SEMINAR(EC-613)
NANOELECTRONICS
TAMESH
10BTD5060161
Electronics And Communication
Email id: cl.tamesh@gmail.com
Abstract
Nanoelectronics is perceived as one of the
key technologies of the 21stcentury with an
enormous potential to flourish dramatically in
the near future.
Albert Einstein first proved that each
molecule measures about a nanometer (a
billion of a meter) in diameter. And in
1959, it was Richard P. Feynman who
predicted a technological world composed
of self-replicating molecules whose
purpose would be the production of nano-
sized objects.
This breakthrough technology enables
creation of things one atom or molecule at
a time. It offers a broad set of
opportunities by focusing on quantum
devices and addressing their potential for
high performance through increases in
density(factors of 5 to 100), speed (factors
of 10 to 100), and reduced power (factors
of more than 50).The definition of features
on the nanometer length scale (NLS) is
impossible via conventional lithography,
but can be done using extreme ultraviolet,
synchrotron-radiation, or electron beam
lithography. However, since these
techniques are very expensive and barely
in their infancy, their exploitation in
integrated circuit (IC) processing is still
highly putative. Geometries on
the NLS can however be produced with rel
ative ease using the spacer patterning tech
nique, that is,transforming vertical features
(like film thickness) in the vicinity of a
step of a sacrificial layer into horizontal
features. This work is devoted to
describing a scheme (essentially based on
Submitted to:
Er. Ankush Kapoor
the existing microelectronic technology)
for their production without the use of
advanced lithography and how it can be
arranged to host molecular devices.
Potential applications are in digital radar,
electronic support measures (ESM)
receivers, ATM data stream processing,
wide bandwidth communications, digital
image processing, waveform generation, a
nd the broad area of analog to digital
(A/D) applications. This paper presents a
scenario on existing studies
on Nanoelectronics with its importance in
making a new class of smaller, faster and l
ower power consumed computer chips
illustrated. Carbon tubes, which are the
heart for this technology, is highlighted
which possesses extraordinary physical
and chemical properties because of which
it is possible to make incredible
components. Most of the preceding
discussion is premised upon the implicit
assumption that future quantum effect
nanoelectronics devices will be fabricated
in nanometer scale using molecules. The
paper also presents that it is the different
construction which is based on helical
logic, atomic scale motion of electrons in
an applied rotating electricfield. Finally,
the latest developments taken place in the
world are exemplified, ending with an
interesting conclusion about the
performance of this elegant technology in
the immediate future.
1.

Introduction
What is “Nano”?
Nano in Greek means ‘dwarf’…..but in
actual Nano is even smaller than dwarf i.e
atomic level of anything.
What is Nanoscale ?
The nanoscopic scale (or nanoscale)
usually refers to structures with a length
scale applicable to nanotechnology,
usually cited as 1-100 nanometers. A
nanometer is a billionth of a meter. The
nanoscopic scale is (roughly speaking) a
lower bound to the mesoscopic scale for
most solids.
For technical purposes, the nanoscopic
scale is the size at which fluctuations in
the averaged properties (due to the motion
and behavior of individual particles) begin
to have a significant effect (often a few
percent) on the behavior of a system, and
must be taken into account in its analysis.
NANOTECHNOLOGY
** Nanotechnology is the study of
manipulating matter on an atomic scale.
**Nanotechnology refers to the
constructing and engineering of the
functional systems at very micro level or
we can say at atomic level.
** A Nanometer is one billionth of a
meter, roughly the width of three or four
atoms. The average human hair is about
25,000 nanometers wide.
Fig. 1
History
In 1965 Gordon Moore observed that
silicon transistors were undergoing a
continual process of scaling downward, an
observation which was later codified
as Moore's law. Since his observation
transistor minimum feature sizes have
decreased from 10 micrometers to the 28-
22 nm range in 2011. The field of
nanoelectronics aims to enable the
continued realization of this law by using
new methods and materials to build
electronic devices with feature sizes on
the nanoscale.
The volume of an object decreases as the
third power of its linear dimensions, but
the surface area only decreases as its
second power. This somewhat subtle and
unavoidable principle has huge
ramifications. For example, the power of
a drill (or any other machine) is
proportional to the volume, while
the friction of the
drill's bearings and gears is proportional to
their surface area. For a normal-sized drill,
the power of the device is enough to
handily overcome any friction. However,
scaling its length down by a factor of
1000, for example, decreases its power by
10003 (a factor of a billion) while reducing
the friction by only 10002 (a factor of only
a million). Proportionally it has 1000 times
less power per unit friction than the
original drill. If the original friction-to-
power ratio was, say, 1%, that implies the
smaller drill will have 10 times as much
friction as power; the drill is useless.
2.
What makes the Nanoscale special?
*High density of structures is possible
with small size.
*Physical and chemical properties can be
different at the nano-scale (e.g. electronic,
optical, mechanical, thermal, chemical).
*The physical behavior of material can be
different in the nano-regime because of the
different ways physical properties scale
with dimension (e.g. area vs.volume).
Fig. 2
Carbon Nanotube?
A Carbon Nanotube is a tube-shaped
material, made of carbon, having a
diameter measuring on the nanometre
scale.
Carbon Nanotubes are formed from
essentially the graphite sheet and the
graphite layer appears somewhat like a
rolled-up continuous unbroken hexagonal
mesh and carbon molecules at the apexes
of the hexagons.
Nanotubes are members of the fullerene
structural family.
Fig. 3
Need of Nanotechnology in Electronics ?
Today microelectronics are used and they
solve our most of the problems.
The two exceptional disadvantages of micro
electronics are:-
Physical size
Increasing cost of fabrication of integrated
circuits
To overcome these disadvantages
nanotechnology can be used.
Nanotechnology in Electronics.
Nanoelectronics refer to the use of
nanotechnology on electronic
components, especially transistors.
Nanoelectronics often refer to transistor
devices that are so small that inter
atomic interactions and quantum mechanical
properties need to be studied extensively.
Besides being small and allowing more tra
nsistors to be packed into a single chip, the
uniform and symmetrical structure of
nanotubes allows a higher electron mobilit
y, a higher dielectric constant
(faster frequency), and a symmetrical
electron/ hole characteristic.
Advantages of Using Nanotechnology in
Electronics :
*Increasing the density of memory chips
*Decreasing the weight and thickness of
the screens
*Nanolithography is used for fabrication
of chips.
*Reducing the size of transistors used in
integrated circuits.
*Improving display screens on electronics
devices.
*Reducing power consumption. 3.
AREAS OF NANOELECTRONICS
AND NANOSENSORS
Graphene transistor :
• Graphene is a single sheet of carbon
atoms packed in a honeycomb crystal
lattice, isolated from graphite.
* Very large surface to volume ratio
making them superior materials for
fabrication of electromechanical and
electrochemical sensors with higher
sensitivities, lower limits of detection,
and faster response time.

• Allows electrons to move at an

extraordinarily high speed.
COMMON APPLICATIONS OF
• With its intrinsic nature of being one-
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN
atom-thick, can be exploited to fabricate
ELECTRONICS
field-effect transistors that are faster and
smaller. Computer processing :

Moore’s Law describes a trend of

technology.

It states that the number of transistors that

can be put on a single chip will double
every two years.

Fig. 4

Single Electron Transistor :

• A single electron transistor needs only

one electron to change from the insulating
to the conducting state.

• Deliver very high device density and

power efficiency with remarkable
operational speed.

• Quantum dots with sub100 nm

dimensions have to be fabricated
Fig. 5

*Because of nanotechnology, the speed of

Carbon-based nanosensors : computers has increased while the price of
Graphene and carbon nanotubes have: computing has decreased

*Excellent thermal conductivity

*High mechanical robustness

4.
Displays :
Carbon nanotubes on a glass or plastic
sheet allow manufacturers to make clear
conductive panels for displays that are
extremely thin.
Carbon Nanotube Screens
In carbon nanotube screens the metal point
based electron arrays of FEDs are replaced
with a self assembled array of carbon
nanotubes. The tips of each of these
emitters is only 3 nanometers in diameter.

Electrochromatic Screens :

Electrochromatic screens are composed of

a sandwich of layers. The outer layers are
glass and the inner layers electrodes, ion
storage layers and the electrochromatic
layer. Applying electricity moves electrons
from the ion layers into the
Fig. 6 electrochromatic layer changing it’s colour
Field Emission Displays or from clear to dark. Selective switching
allows an image to be displayed. New
Field Emission Displays (FED) and carbon
developments have resulted is
nanotube screens are high-definition
electrochromatic materials that only alter
colour displays with CRT screen like
their state with an electric signal. The
vibrant colour, rich contrast and fast
screen can be turned off and still retain the
response – but they are flat. These screens
image. Alternatively only the area on the
actually work similarly to a conventional
screen that changes will be drawing
CRT screen. CRT screens use a single
electricity. The result is a dramatic
electron ‘gun’ to scan back and forth
reduction in the amount of power required
across and down the screen to selectively
to run a screen.
illuminate a phosphor coated screen. Both
FED and carbon nanotube screens shoot Electronic Paper :
electrons from an array of millions of
Electronic paper or electronic ink is
electron emitters at a phosphor coated
currently a black and white only
screen. The electron emitting array in
technology. It uses a layer of special
FEDs are made from tiny sharp metal
microcapsules sandwiched between two
points. FEDs have been around since the
large, flat electrodes. At least one of these
1990s but manufacturing large screens was
electrodes is transparent. The capsules too
expensive and difficult, plus the screens
are transparent and contain a clear fluid
used extremely high voltages. Several
plus charged black pigment and white
manufacturers are reporting that they have
pigment holding the opposite charge.
developed new technologies that overcome
Depending on the charge applied to each
these difficulties ad that FEDs are very
close to hitting the market.
5.
capsule by the electrodes, either the black
or the white pigment is attracted to the
surface. Each capsule then becomes a
single black or white pixel. When the
charge is removed from the electrode the
microcapsule retain their state and
therefore the image on the ‘electronic
paper’.
MEMORY AND STORAGE
Both terms are used to refer to
internal storage space on a
computer. Memory, usually referred to as
Random Access Memory (RAM), is the
place where an application loads its data
during processing, while a hard disk drive
(HDD) is usually the place where data is
stored for long or short term retention.
Fig. 7(a)
Fig. 7(b)
FUTURE SCOPE IN
NANOTECHNOLOGY
*Nanotechnology for flexible Electronics
*Nanotechnology for wireless devices
*Nanotechnology for molecular devices
*Nanotechnology for flexible
Electronics :
Stretchable electronics or flexible
electronics is likely to be the future of
mobile electronics.
Potential applications include wearable
electronic devices, biomedical uses,
compact portable devices, and robotic
devices.
In the future, it is likely that graphene will
become a dominant material in flexible
electronics.
Graphene is nothing but an allotrope of
carbon that has superb electrical
conductivity, flexibility, and physical
strength.
Fig. 8
6.
*Nanotechnology for molecular
devices :
Reducing size of electronics is the need of
era and this can be achieved with the help
of molecules that can be used in active
devices.
These molecules behave as diodes or
programmable switches that make
connections between wires and consume
less current.
Thousands of molecules can be
sandwiched between two crossing micro-
scale wires to create an active devices.
Since molecular devices fit between the
wires, large area savings could be
achieved.
Fig. 9(a)
Fig. 9(b)
*Carbon Nanotubes In Healthcare
Researchers are improving dental implants
by adding nanotubes to the surface of
the implant material. They have shown
that bone adheres better to titanium
dioxide nanotubes than to the surface of
standard titanium implants. As well they
have demonstrated to the ability to load the
nanotubes with anti-inflammatory drugs
that can be applied directly to the area
around the implant.
Reseachers at MIT have developed a
sensor using carbon nanotubes embedded
in a gel; that can be injected under the skin
to monitor the level of nitric oxide in the
bloodstream. The level of nitric oxide is
important because it indicates inflamation,
allowing easy monitoring of imflammatory
diseases. In tests with laboratory mice the
sensor remained functional for over a
year.
Researchers have demonstrated artificial
muscles composed of yarn woven with
carbon nanotubes and filled with wax.
Tests have shown that the artificial
muscles can lift weights that are 200 times
heavier than natural muscles of the same
size.
Nanotubes bound to an antibody that is
produced by chickens have been shown to
be useful in lab tests to destroy breast
cancer tumors. The antibody-carrying
nanotubes are attracted to proteins
produced by one type of breast cancer cell.
Once attached to these cells, the nanotubes
absorb light from an infrared
laser, incinerating the nanotubes and the
attached tumor.
Researchers at the University of
Connecticut have developed a sensor that
uses nanotubes and gold nanoparticles
to detect proteins that indicate the
presence of oral cancer. Tests have
7.
shown this sensor to be accurate and it
provides results in less than an hour.
Fig. 10
A Biological Nanodevice for Drug
Delivery :
The nanobiological anticancer agent PK1
(Figure 6.14) exploits the enhanced
permeability and retention (EPR) effect
associated with disease tissues with low
integrity vasculature in order to deliver
cytotoxin (doxorubicin) to tumors. The
synthetic backbone of PKI (N-2-
(hydroxypropyl) methacrylimide or
HPMA) gives the complex a size
(diameter in the mid-nanometer range) that
makes it unable to extravasate efficiently
into healthy tissues with normal
vasculature. Tumor vasculature is
abnormally permeable, allowing
preferential accumulation of PK1 in tumor
tissue. HPMA-bound doxorubicin is non-
toxic, limiting toxicity to healthy tissue,
and active doxorubicin is released from the
complex preferentially in tumor tissues.
The labile peptidic linker tethering
doxorubicin to HPMA was selected
because it is the substrate for a protease
known to be over-expressed in the target
tumor types. PK1 increases the tolerated
doxorubicin dose by more than an order of
magnitude by virtue of EPR-based
targeting and its engineered tumor-
preferred doxorubicin release properties. It
is in human clinical trial in Europe.
Contemplated embellishments to this and
similar polymer therapeutics include use of
monodisperse nanopolymers (dendritic
polymers) to enhance control of EPR
properties, incorporation of protein
docking domains that recognize tumor
associated antigens to tether the complex
following its delivery to the tumor, and
incorporation of additional antitumor
agents thought to have synergistic effects
with cytotoxins, that is, angiostatic agents,
among others (Duncan 1997).
Fig. 11
Nano-antennas for
optoelectronics and
nanophotonics :
The evolution of the design of radio and
microwave antennas has allowed new,
diverse, and ubiquitous applications of
great added value, ranging from global
positioning systems to cellular-phone
networks. Scaling these designs down
towards optical wavelengths has faced two
main practical restrictions. On one hand,
until recently there have been
8.
technological and fabrication issues. On
the other, they could not compete against
the prevailing semiconductor-based
emitters (light-emitting diodes, laser
diodes) and detectors (PIN detectors,
avalanche photo diodes, etc.). It is now a
time of new opportunity for optical or
nano-antennas.
An optical antenna, also called an antenna-
coupled optical detector, is the marriage of
two clearly distinguishable elements
working conjointly: a metallic antenna
structure that collects the optical radiation,
and a transducer that turns the received
power into an electric signal. Each of these
elements can be optimized for a given
application.
they work at room temperature. A
comparison of the performance of these
devices with other detectors is shown
in Figure 12. Based on this analysis,
optical antennas are set to detect light in
polarimetric imaging systems, multiband
and multispectral applications from the
visible to the millimeter-wave bands
(see Figure 12), optical probes in near-
field optical microscopy, optical sensors,
etc. Moreover, once several technological
problems have been solved, nano-antennas
should contribute to the improvement of
light emitters in the future.

Nano-antennas are the smallest detectors

available, scaled to a fraction of the
received wavelength. By nature they are
direction-, wavelength-, and polarization-
sensitive elements. The transduction
mechanism has a potential response time
in the order of tens of femtoseconds.
Optical antennas have the advantage that
they are integrable with diffractive and
conventional optical elements,
waveguides, and read-out electronics, and

Fig. 12(This fractal bow-tie antenna array

is designed to detect five bands centered at

wavelengths of λ0, 2λ0, 4λ0, 8λ0, and 16λ0.) 9.

Refrences:-

1 www.google.com
2 www.understandingnano.com
3 www.azonano.com
4 www.wikipedia.org
5 www.youtube.com
6 www.slideshare.com
7 www.online-sciences.com
8 www.nanowerk.com
9 www.edgefx.in
10 www.circuitstoday.com

10.
 Jawaharlal Nehru Government
Engineering College Sundernagar Mandi
(H.P.) -175018

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

SESSION (2017-2018)
A SEMINAR REPORT

“NANOELECTRONICS”

SUBMITTED TO :- SUBMITTED BY :-
ER. ANKUSH KAPOOR TAMESH
H.O.D B.TECH (VI SEM. )
(E.C.E. DEPARTMENT) 10BTD5060161