9/20/2017

TORQUE

Torque is the twisting or

rotating force that the
engine exerts on the
crankshaft (kgf.m, Nm)

when a braking force of 44kg is required to

stop an engine, equipped with a flywheel
one meter in radius, its torque is 44kgf.m

1kgf-m = 9.81N-m

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HORSE POWER (HP)

1foot = 0.3048m
1pound = 0.45359kg
SAE:
1HP = 0.7457KW

Power(W)
=T(Nm)*w(rad/s)

HORSE POWER (PS)

Germany:
1PS = 0.7355kW

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Powerloss Resulting from altitude above Sea Level

The torque and horsepower

curves represent measurements
taken at sea level, (760mmHg,
according to JIS and DIN;
746mmHg according to SAE,
gross)

The powerloss due to increasing altitude is about 10% per

1,000 meters.
If the amount of injected fuel at high altitude is kept at sea-level
standard, combustion will be incomplete and the exhaust
emission will produce black smoke. adjust fuel mass

1: Gasoline engine (n.max: 6500rpm)

2: Diesel engine with turbo (n.max: 5100rpm)

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Horsepower Curve

Horsepower is a measure of
mechanical power of work performed
per unit time.
It peaks at the point in speed where
increasing friction and decreasing air-
intake efficiency prevents it further
increase

Torque curve
Moment max Mitsubishi 6D14-3A diesel engine

The flatter the curve, the less will

torque be affected by fluctuations in
engine speed- this translates into
relative ease of operation of the truck.

In the shape of a peak, drops

precipitously from the point of
maximum torque, the shift of engine
rpm from the point of maximum
torque will cause a loss of power.
 making tiresome operation

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Torque curve
If the maximum torque range is
established in a very low rpm
range, starting the truck from a
stop may be easy.

the maximum torque is

established too high in the rpm
range, a small drop in rpm would
require a shift down of the gears
to avoid knocking of the engine

Example
4.0 liter TSFI engine in the
Audi RS 7 sportback.
With FSI,fuel direct injection,
cylinder on demand, variable
camshaft timing, chain driven
camshafts, two twin-scroll turbo
chargers
3.993cc, 412kW (560bhp) from
5700-6600rpm
700Nm from 1750-5500rpm

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Fuel Consumption Curve

The curve shows the grams of

fuel consumed per hour per
horsepower at a given engine
speed (g/ps.h).

Brake Specific Fuel Consumption vs Engine Size

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Brake Specific Fuel Consumption vs Engine speed

Engine Performance Curves

1. Output Curve
The output curve shows output
per engine rpm

2. Torque Curve
The torque curve shows torque
per engine rpm

3. Brake Specific Fuel

Consumption Curve
Brake specific fuel consumption
is indicated in units of grams of
fuel consumed per unit PS per
hour (g/PS•h)

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Interpreting Engine Performance Curves

Calculating the fuel
consumption
At 1,800rpm, the output and the
fuel consumption per unit PS
and unit time are 75PS and
156g/PS•h respectively: b,c

Fuel consumption = 156g/PS•h

x 75PS x 1hour = 11700g

Since the specific gravity of

diesel fuel is about 0.85g/cc,

11700g ÷ 0.85g/cc = 13764.7cc

The various performance curves can tell you about an engine’s

character.

The flat torque curve indicates

an engine that generates power
throughout the entire rpm range,
offering driving ease.
Dump trucks and cement
mixers are generally equipped
with this type of engine.

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The various performance curves can tell you about an engine’s

character.

This engine generates stable

power in the high rpm range.
 Long distance cargo carriers
are generally equipped with this
type of engine.

The various performance curves can tell you about an engine’s

character.

This engine generates high

power in the low rpm range
and stable power in the high
rpm range.
Tractors are generally
equipped with this type of
engine because it can
generate strong pulling force
from a stop.

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Running Resistance

Rolling Resistance:
Rr=μ.W.cosθ
Grade Resistance
Rg = W.sinθ
Aerodynamic Resistance
Ra=λ.A.v2

Tractive Effort and Vehicle Speed

Traction force
F=T*i*io/R
when the vehicle is running
at 60km/h in 4th gear, the
tractive effort is 594kg and
in 5th, the tractive effort is
452kg
594

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Engine Speed and Vehicle Speed

"V"(km/h) and "N"(rpm)

maintain a directly
proportional relationship
under any gear ratio “i*io“
V(m/s)=2*pi*N*R/60/i/io

Engine Speed and Vehicle Speed

At 1,800 rpm, the truck’s

speed at that rpm in 4th gear
is 41km/h (point 1).
Likewise, in 3rd gear at the
same rpm, the truck's speed
is 25km/h (point 2).

The maximum speed for 3rd

gear is 43km/h (point 3) and
the minimum speed for 3rd
gear is 17km/h (point 4).

maximum torque is The maximum speed in the

available at 1,800 rpm highest gear (point 5;
100km/h)

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If the gear were shifted to a

higher one with a large
difference in ratio, the rpm
may drop excessively
accompanied by loss of
power.
4th  5th speed and torque
decrease suddenly.
5th  4th speed and torque
increase suddenly
 Difficult handle

Engine Speed and Vehicle Speed

The ten-speed
transmission were
developed to narrow
the ratio gap between
gears and facilitate
ease of handling

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Vehicle Performance Curves

1. Running Resistance
These curves show the relationship
between the vehicle speed and the
resistance to running when driving in a
straight line

2. Vehicle Speed
These curves show the relationship
between engine rpm and vehicle speed for
each transmission gear

3. Traction
These curves show the relationship
between the tractive effort at the point of
contact with the road surface by the driven
wheel — and the vehicle speed for each
transmission gear.

Interpreting Vehicle Performance Curves

Maximum Speed
The maximum speed is defined as the
fastest speed attainable by a fully loaded
truck (GVW Basis) on a flat road (0%
grade); point A =115km/h  3600rpm

Maximum Hill Climbing Ability

The intersection between the running
resistance curve B and the tractive effort’s
maximum value (found in the first gear
curve) shows the maximum gradeability
(34%)
At point C 80km/h, the maximum climbable
grade is 2% in fifth gear (2400rpm), and
3% in fourth gear (3400rpm)
The vehicle cannot climb a 5% grade in
fifth gear
Point D, the vehicle can climb this grade in
fourth gear, the speed must be dropped to
40km/h

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Interpreting Vehicle Performance Curves

Maximum Hill Climbing Ability

The intersection between the running
resistance curve B and the tractive
effort’s maximum value (found in the
first gear curve) shows the maximum
gradeability (34%)

At point C 80km/h, the maximum

climbable grade is 2% in fifth gear
(2400rpm), and 3% in fourth gear
(3400rpm)
The vehicle cannot climb a 5% grade
in fifth gear
Point D, the vehicle can climb this
grade in fourth gear, the speed must
be dropped to 40km/h

Interpreting Vehicle Performance Curves

Surplus Tractive Effort

The surplus tractive effort is the
difference between the tractive effort
curves for each transmission gear and
the running resistance curves. It is
available for acceleration and
traction
At E, 50km/h on a 0% grade in fifth
gear; tractive effort curve is 280kg and
running resistance curve is 90kg
The surplus tractive effort :
280-90=190(kg)

The surplus tractive effort in fourth gear?

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Interpreting Vehicle Performance Curves

For a low-speed truck For a high-speed truck

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The truck will drive most

economically at 60km/h in fifth 1800
gear
The climbable grade is about 3%
and the tractive effort 300kg.

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