidado sanitario

Check-up: El chequeo

Medicine: El medicamento

Vaccine: La Vacuna

Epidemic: La epidemia

Allergy: La alergia

Allergic: Alérgico/a

Exhaustion: El agotamiento

Stress: El estrés

Physical and mental tiredness: El cansancio físico y mental

Disabled person: El minusválido/a

Disability: La minusvalía

Diabetes: La diabetes

Pneumonia: La pulmonía

AIDS: El SIDA

Lung cancer: El cáncer de pulmón

Heart attack: El infarto

Kidney transplant: El trasplante de riñón

Depression: La depresión

Mental illness: La enfermedad mental

Nervous breakdown: El colapso nervioso

Sleeping tablets: El somnífero

Side-effects: Las contraindicaciones

Therapy: La terapia

Hormone: La hormona

Life expectancy: La longevidad

Birth rate: La natalidad

Death rate: La mortalidad

To be in good physical shape: Estar en buena forma

To keep fit: Mantenerse en forma física

To worry about one's health: Preocuparse por la salud

To be unable to sleep: Desvelarse

To fall ill: Caer enfermo/a

To have an operation: Operarse

To detect in time: Detectar a tiempo

To diagnose: Diagnosticar

To be allergic to: Tener alergia a

To catch / To become infected: Contagiarse

To suffer from an illness: Padecer una dolencia

To be HIV positive: Ser seropositivo

To become depressed: Deprimirse

To have a serious injury: Tener una lesión grave

To age: Envejecer
 Lección 20ª (cont.): Grammar

Make & Do

Many English learners find it hard to differentiate between make and do. However, if you learn the
following rule it will be a lot clearer:

1.- You use "make" with nouns referring to:

Arrangements Food & Drink Speaking & Sounds Travel

- -
Appointment Breakfast Comment Journey
Choice A cup of tea Noise Tour
Decision Some coffee Point Trip
Plan A meal Promise Visit
A sandwich Speech
Suggestion

I made the decision to go on holiday in July

This morning I made myself a sandwich to eat at lunchtime

My boss made a comment about the way I dress

We'll make a short trip to the beech if we have time

Some common expressions with "make":

To make friends (with) / To make a mistake / To make a difference / To make some money / To be made
of / Two and two make four / To make a contract / To make a good footballer / To make happy (angry,
sad, etc.)

2.- You use "do" with "-ing forms" and with words in relation to work.

I do the ironing every Wednesday

He does all the shopping and I do the washing

I have a lot of work to do

You often use "do" with a noun instead of another verb if the meaning is clear:

You must do your hair = You must brush your hair

Have you done the dishes yet? = Have you washed the dishes yet?

Some common expressions with "do":

To do well (badly, better, worse) / To do your homework / To do an exercise

Tell & Say

Remember the following rule:

To tell somebody something

To say something to somebody

"Tell": If you say who you are talking to

I told him that I couldn't go to the concert

She told me she wanted to cut her hair

Otherwise we use "say":

Karren said that she liked cats

We said goodbye to the postman

 Lección 20ª : Listening

Karma

People live their lives according to their own beliefs. Whereas some people believe in God, others
believe in fate or a modern way of thinking - karma. But what is karma and how does it work?

Karma is a Buddhist and Hindu way of thinking. It explains daily events. In Buddhist teaching, the law of
Karma says, "for every event that occurs, there will follow another event whose existence was caused by
the first, and this second event will be pleasant or unpleasant according to whether its cause was skilful
or unskilful". To put it another way, the law explains that if a human being acts in a good manner, his life
will receive good events.

Let's take an example of a sequence of events. One day a man gets up, leaves his house and goes to
catch the bus. When the bus arrives he does not wait his turn in the queue but jumps it. The people are
angry but he does not really care. As he is getting off the bus he trips and hurts his knee (this is a direct
result of his unskilful action i.e. jumping the queue).

Later that day the man goes to the supermarket and buys some fresh strawberries. He has to weigh
them and so he weights them, puts the sticker with the price on the bag but continues to fill up the bag.
Two hours later, the man goes to buy a coke from a vending machine, he puts the money in, presses the
button, but nothing comes out. He has lost his money. These are examples of unskilful actions. The result
is that the person carrying out the action is 'punished'.
 Lección 20 ª (cont.): Vocabulary

Politics

To elect: Elegir

To govern: Gobernar

To support: Apoyar

Leader: El líder

Leadership: El liderazgo

Party: El partido

Politics: La política

Politician: El politico

A right/left wing government: Un gobierno de izquierdas / derechas

Right wing: Derechista

Left wing: Izquierdista

Centre party: El partido centrista

Communism: El comunismo

Communist: Comunista

Conservatism: El conservadurismo

Conservative: Conservador

Socialism: El socialismo

Socialist: Socialista

The Congress of Deputies: El Congreso de los Diputados

Parliament (House of Commons): El Parlamento

Debate: El debate

Discussion: La polémica
The opposition: La oposición

Prime minister: El primer ministro

Speech: El discurso

General election: Las elecciones generales

Election campaign: La campaña electoral

Vote: El voto
 Lección 21ª : Pronunciation

1.- Vowels

a) far; start; large; father

b) have; fat; bad

c) egg; bed; head

d) sit; give; sing

e) me; eat; agreed; piece

f) hot; lost; long

g) saw; more; four

h) could; good; would; should

i) but; cut; blood

j) you; use; fool; do

k) learn; third; word

l) mother; about; forget

m) city; very; jockey

2.- Consonants

a) bed; big; brother

b) did; dog; bed

c) five; if; coffee

d) good; leg; pig

e) hat; have; who

f) you; yellow; young

g) can; kicking; lucky

h) leg; yellow; old

i) me; money; summer

j) no; money; can

k) put; happy; up

l) run; hurry

m) see; hits; mass

n) time; put; winter

o) van; have; lovely

p) with; white; woman

q) zoo; nose; runs; easy

r) ship; sugar; wish

s) pleasure; measure

t) sing; running; singer

u) cheap; watch; reaching

v) thin; thick; bath

w) then; weather

x) joy; judge; general

3.- Diphthongs

a) five; nine; alive; why

b) fire; higher

c) out; down; sound

d) flower; sour

e) say; eight; paint; again

f) there; hair; where; bear

g) hear; nearly

h) going; so; slowly

i) boy; toilet; coin

j) poor; sure

Tongue twisters

She sells sea-shells on the sea shore

Six slimy snails sailed silently

Red lorry, yellow lorry, red lorry, yellow lorry, red lorry, yellow lorry

In Hertford, Hereford and Hampshire, hurricanes hardly ever happen (My Fair Lady)