Eee eke Clal ME eee Lely biol tant -le-<-Ti Th AS Tec lar leCm cts (ieee Ms ccli(-lm eoy-le) V8.8: Control Valve Failure, Heat Exchanger Tube Rupture, Hydraulic Expansion and Fire a eR tte TR ee ee Ceca iia, Cet he | (@aspentech ah Lede(@®aspentech Introduction Introduced in Aspen HYSYS® V8.3, the Safety Analysis Environment provides a tool for adding. pressure relief devices and calculating relief loads inside Aspen HYSYS. Leveraging this tool within the rigorous Aspen HYSYS simulator, and in combination with Aspen Flare System Analyzer, provides an integrated solution for pressure relief analysis (PRA) work This paper contains hand calculations for the relief loads inside the Safety Analysis Environment. This paper shows examples and equations for emergency scenarios, including control valve falure, heat exchanger tube rupture, hydraulic expansion, and fire, which will help you to validate the calculations of this too! located within Aspen HYSYS. Control Valve Failure For a control valve failure scenario, the required relief load is the maximum flow through the contro! ‘valve at full open, API Standard 521 allows that credit for normal minimum flow may be taken under certain circumstances! PSV Plus Vapor Equations The critical pressure drop for gas or vapor flow across a control valve is defined as below, where P, is the upstream pressure in psia, APYis the critical limit in psi and C,is a characteristic parameter af the control valve, Eq1 ap 2 5C,?P; If the pressure drop across the contol valve exceeds the critical limit, then the mass flow rate through the valve is given by Equation 2 below: fqa2 0 w 8¢;P,C,VSG7E Otherwise, the mass flow rate through the valve is given by Equation 3 below, where P's the downstream (relieving) pressure in psia, SGis the specific gravity relative to air at upstream conditions, Zis the compressibility of the stream at upstream conditions, and Cys a characteristic parameter of the control valve. £93 lap. + P)sG ie w=3.22¢, ; ps ‘The specific gravity may be calculated as below, where Mis the molecular weight and 7; is the Upstream temperature in °F Eq.4 M520 $6 = 75% T5460 2 Equations and Example Benchmark Calculations for Emergency Scenario Required Relief Loads ©2015 Aspen Technology ine. 11-7851-0815(@®aspentech PSV Plus Vapor Example with Unchoked Flow The example is based on the following conditions Composition 40% isobutane, 45% isopentane, 159% n-hexane using the Aspen HYSYS SRK package for physical properties Upstream conditions. 320 psla / 320 F Normal flowrate 9,000 lb/h Relief pressure 260 psig set pressure + 10% allowable overpressure = 286 psig Control valve = 20.0, G= A= 0.75 Sa — bane asa aes tee nace Sed i anno = iiraTenpmtire SSH Cason aca = ae ao Decne Coen 3580 1S Figure : Subcritcal vapor control valve case calculated in Aspen HYSYS using PSV Plus equations tions and Example Benchmark Caleulations for Emergency Scenario Required Relief Loads (©2015 Aspen Technology In. 11-7851-0815,@®aspentech Setting up a stream in Aspen HYSYS at the upstream conditions will yield the following properties: M= 58.64 2= 0.88 ‘The critical pressure drop may be calculated using (Ea, 1): AP* = 0.5(0.75)320 = 90 psi ‘The pressure drop across the valve at relieving conditions is anly 19.3 psi, so the flow is subcritical The specific gravity may be calculated using (Ea. 4): 6864 520 se 29 "3204460 — S78 ‘The contral valve capacity at relief conditions is caleulated using (Ea. 3) w = 3.22(20) = 10737 Ib/h Subtracting the normal flowrate of 9,000 Ib/h gives a required relief load af 1,737 Ib/> ‘The results calculated above are compared to results obtained in Aspen HYSYS in Table 1 Variable Units Example Calculation | Aspen HYSYS. Inlet Pressure (P;) 320 psia 305.3 psig Normal Flow to Process Ib/a 9,000 9,000 Control Valve CV (G.) 20 20.00 Critical Flow Factor (GD 075 (0.7500 ‘Molecular Weight () lb/lbmal 68.64 Compressibilty (Z) 0.68 ‘Specific Gravity (S@) 1578 Critical Pressure Drop (APF) [ psi 90.0 Flow type. ‘Suberitical Subertical Full-open Flow (w) bf 10737 Required Relieving Flow lof 137 vat Bloen Clunlon apa Gry = Galatea we Table 1: Comparison of example calculation and Aspen HYSYS calculation for control valve failure with subcritical vapor flow 4 Equations and Example Benchmark Calculations for Emergency Scenario Required Relief Loads ©2015 Aspen Technology ne. 11-7851-0815@®aspentech PSV Plus Vapor Example with Choked Flow ‘The example is based on the following conditions: 40% isobutane, 45% isopentane, 15% n-hexane Composition using the Aspen HYSYS SRK package for physical properties Upstream conditions 420 psia / 355 F Normal flowrate 3,300 lb/h 260 psig set pressure + 10% allowable overpressure = 286 psig 75 Relief pressure Control valve C255, 6p Setting up a stream in Aspen HYSYS at the upstrearn conditions will yield the following properties: M= 58.64 624 Figure 2: Critical vapor control, Soreeeees BS valve case calculated in Aspen HYSYS using PSV Plus equations 5 Equations and Example Benchmark Calculations for Emergency Scenario Required Relief Loads ©2015 Aspen Technology ne. 11-7851-0815@®aspentech ‘The critical pressure drop may be calculated using (Eq. 1): ‘AP* = 0.5(0.75)?420 = 118.1 psi ‘The pressure drop across the valve a relieving coneitions is only 119.3 psi so the flow is rica ‘The specific gravity may be calculated using (Eq. 4): _ 6864520 "29°" 355 + 460 1st The control valve capacity at relief conditions is calculated using (Eq. 2): w = 2.8(0.75)(420)(5.5)y/1.51/0.624 = 7,546 Ib/h Subtracting the normal flowrate of 3,300 Ib/h gives a required relief load of 4,246 lb/n The results calculated above are compared to resulls obtained in Aspen HYSYS in Table 2. Variable Units Example Calculation _[ Aspen HYSYS Inlet Pressure (P)) 420 psia 405.3 psig Normal Flow to Process lb/a 3,300 3,300 Control Valve CV (Gi) 55 5.500 Critical Flow Factor (Gi O75 0.7500 Molecular Weight (M) Ib/ibmal 68.64 Compressibilty (Z) 0.624 151 Critical Pressure Drop (AP*) [psi 181 Flow type. Critical Critical Fulkopen Flow (w), bf 7546 Required Relieving Flow bf 4.246 4242 Bise= Glnlon pet Gry= Goeiee ale Table 2: Comparison of example calculation and Aspen HYSYS calculation for control valve failure with critical vapor flow using PSV Plus equations 6 Equations and Example Benchmark Calculations for Emergency Scenario Required Relief Loads ©2015 Aspen Technology ne. 11-7851-0815@®aspentech PSV Plus Liquid Equations ‘The critical pressure drop for liquid flow across a control valve is defined as below, where Fis @ calculated critical flow parameter, Pyis the vapor pressure/bubble point pressure of the liquid in psi and Ps the critical pressure ofthe liquid in psia, Ba.5 Fr = 096-028 | Fq6 APY =G,2(P,— FeP,) ‘The volumetric capacity of the control valve may be calculated as shown below, where APpinis actual AP or AP* whichever is smaller of the actual pressure drop across the valve and the critical pressure drop across the valve, SGis the specific gravity of the fluid at upstream conditions relative to water at 60 F (15.6 C), and Qis the capacity of the control valve in gpm. [APmin SC Fqa7 Q=%y The required rele load in gom may be converted to Ib/h, as shown below: ie 4805 gal? 60 mi Th Eg.8 = w=Qx PSV Plus Liquid Example with Unchoked Flow ‘The example is based on the following conditions: 15% propane, 30% isobutane, 30% n-butane, Composition 25% isopentane using the Aspen HYSYS PR package for physical properties Upstream conditions 275 psia/ 195 F No credit taken for normal flowrate across the valve 190 psig set pressure + 10% allowable overpressure = 209 psig Control valve G28, G= Fie 0.75 Relief pressure Setting up a siream in Aspen HYSYS at the upstream conditions will yield the following properties: 562.6 psia 2161 psia 7 Equations and Example Benchmark Calculations for Emergency Scenario Required Relief Loads ©2015 Aspen Technology ine. 11-7851-0815@®aspentech The critical pressure drop is calculated fram (Ea. 5) and (Ea, 6): Fr = 0.96 — 0.28 2164 . 562.6 0,75?(275 — 0.7865x216.1) = 59 psi 0.7865 ‘The pressure drop at relief conditions is 51.3 psi, which is less than the critical mit; therefore, the flow is unchoked, The required relief load is calculated from (Eq, 7) and (Eq, 8): ane ; Frans gal ™29-95 WMP = 19,840 1b/n Figure 3: Unchoked liquid contro! valve case calculated in Aspen HYSYS using PSV Plus equations 8 Equations and Example Benchmark Calculations for Emergency Scenario Required Relief Loads ©2015 Aspen Technology ne. 11-7851-0815@®aspentech The results calculated above are compared to results obtained in Aspen HYSYS in Table 3. Variable Units Example Calculation | Aspen HYSYS Inlet Pressure (P)) 275 psia 260.3 psig Normal Flow to Process b/s oO (0.0000 Control Valve CV (Gi) 8 8.000 Critical Flow Factor (G O75 (0.7500 Specific Gravity (SS) 0.4807 Liguid Critical Pressure (Pc) 562.2 psia Liquid Vapor Pressure (Py) 216.1 psia Critical Pressure Drop (4P*) [psi 58 Flow type. Unchoked Subcritical Required Relieving Flow bya 19,840 19,870 Bioe=Gleior npat_ Gny= Glniee ae Table 3: Comparison of example calculation and Aspen HYSYS calculation for control valve failure with subcritical liquid flow using PSV Plus equotions PSV Plus Liquid Example with Choked Flow ‘The example is based on the following conditions 15% propane, 25% n-butane, 30% n-pentane, Composition 30% n-heptane using the Aspen HYSYS PR package for physical properties Upstream conditions 275 psia / 265 No credit taken for normal flowrate across the valve 105 psig set pressure + 10% allowable Relief pressure overpressure = 115.5 psig Control valve C= 120, Gy= F)= 0.75 Setting up a stream in Aspen HYSYS at the upstream conditions will yield the following properties: P= 583.5 psia P,= 247 psia (p= 30.85 Ib/It” hence $= 30.85/62.3 = 495 ‘The critical pressure drop is calculated from (Ea, 6) and (Ea. 6): 241 Fe = 0.96 — 0.28 AP" = 0.75?(275 — 0.778x247.1) = 46.6 psi 0.778 9 Equations and Example Benchmark Calculations for Emergency Scenario Required Relief Loads ©2015 Aspen Technology ne. 11-7851-0815@®aspentech Figure 4: Choked liquid control valve «case calculated in Aspen HYSYS using PSV Plus equations ‘The pressure drop at relief conditions is 144.8 psi, which is greater than the critical limit, therefore the flaw is choked, The required relief load is calculated from (Eq, 7) and (Ea. 8): = 120 [465 ee 0.49: 6omin if Th “7.4805 gal ‘The results calculated above are compares to results obtained in Aspen HYSYS in Table 4. 1164 gpm 1164 gpmx 30.85 Ib/ft? = 288,100 Ib/h Variable Units Example Calculation _[ Aspen HYSYS Inlet Pressure (P:) 275 psia 260.3 psig Normal Flow to Process bf o (0.0000, Control Valve CV (Gi) 120 120.0 Critical Flow Factor (G) O75 (0.7500 Specific Gravity (SS) 0.495) Liguid Critical Pressure (Pc) 5835 psia Liguid Vapor Pressure (Py) 247Apsia Critical Pressure Drop (AP*) | psi 466 Flow type. Choked Critical Required Relieving Flow lb/a 288,100 288,400 ue=Colsialor pat Gny=Calnisee ae Table 4: Comparison of exompe calculation and Aspen HYSYS calculation for contol valve failure with certical liquid flow using PSV Plus equations 10 Equations and Example Benchmark Caleuations for Emergency Scenario Required Relief Loads ©20%S Aspen Technology inc. 11-7851-0815,@®aspentech Heat Exchanger Tube Break For a heat exchanger tube break scenario, API Standard §21 states that the calculation should be based om a sharp break in one tube, at the back of the tube sheet, with high pressure fluid assumed to flow both through the stub in the tube sheet and through the long section of tube. A calculation basis of flow through two orifices is allowed as a simplifying assumption, because the resulting relief load is larger than would be calculated based on flow through a long tube” The tube rupture calculation in the Safety Analysis Environment uses a two-orifice calculation as described in the literature2® Vapor Equations ‘As with control valves, vapor flow through a tube rupture is subject to a critical flow limit. The downstream critical limit pressure may be calculated as below, where Pais the critical limit pressure in psia, Ps the high-pressure-side pressure in psia, and kis the ideal gas specific heat ratio Go/(Gp~ R) at relief conditions. 2 Me k+T FA9 Page = Py ‘The flow through the rupture is given by the calculation below, where w is the required relief load in b/h, Cis the orifice coefficient, Ais the total rupture area inn’, APs the pressure difference between the P; and the greater af the downstream relief pressure or Pun and pis the vapor density at upstream conditions in Ib/t. Eq.10 w= 2407.7 CAYJOP-p For flow from the tube side into the shell side, the orifice coefficient used is typically 0.74 (so the product with the leading coefficient is 1,781.7), and the expansion coefficient Y may be calculated, as. ‘shown in Equation 11 below, Fait ¥ For flow from the shell side into the tube side, the orifice coefficient used is typically 0.6 (so the product with the leading coefficient is 1444.6), and the expansion coefficient may be calculated as ‘shown below. Eg12 0 y TM Equotions and Exarmple Benchmark Caleultions for Emergeney Scenario Required Relief Loads @201S Aspen Technology Ine. 11-7851-0815@®aspentech Vapor Example with Unchoked Shell-Into-Tube Flow ‘The example is based on the following conditions: 30% propane, 70% n-butane using the Aspen Composition HYSYS SRK package for physical properties Upstream conditions 10 psia/ 300 F Normal flowrate 9,000 Ib/h {60 psig set pressure + 10% allowable overpressure = 66 psig ‘Tubes are 14 ga 7/8" tube with an inner diameter of 0.709 in Relief pressure Setting up a stream in Aspen HYSYS at the high-pressure side conditions will yield the following properties: p= 0.7756 [b/it™ Flashing to relief conditions will yield the following properties: k= 1073 Figure 5: Suberitical vapor ‘exchanger tube rupture case calculated in Aspen HYSYS 12 __ Equations and Example Benchmark Caleuations for Emergency Scenario Required Relief Loads ©20%S Aspen Technology inc. 11-7851-0815,@®aspentech The critica flow pressure is calculated using (Eq. 9): 7h 072)-3 Por = 110 psi aa 64.9 psia Since the critical pressure of 64.9 psia is less than the low-pressure side relief pressure of 80.7 psia, flow is not choked and the pressure drops across the break AP= 29.3 psi. The required relief load may be calculated using (Eq, 10) and (Eq, 12): A= 25 (0.709 in)? = 0.7896 in? 1-0317723 - 09156 - 110 444.6(0.7896)(0.9156)y (29.3) (0.7756) = 1,979 Ib/h ‘The results calculated above are compared to results obtained in Aspen HYSYS in Table 5. Variable Units Example Caleulation _[ Aspen HYSYS High Side Pressure (P)) M10 psia 95.3 psig High Side Temperature F 300 300.0 Tube Inside Diameter im 0.709) (0:7090 Co/(Co~R) 1.073 1073 Mass Density (9) lb /te 0.7756 0.7756 Critical Pressure (Pep) 649 psia 50.25 psig Flow Type Suberitical Subcritical Expansion Factor 09156 Required Relieving Flow Ib/h 4979 4978 Bise= Gluten ape Gay= Glave ale Table 5: Comparison of example calculation and Aspen HYSYS calculation for exchanger tube rupture with subcritical vapor flow 3 Equations and Example Benchmark Calculations for Emergency Scenario Required Relief Loads @20%S Aspen Technology inc. 11-7851-0815@®aspentech Vapor Example with Choked Tube-Into-Shell Flow ‘The example is based on the following conditions: 30% propane, 70% n-butane using the Aspen Composition i HYSYS SRK package for physical properties Upstream conditions 275 psia/ 250F {60 psig set pressure + 10% allowable Relief pressure : overpressure = 66 psig, Tubes are 20 ga 1%" tube with an inner diameter af 118 in Setting up a stream in Aspen HYSYS at the high-pressure side conditions will yield the following properties: p= 2.493 b/i? Flashing to relief conditions will yield the following properties: k= 1079 Figure 6: Critica! vapor exchanger tube rupture case calculated in Aspen HYSYS 1A Equations and Example Benchmark Calculations for Emergency Scenario Required Relief Loads ©20%S Aspen Technology inc. 11-7851-0815@®aspentech The critica flow pressure is calculated using (Eq. 9): 079 ‘sor Pope = 275 psia (1.079) +1 = 162.0 psia Since the critical pressure of 162.0 psia is greater than the low-pressure side relief pressure of 80.7 pia, flow is choked and the pressure drops across the break AP = 112.0 psi The required relief load may be calculated using (Eq, 10) and (Eq, 1): © A= 27 (1.18 in)? = 2.187 in*® 113.0 Y= 1-04>-= = 0.8356 w = 1781,7(2.187) (0.8356) J 113.0)(2.493) = 54,650 Ib/h ‘The results calculated above are compared to results obtained in Aspen HYSYS in Table 6. Varisble Units Example Calulaion | Aspen HYSYS High Side Pressure (P;)_ 375 psia 360.3 psig High Side Temperature | F 250 250.0 Tube Inside Diameter in 118 1180 Go/Go~R) 0) 1079) 1079 Mass Density (p) lb/ft 2.493 2.493 Critica Pressure (Pus) 162.0 psia 673 pe Flow Type Erte Critical Expansion Factor 0.8356 Rewuired Relieving Flow | 1b/a 54550 34630 Dues caeinionipit_Gry=coeinecwbe Table 6: Comparison of example calculation and Aspen HYSYS calculation for exchanger tube rupture with ential vapor flow 5 Equations and Example Benchmark Caleuations for Emergency Scenario Required Relief Loads @20%S Aspen Technology ine. 11-7851-0815@®aspentech Liquid Equations Liquid flow is not checked for choking, The flow through the rupture is given by Equation 13 below. Bq.13. = 2407.7CAJBP =p As with vapor cases, for atube-into-shell break, a value of 0.74 is typically used for the orifice coefficient, giving a combined leading coefficient of 1781.7. Fora shell-into-tube break, a value of 0.6 is typically use for the orifice coeticient, giving @ combined leading coefficient of 1444.6, Liquid Example with Tube-Into-Shell Flow ‘The example is based on the following conditions: 35% n-heptane, 25% n-decane, 30% n-C13 Composition using the Aspen HYSYS SRK package for physical properties High-pressure side conditions 740 psia/ 120 F 400 psig set pressure + 10% allowable Relief pressure : overpressure = 440 psig ‘Tubes have an inner diameter of 1375 in Setting up a stream in Aspen HYSYS at the relief conditions will yield the following properties 4423 oft? Figure 7: Liquid exchanger tube rupture case calculated in Aspen HYSYS me ams [ee 16 Equations and Example Benchmark Calculations for Emergency Scenario Required Relief Loads ©20%S Aspen Technology inc. 11-7851-0815,@®aspentech The required relief load may be calculated using (Eq. 13): 1 A= 27 (1.375 in)? = 2.97 in? w = 1781.7(2.97) (740 — 455.3)(44.13) = 593,132 Ib/h, ‘The results calculated above are compared to results obtained in Aspen HYSYS in Table 7. Variable Units Example Calculation _[ Aspen HYSYS High Side Pressure (P)) 740 psia 725.3 psig “Tube Inside Diameter in 1375 1375 Mass Density (9) Ib/ie 443 44313 Required Relieving Flow bya 593132 593,400 Bes Coeunlor pel Gry= Cueiec we Table 7: Comparison of example calculation and Aspen HYSYS calculation for exchanger tube rupture with Jiguid flow Mixed Two-Phase Flow Equations For two-phase flashing flow, the calculation is performed based on a division of the total rupture area inorder to obtain a ratio af mass flows that is equal to the mass fraction vapor ofthe high-pressure= side stream flashed isenthalpicaly to the low-pressure-side relief pressure, The choke condition is. obtained for the vapor and applies to both phases. The downstream critical limit pressure may be calculated using (Ea. 9): 2 ee Here, kis taken at the lon-pressure-s fe relief conditions. Once the critical limit pressure is obtained, the vapor and liquid properties for calculating the required relief load are determined at the greater ofthe critica imit pressure and the low-pressure side relief pressure (high-pressure-side conditions may be used if@ vapor phase exists) ‘The fraction of the total flow area that is assigned to the vapor phase may be computed as shown below, where Cis the orifice coefficient, tyaically 0.6 for shellinto-tube flow or 0.74 for tube-into~ ‘shell low, Vis the vapor expansion coefficient computed using (Eq. 11) or (Eq, 12) as appropriate, APis the pressure drop actoss the tube break subject to the downstream critical limit, p values are the respective phase densities, and xis the vapor mass fraction atthe low-pressure-side pressure ‘subject to the downstream critical limit. 7 Equations and Example Benchmark Caleuations for Emergency Scenario Required Relief Loads ©20%S Aspen Technology inc. 11-7851-0815,@®aspentech Eq.14 Ny = 2404.7CV Pp, Eq.15 NW, = 2404.70 {BP -p xNe Bq 16 f= GIN, FEN ‘Then, the required relief load is calculated as the sum of the vapor and liquid flows, as shown below. EgQ.17 Wy = fo ANy Fq.18 — we=(1- fx) AN Fq.19 wwe tw, Figure 8: Mixed-phase, subcritical ‘exchanger tube rupture case calculated in Aspen HYSYS 18 Equations and Example Benchmark Caleuations for Emergency Scenrio Required Relief Loads ©20%S Aspen Technology inc. 11-7851-0815,@®aspentech Figure 9: Mixed-phase, critical exchanger tube rupture case calculated in Aspen HYSYS == Mixed-Phase Example with Unchoked Tube-Into-Shell Flow ‘The example is based on the following conditions: 35% propane, 40% n-heptane, 25% CCB Composition using the Aspen HYSYS SRK package for physical properties High-pressure side conditions 470 psia / 360 F 250 psig set pressure + 10% allowable lief pressu ‘ele pressure overpressure = 275 psig Tubes are 20 ga 11/4" tube with an inner diameter of 18 in Setting up a stream in Aspen HYSYS at the high-pressure side conditions and performing an isenthalpic flash to relief pressure will yield the following properties: 333.8 F 058 The critica flow pressure is calculated using (Eq. 9): ass, Ysassy-a (059) +1 = 2789 psia Pope = 470 psi 19 Equations and Example Benchmark Caleulations for Emergency Scenario Required Relief Loads @20%S Aspen Technology inc. 11-7851-0815,@®aspentech Since the critical pressure of 278.9 psiais less than the low-pressure side relief prassure of 289.7, psia, flow is not choked and the pressure drop across the break AP = 180.3 psi. Liquid and vapor properties may be obtained in Aspen HYSYS at the high side pressure using the previously-fiashed stream, yielding: y= 28.74 lb/tt™ y= 4529 lo/it? ‘The vapor fraction at relief conditions is: x= 0.2588 The required relief load may be calculated using (Eq. 12) and (Eq. 14) through (Eq, 19): © 7 (118 in)? = 2.187 in? N, = 1781.7(0.8466)y (180.3)(4.529) = 43103 Ne = 1781.7 080.3)(@8.74) = 128255 (0.2588) (128255) 05096 fe > = 28B8)43103) + (O.258B) 12755) Wy = (0.5096) (2.187)(43103) = 48,040 Ib/h We = (1 0,5096)(2.187)(128255) = 137,600 Ib/h W = Wy + we = 185,600 Ib/h ‘The results calculated above are comparec to results obtained in Aspen HYSYS in Table 8. Variable Units Example Calculation | Aspen HYSYS. High Side Pressure (P,) 470 psia 455.3 psig, High Side Temperature F 360) 360.0 Tube Inside Diameter in 18, 1180 Co/(Co~R) 1.059) 11059 Vapor Mass Density (py) __[ Ib/tt” 4529 4529 Liquid Mass Density (p) | ib/#t? 28.74 28.74 Critical Pressure (Pur) 2789 psia 264.3 psig Flow Type Suberitical Expansion Factor (1) 0.8486 ‘Mass Fraction Vapor (®) 0.2588 0.2588 Required Relieving Flow bya 185,600 185,700 Ble= Cileinlon npa__ Gry = Caisitea abe Table 8: Comparison of example calculation and Aspen HYSYS calculation for exchanger tube rupture with subcritical mixed phase flow 20 Equations and Example Benchmark Calculations for Emergency Scenario Required Relief Loads 2015 Aspen Technology Inc. 1-7851-0815@®aspentech Mixed-Phase Example with Choked Shell-Into-Tube Flow The example is based on the following conditions: 35% propane, 40% n-heptane, 25% CCB Composition using the Aspen HYSYS SRK package for physical properties High-pressure side conditions 470 psia / 360 F 150 psig set pressure + 10% allowable 7 ‘ele pressure overpressure = 165 psig Tubes are 20 ga 11/4 tube with an inner diameter of 118 in Setting up a stream in Aspen HYSYS at high-pressure side conditions and performing an isenthalpic flash to relief pressure wil yield the following properties: k= 1061 The critical flow pressure is calculated using (Eq. 9): cos ‘aor Pope = 470 psia = 278.7 psia Since the critical pressure of 278.7 psia exceeds the low-pressure side rele! pressure of 178.7 psia, flow is choked and the pressure drop across the break AP= 191.3 psi. Liquid and vapor properties may be oblained in Aspen HYSYS al the high side pressure using the previously-‘lashed stream, vielding: e= 28.74 Ib/te pe= 4529 bo/ The vapor fraction at the choke condition is: x= 0.2718 21 Equations and Example Benchmark Calculations for Emergency Scenario Required Relief Loads 2015 Aspen Technology nc. 1-7851-0815@®aspentech The required reli load may be calculated using (Ea. 11) and (Eq. 14) through (Eq. 19) © A= 27118 in)? = 2.187 in? 191.3 0317 0.8710 470 Ny = 1444.6(0.8710)y (191.3)(4.529) = 37036 Ne = 1444.69(1913)(28.74) = 107114 (0.2718)(107114) =0271H) 7036) + 27IACoTI O51 Wy = (0.5191)(2.187)(37036) = 42,050 Ib/h (1 — 0.5191) (2.187)(107114) = 112,700 Ib/h. w= wy + we = 154,800 Ib/h ‘The results calculated above are compares to results obtained in Aspen HYSYS in Table 9. Variable Units Example Calculation | Aspen HYSYS. High Side Pressure (P,) 470 psia 455.3 psig, High Side Temperature F 360 360.0 Tube Inside Diameter in 18. 18. Gop R) 1061 1061 Vapor Mass Density (p,) | le/it? 4529 4529 Liquid Mass Density (a) | b/t? 28.74 2874 Critical Pressure (Per) 278.7 psia 264.0 psig Flow Type Critical Choked Flow Expansion Factor (1) osno, ‘Mass Fraction Vapar (x) 0278 02717 Required Relieving Flow l/h 154,800 354,800, ACAD SaaS ERT Table 9: Comparison of example calculation and Aspen HYSYS calculation for exchanger tube rupture with critical mixed phase flow 22 Equations and Example Benchmark Calculations for Emergency Scenario Required Relief Loads 2015 Aspen Technology Inc. 1-7851-0815@®aspentech Hydraulic Expansion Equations For a scenario where heat input causes hydraulic expansion in blocked-in, liquid-ull equipment or process pining, AP Standard 52' gives two equations for calculating the required rele load, ane for U.S, customary units and one for I units” These equations may be combined and written as shown below, where qis the volumetric required relief loadin m*/s or gpm, Nis a dimensional constant with a value of 1000 for SI units or 500 for US. customary urits, ays the cubic expansion coefficient in /K or VR, @is the total heat transfer rate in W or BTU/>, SGis the specific gravity ofthe fluid referenced to water at 60 For 15.6 C (a reference density of 998.9 kg/m or 623 Ib/{t), and Cpis, ‘the fluid heat capacity in /kg-K or BTU/Ib-R wy d 4.20 I~ TSEC, Example The example is based on the following conditions: f= 500,000 keal/h = 2,093,400 ki/h= S815 kW SG= 0.83 0.591 keal/ke-K ATA kS/kg-K | Figure 10: Hydraulic expansion case calculated in Aspen HYSYS 23 Equations and Example Benchmark Caleuations for Emergency Scenario Required Relief Loads @20%S Aspen Technology inc. 11-7851-0815@®aspentech Fire The required relief load is calculated using (Eq. 20), and conwerted to a mass flow rate: (0.0085)(581,500) (0.0085)(581,500) 3 1000(0.63)(2,474) ~ "00317 m'/s 3600s w = 0.00317 m3/sx: Th 0:63)(098.9 kg/m’) = 7182 kg/h ‘The results calculated above are compared to results obtained in Aspen HYSYS in Table 10, Variable Units Example Calculation | Aspen HYSYS. Expansion Coatficient (a | 1/K 0.0085 0.0085 Heat Input Rate (@) 581,500 W 500,000 keal/h Specific Gravity (80) 0.63 0.6299 ‘Mass Heat Capacity (Cp) ATA W/kg-K (0.890 keal/kg-K Required Relieving Flow bf 7182 7198 Bioe= Coleen ape Gry= Gelaed ae Table 10: Comparison of example calculation and Aspen HYSYS caleulation for hydraulic expansion Wetted Fire Equations The required relief load due to vaporization of quid inventory is calculated using equations obtained from API Standard 521! The required relief load is calculated using the following equations shown below, where Qis the rate at which heat is added to the vessel contents in W; Goris @ constant to account for the presence or absence of adequate draining and firefighting, with a value of 43,200 when adequate drainage and firefighting are present ar 70,800 when they are not; Fis an environment factor to account for the presence of fireproof insulation, with a value of 1.0 for a vessel without firepraof insulation; Ays is the exposed wetted surface area of the vessel, subject to certain conditions, in m% Fq.21 Q = CppF Ays Per the standard, for horizontal and vertical vessels, only the portion ofthe liquid inventory within 7.8 m of grade should be considered. For spherical vessels, the portion ofthe liquid inventory “within 7.6 m of grade or up to the maximum horizontal diameter, whichever is greater, should be considered, where wis the required relief load in kg/h and isthe latent heat of the vessel contents, at appropriate relieving conditions in k/eg, Eg.22 w=3.6Q/2 24 Equations and Example Benchmark Calculations for Emergency Scenario Required Relief Loads 2015 Aspen Technology nc. 1-7851-0815(@®aspentech nee oo = BEES Soon = een, Digtm f eames a Senor! asm = (sa) taeratmpene ne asa = acl a eee fae = tari et ee fee = : = } 3 a a hie ak Son ae = oat sn ‘emi carrot ue ‘sienna peas a ia taco ene con 2e fea es be co ® — ||! -felncai ee ee Figure 1 External ie case with a wetted vertical vessel calculated in Aspen HYSYS. 25. Equations and Exarnple Benchmark Calculations for Emergency Scenario Required Relief Loads (©2015 Aspen Technology In. 11-7851-0815,@®aspentech Wetted Fire Example with a Vertical Vessel ‘The example is based on the following conditions: '50% propane, 50% isobutane using the Aspen Composition HYSYS PR package for physical properties Normal aperating conditions 1000 kPaa, 85% vapor 12 barg set pressure + 21% allowable overpressure Relief pressure cera ‘Vertical with exposed bottom head, 3.5 m Vessel diameter, 8 m 1/T height, with 2:1 ellipsoidal heads; 0 m above grade; normal liquid level is 3 ‘Additional fire area 109% to allow for process piping Insulation No fireproof insulation is present Drainage and firefighting ‘Adequate drainage and firefighting are present The latent heat of the liquid at relieving conditions Latent heat is estimated to be 280.8 kl/ke No correction needs to be made to the portion of liquid inventory that is considered, as the normal liquid level is less than 7.6 m above grade. The wetted surface area is computed as shown below. Asnett = 1 D LL = 32.99 m* Anead = 1.084 D? = 13.28 m? Aygs = 1.10%(Asneu + Anead) = 50.9 m* ‘The required relief load is calculated using (Eq. 21) and (Eq. 22): @ = (43200) (1.0)(50.9)°* = 1,084,000 W 1,084,000) = 3.6 (084.000) we Tay = 13,900 kg/h ‘The results calculated above are compared to resuits obtained in Aspen HYSYS in Table 7. 26 Equations and Example Benchmark Calculations for Emergency Scenario Required Relief Loads 2015 Aspen Technology ne. 1-7851-0815(@®aspentech Variable Units Example Calculation _ | Aspen HYSYS Vessel Type Vertical Vertical Bottom Head Included? Yes Yes Vessel Diameter (D) m 35) 3.500 Vessel 7/T Length (L) m 80 8.000 Vessel Liquid Level (LL) m 3.0 3.000 Vessel Elevation Above Grade | = 00 (0.000 ‘Additional Area 10%. 10.00% Environment Factor (FD 10 1.000, Latent Heat @) Kirke 2808 2808 ‘Adequate drainage and Yes Yes firefighting present? Heat Input Area (Aya) co 508) 50.89 Heat Input (@ 3,084,000 W_ 3,901,000 K/h Required Relieving Flow keh 13.900 13,890 Boe = Colelalor npal__ Grays Galeee vale wetted vessel 28 ao Table TT Comparison of example calculation and Aspen HYSYS calculation for external fre an a vertical LLL LL re Stel recose with a wetted horizontal vessel calculated in Aspen HYSYS 27 Equations and Example Benchmark Caleulations for Emergency Scenario Required Relief Loads ©20%S Aspen Technology inc. 11-7851-0815@®aspentech Wetted Fire Example with a Horizontal Vessel ‘The example is based on the following conditions: 50% propane, 50% isobutane using the Aspen HYSYS PR package for physical properties Normal operating conditions 1000 kPaa, 85% vapor Composition ‘12 barg sel pressure + 21% allowable overpressure Relief pressure = 1452 barg Horizontal, 3.5m diameter, 8m /T length, with Vessel 2:1 ellipsoidal heads; 0 m above grade; rormal liquid level is 1.5 m Additional fire area 10% to allow for process piping Insulation No fireproof insulation is present Drainage and firefighting ‘Adequate drainage and firefighting are not present ‘The latent heat ofthe liquid at relieving conditions. is estimated to be 280.8 ki/ke Latent heat ‘The fraction of the total area of the horizontal shell that is wetted may be computed as shown below, r-h 0.454 Asneut = fs ™ DL = 39.97 m? B= /1+ 12(h/D — 05)? = 1.030 A 2x2" |pcn/p 05) +14 028871 @ MeO 5) ad = 2X - 2887 In (SAOMA/P ~ 05) + BY) neaa 8 2-8 Avs = 110% (Asnett + Aneaa) = 57.0 m* ‘The required relie load is calculated using (Eq. 21) and (Eq. 22): @ = (70900)(1.0)(57.0)°8? = 952,000 W_ 4 ¢ (1,952,000) we 2808 5,030 kg/h The results calculated above are compared to results obtained in Aspen HYSYS in Table 12 28 Equations and Example Benchmark Calculations for Emergency Scenario Required Relief Loads 2015 Aspen Technology Inc. 1-7851-0815@®aspentech Variable Units Example Calculation _ | Aspen HYSYS Vessel Type Horizontal Horizontal Vessel Diameter (D) m 35, 3.500 Vessel 1/T Length (L) m 8.0 8.000 Vessel Liquid Level (LL) m 15. 1.500 Vessel Elevation Above Grade | m 2.0 (0.000 Additional Area 10% 10.00% Environment Factor (F) 10 1000) Latent Heat (@) kis. 280.8 2808 ‘Adequate drainage and No No firefighting present? Heat Input Area (Aya) me 570) 5592 Heat Input (@ 952,000 W 6,924,000 ki/h Required Relieving Flow kesh 25,030 24,660 Bie = Glelalon pel Gry= Geee ale Table 12: Comparison of example caleuation and Aspen HYSYS calculation for external fire on a horizontal wetted vessel Wetted Fire Example with a Spherical Vessel ‘The example is based on the following conditions: '50% propane, 0% isobutane using the Aspen Composition HYSYS PR package for physical properties Normal operating conditions 1000 kPaa, 85% vapor Relief pressure 12 barg set pressure + 21% allowable overpressure = 14:52 barg Vessel Spherical, §m diameter ‘Additional fire area 10% to allow for process piping Insulation No fireproof insulation is present Drainage and firelighting ‘Adequate drainage and frelighting are present The latent heat of the liquid at relieving conditions Latent heat is estimated to be 280.8 kJ/kg. Five variations will be considered: 1. [Elevation of 6 m liquid level of 2m Elevation of 6m, liquid level of 3 m Elevation of § m, liquid level of 2m 2 3 4. [Elevation of 5m liquid level of 3m 5 [Elevation of 4m, liquid level of 3m 29° Equations and Example Benchmark Calculations for Emergency Scenario Required Relief Loads 2015 Aspen Technology nc. 11-7851-0815(@®aspentech The wetted area exposed to heat input will be calculated using the equation below. Eq.23 A, Dh lephere The appropriate value for h depends on the variation of the example that we consider. In case 1, the liquid level is above 7,6 m above grade, but below the equator of the vessel, so the full level of 2 mis considered. In case 2, the liquid levelis above 7.6 m above grade and above the equator of the vessel: the equator is higher, so that level of 2.5 m is used. Incase 3, the liquid level is not above 7.6 m above _erade nor above the equator of the vessel, so the full level af 2m is considered. In case 4, the liquid level is above 7.6 m above grade and above the equator of the vessel; 7 m above grade is higher, so a level of (7.6 m -5 m= 2.6 m) is used, Incase 5, the liquid level is below 7,6 m above grade and below the equator of the vessel, so the full level of 3 m is considered, ee Maen es al 1 Stecoecton ey na ped attri wena tame ene an seed ee Figure 13: External fire case with a wetted spherical vessel calculated in Aspen HYSYS 30 Equations and Example Benchmark Calculations for Emergency Scenario Required Relief Loads 2015 Aspen Technology nc. 1-7851-0815@®aspentech The resulting wetted areas are: 1 [Ay=m5)Q) = 314 me Aye=m(5)(25) = 393 mt Ay=MS)Q) = 314m Awe=M5)(26) = 40.8 m* Ay=MG) = ATI ‘The required relief loads are: w= (43200(31.4)°"/(280.8%3.6) = 9,351 kg/h w= (43200(39.3)")(280.8%3.6) = 11,240 kg/h w= (43200(31.4)°"/(280.8%3.6) = 9,351 kg/h w= (43200(40.8)°)(280.8%3.6) = 1,590 kg/h w= (43200(471"(280.8x3.6) = 13,030 kg/h ‘The results calculated above for case 3 are compared to results obtained in Aspen HYSYS in Table 13 Variable Units Example Calculation _[ Aspen HYSYS Vessel Type Spherical Spherical Vessel Diameter (D) m 5.0 5,000 Vessel Liquid Level (LL) a 20 2,000 Vessel Elevation Above Grade | m 40 4,000 Additional Area 0 0.0000%. Environment Factor (F) 10 1000) Latent Heat kifeg. 280.8 2808 ‘Adequate drainage and Yes Yes firefighting present? Heat Input Area (Aya) me 34 3142 Heat Input (@ 729,400 W 2,626,000 ki/h Required Relieving Flow kesh 9.351 9,393 Bioe= Glelalon pet Gry= Geeee ale Table 13: Comparison of example calculation ond Aspen HYSYS calculation for external fire on @ spherical welted vessel 31 Equations and Example Benchmark Calculations for Emergency Scenario Required Relief Loads _@201S Aspen Technology Inc. 1-7851-0815@®aspentech Unwetted Fire Equations ‘The required relief load fora vessel filled with vapor (or vapor-ike supercritical fluid) exposed to a fire are obtained from API Standard 52 The required reli load is calculated using the following equations, where for Equation 24, kis the ideal gos specie heat ratio Gy/(Go- R). Eq. 24 ee 6 = 0.0395 |i ( KFT For Equation 25, Ty s the temperature at the upstream relieving pressure in K, Tais the normal ‘operating temperature in K, and p;/pp isthe ratio of relief to normal operating pressure in kPaa, Pig, Pr Eq.25 7, For Equalion 26, Tis the maximum wall temperature of the vessel in K and Kiyis the coefficient of discharge of the relief valve (a value of 0.975 is typically used for preliminary design calculations). = rts mr 02778 T) | CK, | 1 ‘A minimum value of 182 should be used for F For equation 27, wis the required relief load in kg/h, Mis the molecular weight of the fluid, anc Ais, ‘the vessel area exposed to fire, which is calculated using the same method as the wetted area for 2 liquid-full vessel exposed te fire A hy = 1)" Eq.27 w= 0.2772 mae | 1 Unwetted Fire Example ‘The example is based on the following conditions: 100% water using the Aspen HYSYS NBS Steam Composition P package for physical properties Normal operating conditions 2600 kPaa/ 226.1C 2517 barg set pressure + 10% overpressure = 27.7 Relief pressure barg = 2870 kPaa ‘Maximum wall temperature 866.5 K (from T100 F) Vessel Horizontal, 1016 m diameter, 3m 1/T length, with essel 2:1 ellipsoidal heads; 0 m above grade Additional fire area 15% to allow for process piping 32__ Equations and Example Benchmark Caleulations for Emergency Scenario Required Relief Loads @20%S Aspen Technology inc. 11-7851-0815@®aspentech Relie! temperature is calculated using (Ea. 25): 2870 Ty = Sepp 499-25 = S511 K Flashing the contents at relief pressure and temperature in Aspen HYSYS yields the following properties: k=1210 ‘Then, the required relief load is calculated using (Eq, 24), (Ea, 26), and (Ea, 27) ima 2 tamer ¢ = 0.0395 |(1.210) (aa) = 0.0257 02772 [(866.5 — 551.1)*25 eee = 242.1 (0.0257)(0.975) | 551.1°6506 ‘This value is greater than 182, sono madification is needed to proceed. ea ore Sorte BBaBB & orgie sealet is, tater || ster emo ane co Sane Sime Saeko amo (a) ee Sas sete = | | stone comets =m ' nigh re a ci a var ome ||| Sse neem vain io a ‘Best ace90, oe| ‘re von ol caro ~ me 2. Figure 14: External fire case with an unwetted horizontal vessel calculated in Aspen HYSYS. 33 Equations and Example Benchmark Caleuations for Emergency Scenario Required Relief Loads @20%S Aspen Technology inc. 11-7851-0815,@®aspentech Agneut = MDL = 9.58 m* Aneaas = 2X1.084 D? = 2.24 m? 1.ASX(Asnett + Aneads) = 13.6:m? 13,6(866.5 — 551.1)'25 w = 0.272 RDI TBOD) | CEES SEED _ 50.1 kg/h BSLatisoe The results calculated above are compared to results obtained in Aspen HYSYS in Table 14. Variable Units Example Calculation | Aspen HYSYS Maximum Wall Temperature 365K 59336 Operating Temperature | 2261 Operating Pressure ios 2600 Vessel Type Horizontal Horiontal Vessel Diameter = 1016 1016 Vessel 1/T Length (i) | m 30 3.000 Vessel Elevation Above Grade | m 00 0.000 Adtional Area 15% 15.00% Heat input Area (A = 36 359 ¢ 00257 F 2a2t Required Relieving Flow 7981 7980 = Glas pea oy = OTS Table 14: Comparison of example calculation and Aspen HYSYS calculation for external fire on a horizontal mwa vse In Conclusion Safety is of the highest priority to every process, and ensuring accurate, validated calculations is a key component ofthis work. To view acditional validation papers, access tutorial documents and vvideos, and learn more about the tools AspenTech provides to address process safety work, please Visit the safety page on our company website, today! References 1. American Petrleum Institute, APt Standard $21 6th Ed: Pessurerelievng and Depresurng Systems, Washington DC: AP Publishing Servies, 2018 2. W.Y. Wong, “PRV sizing for exchanger tube rupture," Hydrocarbon Processing, pp. 58-64, February 1992, 3. W.Y. Wong, “Correction to 'PRV sizing for exchanger tube rupture’,” Hydrocarbon Processing, . 44, May 1992. 34. Equations and Example Benchmark Calculations for Emergency Scenario Required Relief Loads 2015 Aspen Technology nc. 1-7851-0815@®aspentech ‘AspenTech isa leading supplier of software that optimizes process manufacturing—for energy, chemicals, engineering and ‘construction, and other industries that manufacture and produce products from a chemical process. With integrated aspenONE* solutions, process manufacturers can implement best practices for optimizing their engineering, manufacturing, and supply chain ‘operations. As a result, AspenTech customers are better able to increase capacity, improve margins, reduce costs, and become more energy efficient. To see how the world's leading process manufacturers rely on AspenTech to achieve their operational ‘excellence goals, visit www.aspentech.com, Worldwide Headquarters ‘Aspen Technology, Inc. 20 Crosby Drive | Bedford, MA 01730 | United States phone: +1-781-221-6400 | fax: +1-781-221-6410 | info@aspentech.com Regional Headquarters, Houston, TX | United States phone: +1-281-584-1000 S80 Paulo | Brazil phone: +55-11-3443-6261 Reading | United Kingdom phone: +44-(0)-1189-226400 Singapore | Republic of Singapore phone: +65-6395-3900 Manama | Bahrain phone: #973-13608-400 For 2 complete list of offices, please visit www.aspentech.com/locations 35- Equations and Example Benchmark Caleuations for Emergency Scenario Required Relief Loads @20%S Aspen Technology Inc. 11-7851-0815