Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Em20 - Turbinas PDF
Em20 - Turbinas PDF
s- 1
*-
A WATER RESOURCES TECHNICAL PUBLICATION
i -
/ .r
SELECTING HYDRAULIC
REACTION TURBINES
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT
OF THE INTERIOR
BUREAU OF RECLAMATION
As the Nation’s principal conservation agency, the Department of the
lnterior has responsibility for most of our nationally owned public lands
and natural resources. This includes fostering the wisest use of our land
and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserving the
environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical
places, and providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recrea-
tion. The Department assesses our energy and mineral resources and
works to assure that their development is in the best interests of all our
people. The Department also has a major responsibility for American
lndian reservation communities and for people who live in island Terri-
tories under U.S. administration.
iv
Contents
lu
iv
1
1
13
13
14
14
14
19
19
22
24
24
31
31
32
32
35
37
49
CONTENTS
FIGURES
Number Page
Multipurpose projects in the Western United mated dimension3 and performance characteris-
States usually- generate pov-er incidcnttrl to re- tics for t,he turbines.. Each step is based on experi-
lease of xir-nter for other purposes. This is e~lx- ence records plotted as curre-, haring basic param-
cially true of the large Burenn of Reclnmntion eters which permit rkual comparison of the
projects vhere mater is impounded and released characterktiw of the selected nnit, or one pro-
according to irrigation requirement,s, and the posed by B manufncturer, with esist,ing instnllu-
power generated during that release is used pri- tions of similar character. Adjrlstments or devix-
marily for t,he benefit of lnndownrrs. tions from the normal installation can be not,ed
The u-ater lerel in reservoirs for irrigation and evaluated.
storage is subject to large fluctuations, with The experience data are drawn mainly from
consequent extremes of head r-wrintion on the the records of powerplants built rind operated by
krbine. In selecting hydraulic turbines to serre the Burenu of Reclamation. These CIII‘T~S hare
under such conditions, the designer must condder been placed in R logical sequence, resulting in H
Che ell’ect of rhib head ~xrintion upon power selection without, trial and error and without
capability, vxtw rclen~e capability, efficiency, and excessive rendjustment and, at the ~nme time,
cost of mnintennnce. Thee considrrat~ions must giving due consideration to the many factors
be added to thr economic problems faced b>: the affect,ing the selection of size snd type.
designer rho~e primnry concorns WC revenue and
the costs normally nssociated vit,h power develop- Development of Hydraulic Turbines
ments. This compnt,ntion outline npplies t,o
renction turbines only. It was prepared to per-
mit, rapid selection of the iroper unit, e5timat~ion
of it5 major dimen3ion5, and prediction of its
performuncc.
The outline i5 R series of computntions that
proceed logically from giren bxGc dat,a to e&i-
1
2 SELECTING HYDRAULIC REACTION TURBINES
in a matter of minutes, can follow load variations
with little attention-it can go from speed-no-load
to full load in 4 to 10 seconds-and it can drop
load instantly without damage. Because of its
simplicity, the hydraulic turbine can be made
fully automatic and can be designed to operate
with little attention. Hydroelectric plants may OVERSHOT
be combined with steam generating plants in the
same system so that the steamplants carry the
block load and the hydroplants follow the swings
of the system. Where sufficient water power is
available the hydraulic turbine has therefore
become the backbone of large power distribution
sys terns.
Power has been developed from flowing water
by many types of water motors. The major FIGURE 2.-Gravity-type water motors.
classifications of motors are displacement, gravity,
impulse, and reaction. Displacement motors are The impulse or velocity wheel, of which several
illustrated on figure 1, the simplest being the hoist varieties are illustrated on figure 3, is of great
antiquity. Chinese artisans fabricated paddle
To Dlstrlbution
wheels with attached buckets to lift water from
sys+em--, flowing streams to adjacent rice fields more than
2,000 years ago, and it is known that much of the
water supply of London in 1580 came from the
Thames, lifted by similar water wheels suspended
from the arches of London Bridge. The wheels
served until the great fire of London in 1666.
The undershot paddle wheel also illustrated is
a refinement of the earlier design, and has higher
HOIST
t
599-976 0 - 76 - 2
4 SELECTING HYDRAULIC REACTION TURBINES
5
6 SELECTING HYDRAULIC REACTION TURBINES
The determination of the amount of installed Definitions of various heads
capacity should take into account the head range,
and the loss of efficiency and increased mainte- Operating heads for reaction turbines are shown
nance due to part-gate operation at the higher on figure 6.
heads. Therefore, the power studies should be Gross head (H,) is the difference in elevation
carefully reviewed by the plant designer to be between the water levels of the forebay and the
certain that the expected revenue can be obtained tailrace.
from the units selected. Net head (H,) is the gross head less all hydraulic
The project planning studies, from which the losses except those chargeable to the turbine. Net
number and size of units are determined, should head is the head available for doing work on the
include : turbine. The intake and penstock losses are not
1. Reservoir operation curves or tables: included in net head, but the spiral case and draft
Detailed study by months, using available tube losses are considered chargeable to the turbine
streamflow records to compute reservoir water and are included in net head. For penstock lengths
elevations, power, spillway, and outlet re- less than three times the maximum head, the total
leases, and potential power output. hydraulic loss ordinarily should not exceed 1 per-
2. Head and water levels: cent of the rated head, with the trashrack, intake,
a. Maximum, weighted average, and mini- and bend losses accounting for approximately half
mum water elevations. the total loss. Longer penstocks may have losses of
b. Spillway crest elevation or maximum approximately 3 to 10 percent of the rated head.
water elevation without spillway discharge. Penstock velocities should be based on economic
c. Maximum capacity of spillway and cor- studies, but should not exceed 30 ft/s (9 m/s).
responding water elevation. Maximum head (H,,,) is the gross head resulting
d. Any additional significant elevations from the difference in elevations between the
that may affect turbine operation. maximum forebay level without surcharge and the
3. Tailwater: Curve of tailwater elevation tailrace level without spillway discharge, and with
at the site showing elevations for all flows one unit operating at speed-no-load (turbine dis-
from zero to average yearly flood given to charge of approximately 5 percent of rated flow).
the nearest half-foot. This should be ex- Under this condition, hydraulic losses are negli-
tended to the maximum spillway capacity. gible and may be disregarded.
The important portion of the curve for the Minimum head (H,& is the net head resulting
turbine is from zero to average yearly flood. from the difference in elevation between the
4. Power: Statement of expected power minimum forebay level and the tailrace level
requirements including any limiting condi- minus losses with all turbines operating at full
tions such as capacity desired at minimum gate.
head, type of operation, or character of load Weighted average head (H,,J is the net head
demand. determined from reservoir operation calculations
5. General arrangement: which will produce the same amount of energy in
a. Sufficient information to approximate kilowatt-hours between that head and maximum
the penstock size, length, and profile. head as is developed between that same head and
b. Location of plant with respect to dam minimum head.
on topographical map of area. Design head (h,J is the net head at which peak
efficiency is desired. This head should preferably
approximate the weighted average head, but must
Head be so selected that the maximum and minimum
heads are not beyond the permissible operating
A turbine operating at constant speed produces range of the turbine. This is the head which deter-
a maximum peak efficiency of 90 to 95 percent mines the basic dimensions of the turbine and
under one head and at one power output. At therefore of the powerplant.
any other head or power output, the unit will Rated head (h,) is the net head at which the full-
operate at reduced eihciency. gate output of the turbine produces the generator
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 7
rated output in kilowatts. The turbine nameplate full-gate output of the turbine produces the per-
rating usually is given at this head. Selection of missible overload on the generator at unity power
this head requires foresight and deliberation. The factor (usually 115 percent of the generator kVA
selection for Shasta Powerplant shown on figure rating). This head will produce the maximum
26 is an example of a poor selection as viewed discharge through the turbine.
through hindsight. Note these units were rated
75,000 kVA at a low head of 330 feet (101 metres) Permissible range of head
providing turbines with a tremendous overload
capacity. The generators have been overloaded The peripheral speed of the turbine runner at
for more than 30 years, causing premature failure the entering edge of the runner blades in relation
of the windings. They have been rewound for a to the spouting velocity of the water affects the
rating of 95,000 kVA and consideration now is efficiency and the cavitation characteristics. The
being given to a rating of 125,000 kVA with the permissible departure from the design head, at
original turbines. which this relation is optimum, has been found
In anticipation that the manufacturers would through experience to be as follows (fig. 7) :
provide 5 percent overcapacity, the turbines for
Grand Coulee Third Powerplant were rated at
Maximum Minimum
285 feet (87 metres), so that turbines would Type of turbine head head
develop rated generator capacity at weighted (percent) (percent)
-~
average head at best efficiency gate, and also
would develop the generator overload capacity Francis or reaction ____ -_ _ _ __ _ ___ 125 65
at full gate. Operation at heads above 325 feet Propeller-fixed blade----_-_---- 110 90
(99 metres) will be extremely rare. See figure 28. Propeller-adjustable blade-.. __ _ _ 125 65
Critical head (h,,) is the net head at which the I I
106-D-339
Plant Rating
Reservoir operation stwlies determine the ulti-
mate plant capa@ and indicnt,e the head at’
which that capacity should be de\~?loped. The
studies should be checked to RSSIIIY that capacit,y
limitnt,ions, due to generator iice snd variation of
turbine capacity wit,h head, are allo~red for in the
kilowatt and kiloxatt-hour rep--eni~e estimates.
Average turbine performance curves suitable for
rated
rcwrvoir operation studies we shown on figure 7. Genernll~-, a two- to four-unil
entl>- adaptable
plant is affici-
to the usual load and flov
Plant kilowatts=0.0846
[ 1
. discharge
in ft3/s
variations,
minimum
and the first, cost is very close to a
The service ha2 and plant equipment,
such RScranes, air compressors, oil handling cqnip-
nient, etc., me vnaller and can be used nmre
cfficientlg. Single-unit, plant. have lower operating
rind maintenance costs beenuse there are fewer
rated machines to service, but the service equipment
=9.8&i. discharge must be larger and is more expensire.
[ in ma/s I The number of units can best be determined by n
careful weighing of the foregoing limitations and
* [riz:~~,4psd] * [ &&] criteria, rxthcr than by following a fixed rule.
40 60 80 loo I20 WI
PERCENT POWER OUTPUT PERCENT TURBINE DISCHARGE PERCENT EFFICIENCY
FIXED PROPELLER TURBINE-~, = 70 TO 225 (360 TO IOOOMETRIC)
Design head = 10 to 200 feet ( 3 to 60 metres,
i I/i i
106-O-136
---
,Impulse
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
-Jo
II 11111111,111, e I I I I I I I I I
50 100 150 0 0 20 40 60 00 loo
PERCENT DESIGN POWER PERCENT DESIGN FLOW PERCENT EFFICIENCY
106-O-353
btprejerred Generatorrating
z I -y-+-+-F57T-z-
1 ’ Minimum head;> 1
0 t"t-l--l
I I 1 I I I I I
0
PERCENT OF BEST EFFICIENCY POWER AT DESIGN HiiD --
13
SELECTING HYDRAULIC REACTION TURBINES
1. Trial specific speed, n:: outs, a diameter slightly greater than the average
Select from figure 11 or from economic analysis. diameters of units already installed, as determined
Except for unusual circumstances, the Bureau from the experience curve (fig. 12), should prove
of Reclamation is currently selecting specific satisfactory.
speeds near 950/a, (2334/G metric).
D1=entrance diameter of runner on distribu-
2. Trial speed, n’ : tor centerline,
D2=minimum opening diameter of runner,
D, = discharge diameter of runner,
ne= design specific speed,
b= design head,
where n=rotational speed,
&=velocity ratio at D,.
n’=trial rotational speed,
n: = trial specific speed, Francis turbine :
h,=design head, and &=0.057 (n,)2/3 (U.S.) =0.0211 (nJ2j3 (metric).
Pd= turbine full-gate capacity at h,.
Propeller turbine :
3. Rotational speed or design speed, n: t&=0.063 (nJ2” (U.S.) =0.0233 (n,)2/3 (metric).
The rotational speed nearest the design speed is
selected subject to the following considerations: The discharge diameter of either type is given
a. A multiple of four poles is preferred, but by:
standard generators are available in some
multiples of two poles.
b. If the head is expected to vary less than
10 percent from design head, the next greater The average velocity of the water through D2
speed may be chosen. A head varying in at full gate may range from 20 feet per second
excess of 10 percent from design head sug- (6 m/s) to 32 feet per second (9.8 m/s).
gests the next lower speed. The hub of of the propeller turbine will be ap-
proximately 35 percent of the throat diameter, or
120 frequency about 12 percent of the gross area.
Rotational speed, n=
l
number of poles
7200 Turbine Weight
Il= at 60 Hz.
number of poles Large turbine runners are made of either stain-
4. Design specific speed, n,:
less cast steel or carbon steel with stainless overlay
to withstand cavitation. Small sizes are usually
of cast bronze or cast aluminum bronze to resist
cavitation. Replaceable wearing rings are provided
ha * at the band and crown. Estimation of approximate
weights of Francis and propeller runners are
The design specific speed is the basic parameter shown on the experience curves of figure 13.
to which most other factors of this selection are The approximate weight of a Francis turbine
plotted. can be estimated by the experience curve shown on
figure 14.
Turbine Runner Size
Shaft Size
The actual prototype runner size is determined
by the manufacturer in accordance with model Turbine main shafts are made of forged carbon
tests and design criteria. Turbines by different or alloy steel which has been properly heat treated.
manufacturers vary slightly in discharge diameters They may be a single forging or they may be of
for a given power even when the speed is fixed. multiple forged components, which are provided
For estimating purposes and for ,preliminary lay- with flanged couplings. Shafts more than 15 inches
UNIT SELECTION 15
\
I
A,<\, ~ /SELECT II; TO SUIT ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
y-Y- -\ / I
90 I I I I I \hU
I I
I
’ = U S or e METRIC‘/ -
“s’v-&-
30 / \ * 1.
II/l 1 / +yy=
OPERATING HEAD RANGE-
I III/I
I Ilill
FRANCIS TURBINES
APPR OXIMATE TURBINE SPEED ROTATIONAL TURBINE SPEED DESIGN SPECIFIC SPEED
LETTER SYMBOLS
hd = Design head, fttm) n’ : Trial speed, r/min n’% : Trial specific speed Pd = Turbine full-gate capacity at design head, hp
h, = Rated head, ft(m) n = Rotational speed,r/mln ns = Design specific speed P, = Turbine full-gate capacity a+ roted head. hp
106-D-135
E Distributor
(U.S.)
“* 85
H
Metric 378
LETTER SYMBOLS
106-D-233
500000
200000
400000
300000
IO0 000
90000
80 000
FRANCIS RUNNERS
70000
WPOUNDS = 5’ (Dm~)
60000
WKILOGRAMS
100 000
90000
eo 000
70000
30000
3 60000
I- 50000
s
” 20000
- 40000
:
30000
oz FRANCIS RUNNERS 1 /
w
z 0
z 10000 x
3
II: 9000 20000
a e 000
7 000
6000
10000
9 000
e 000
7 000
6000
5000
2 000
4000
3000
I 000
900 2000
800
700
600
I 000 t II I I
2 3 4 5 6 7 6910 20 30 40 50 FEET
II l~I1lllll /IllI J
5 .6 .7 .8 .9 I 2 3 4 5 6 76910 IS METRES
V-17-75 106-D-23
6-30-73
FIGURE 13.-Hydraula? turbine runner weight-experience curve.
18 SELECTING HYDRAULIC REACTION TURBINES
KILOGRAMS POUNDS
5 000 000
2 000 000
4 000 000
I 600 000
k ?I I Ill1 I I
3 000 000
= w POUNDS = 2 100 (D,,,)2.33
2.33
I 000 000 FWKILOGRAMS = '5'75 (Dfnax) _
2 000 000
s
I I 500 000
k
5
cl 500 000 -
3 I 000 000
u 400 000 - 900 000
z 800 000
m 700 000
K 300 000 F
600 000
2
500 000
200 000 -
400 000
300 000
100 000 -
90 000 - 200 000
80 000 -
70 000 -
60 000 -
50 000 -
100 0005
4 6 7 8910 i ?o 30 40 50 FEET
I I lrIIllll 1 III1 I II I I I II
I 2 3 45 6 7 8 910 15 METRES
g-17-75
6-30-73
9-I-70 106-O-349
NOTES
I. Dimensions Dg K.M.N. and 0 ore based on aperience with approximately
60 turbmes purchosed between 1925 ond 1970.
2. spiral case dimensions on corn ted using n’s -990fid for hcods
obovr 90 feet and I$ - IlOO/ F hd for heads below 90 feet md ore
booed on the full-gate velocity ot drsipn head being 0.22 a
but not exceeding 35 feet per second.
3. Dimensions derived fwm this chart ore considered adequate for
preliminary plant layout and cstimoting purposes. Except where
necessary to predetcrmme offset dimension A and I or inlet
diometer 8. controlling dimensions should be obtained from
potential suppliers prior to ony fmal layout.
OD
0 D.
Wicket
I ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE 1
FRANCIS-
/_- -7 Minimum toilwoter surface,
106-D- 141
DESIGN NOTES
All drmensrons given as raho of Ds
Maxrmum upward slope of floor of draft tube IS I In IO
Prer nose to be made of metal ond capable of
carrymg loads Imposed by the structure.
PREFERRED RATIOS
AreaOreo
Ne at toopofpier
tubenOSe._.__ -----.~-------~ . -WS!.
Radius
Dia, ot to
top B ofelbow
tube- ____.._.. ~----- . . . ------~~LYx
PREFERRED RATIOS
SECTION ON c OF TUBE
4.23(hwh*Dg*M)‘.‘4 FT. LB
2- 34 (hwh*Dg*M)‘*‘4 M l KG
k
106
IO6 7
P 7 5
LL 5 4 I I,
I 4 3
I III
b .E
5 5 4
2 4 3
a& 3 2
2
IO’
I03 7
7 5
5 4
d 3
lo- 2 3 4 5 7 2 3 4 5 7 104 2 2 34
U.S.
I I I 0
3
/
FRANCIS
4-
% 1 x
I 2- I I I IllI/
L -
iz I.5 -
I
E -
4-
3r
2-
I.5 -
&-+ I,’ I Illill I I I THE
I
HYDRAULIC
I IIIII
THRUST DOES NOT INCLUDE
1 1 1 THE ,WEIG;T 0’ ;OTAT,‘“f PARTS
IO’ r
2 v I I I I IIIII I I I I I Illll
n 4
106-D-24
FIQURE 23.-Hydraulic thrust-experience curve.
The high efficiency of hydroelectric units and
= BT.:i:b (metric).
their ability to follow rapid load changes depend
not only on the design of the units, but also on the
where
design of the associated water passages from fore-
n=rotational speed,
bay through tailrace. The overall head loss in
P= turbine full-gate capacity in horsepower
the water passages can greatly affect the earning
for the condition under consideration, and
ability or power production. Another source of
WR2=product of weight of revolving parts
revenue loss is a nonuniform distribution of flow
and the square of the radius of gyration.
to the runner, which causes a loss in unit efficiency.
This disturbance is usually caused by a sharp bend,
This is the time in seconds for torque to acceler-
by a butterfly valve immediately upstream from
ate the rotating mass from zero to rotational speed.
the entrance to the spiral casing, or by poor layout
Together, the turbine runner in water and the
of the entrance water passages in the case of the
generator develop the WR2, which may be es-
concrete semispiral case.
timated from the formulas:
31
SELECTING HYDRAULIC REACTION TURBINES
Water column inertia is conveniently expressed actual speed rise should be computed using the
2LV water startup time (T,) for all units.
as starting-up time of water column, Tw=-*
&
This is the time in seconds for head (h) to ac- Runaway Speed
celerate the flow from zero to maximum velocity Runaway speed is the speed attained by a unit
(V). The products of length and velocity of every at full gate when the generator is disconnected
component from forebay or surge tank to tailrace fdom the system and the governor is inoperative.
should be added to obtain zLV.
Runaway speed differs among manufacturers
Units for which T,>2 (T,)2 can be expected
because of variations in the design of turbines
to have good regulating capacity. This test should
and generators. Figure 25 shows runaway speed
be applied over the entire operating head range.
based on model tests for turbines of varying specific
For further information on regulating char-
speed. Field tests indicate that runaway speed is
acteristics, see “Governor Characteristics for
less than usually predicted, but it can be expected
Large Hydraulic Turbines” by F. R. Schleif,
not to exceed the following:
USBR Report REC-ERC-71-14, February 1971.
Plants in which more than one turbine are
:=0.85(n,)1/5 (U.S.)
served from one penstock should be analyzed to
determine proper governor settings and appro-
priate operating practices. Such plants may be 2=0.63(n.)‘” (metric)
unable to contribute to system transient speed
regulation, but adverse effects upon the system h msx 112
may be avoided by specifying the number of nmax=nr
(4 hd
units which may be allowed to operate on free
governor (unblocked) at any one time. where
h, = best efficiency head (design head),
h,,=maximum head,
Speed Rise n =rotational speed,
Speed rise upon load rejection may require n ,,X=runaway speed at maximum head,
special attention. Speed rise is the increase in speed nr =runaway speed at best efficiency head
from the rated speed if the generator, while operat- and full gate, and
ing at rated speed, is suddenly and completely n, =specific speed based on full-gate output
disconnected from the load while the turbine is at best efficiency head.
operating under governor control.
The turbine and generator are designed to with- The adjustable blade propeller turbine has a
stand runaway speed, but at excessive speed severe theoretical runaway speed approaching infinity
vibrations sometimes develop which snap the at the closed or flat blade position, but the
shear pins of the gate mechanism. To minimize friction and windage of the connected generator
vibration, a speed rise not to exceed 60 percent normally will limit the runaway speed to 275
can be permitted in contrast to the 35 to 45 percent percent of normal. The specifications usually
desired for satisfactory regulation of independently include a requirement for an adjustable stop on
operated units. the blade rotation which will limit the runaway
The speed rise may be calculated from formulas speed at 275 percent to avoid excessive stresses in
on figure 24. However, note that the purpose of the generator.
figure 24 is to determine whether a surge tank,
Maximum speed for which the unit must be
more WR2, or a larger penstock would be required
designed will be encountered at maximum head.
and, therefore, only rated conditions are con-
sidered. Speed rise also should be computed for Runaway speed should also be computed for
full gate at critical head and at minimum head and minimum head since this value may be less than
for part gate at maximum head. Also, when more speed rise at maximum head. These data are
than one unit operates off a commbn penstock, the necessary to select proper speed switch settings.
t
34 SELECTING HYDRAULIC REACTION TURBINES
0.20
n, / n = 0.65 ns (U.S.)
SPECIFIC SPEED - ns
9- 17-75
6-30-74
6-27-56 106-O-232
I I I Lil II/ *
DES GN HEAD / I\
_. ..‘.
speed, as indicated by figure 30, but the curves directions is the same, or when the corresponding
can be used without correction for all but the most characteristic angles are the same.
detailed studies. IIomologous hydraulic machines also have hy-
The adjustable blade propeller turbine perform- draulic similarity. If the discharge, power, speed,
ance curves, figures 38 and 39, are plotted for the and efficiency of a turbine runner of a given
most efficient setting of gate and blade and are diameter are known for a given head, the dis-
therefore plotted without an indication of the gate charge, power, and speed for a homologous runner
opening. of a different diameter, under a different head, for
The fixed blade propeller unit has a much the same efficiency, may be calculated directly
narrower efhciency peak, as shown on figure 8, and from the following equations :
is usually restricted to operation above 75-percent 1. Homologous equations.
gate. For constant diameter: For constant head:
Preliminary turbine data sheets similar to fig- Qz-
-- -6 ‘I* !i$= g 2
ures 27, 28, and 29, prepared from performance &I ( HI > 1( > 1
curve data or from predicted performance data
furnished by the manufacturer, and dimensional P2 H, 3’2 P,
-2 -Dz 2
w 48
-1
m
QJ 47
z
z 46
a
W
2 45
n
2
; 44
W
30 40 50 60 70
SPECIFIC SPEED-ns
The above equations are accurate for most pur- passages, and slight variations from true geometric
poses. However, the assumption that the efficiency similarity, would require adjustment in efficiency
will be the same for different sized machines is not between otherwise apparently homologous ma-
completely correct. Differences in friction losses chines. The larger machine will have the higher
due to surface roughness and length of the water efficiency.
TURBINE PERFORMANCE 39
0 I IO
a
w
I
2
(3
v,
w 100
D
c
2
W
:
W
cl. 30
60
50
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
PERCENT DESIGN POWER
~__~ -..---- -
FIanRE 35.-Francis turbine performance-head vs. discharge--n,=40 to 48 (178 to ,214metric).
44 SELECTING HYDRAULIC REACTION TURBINES
150 ,
~
140
100
I
I-
2
w
0
IY
w
a 90
60
T
7
SELECTING HYDRAULIC REACTION TURBINES
0 110
a
W
I
z
c3
v,
w 100
0
I-
z
:
(L
W
a 90
120
80
60
bU 80 100 160
PERCENT DISCHARGE
POWER
49
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRlNTlNG OFFICE: ,976 o-SS’+G,S