GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

MATTANNUR

(Board of Technical Education, Kerala)

SEMINAR REPORT

ON

MAGNETIC BEARING

SUBMITTED BY

MUHAMMED NAJMAL PK

(Reg. No: 15021433)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

2017-18
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this seminar report titled report MAGNETIC BEARING presented by
MUHAMMED NAJMAL PK Register No.15021433 during the year 2017-2018 the partial fulfillment
of the requirement for the award of Diploma in Mechanical Engineering of the Department of Technical
Education Kerala.

Seminar Co-ordinator Head of Section

Internal Examiner External Examiner

 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the report of the seminar work entitled “MAGNETIC BEARING”
which is being submitted to the Govt. Polytechnic College, Mattannur in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of diploma in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING is a bonafide report of the
work carried out by me. The material contained in this report has not been submitted to any institute for
the award of any degree.

Place: Mattannur MUHAMMED NAJMAL PK

Date: 14/01/2018
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to take this opportunity to extend my sincere thanks to people who helped me to make
this seminar possible. This seminar will be incomplete without mentioning all the people who helped me
to make it real.

Firstly, I would like to thank GOD, almighty, our supreme guide, for bestowing his blessings upon
me in my entire endeavor.
I would like to express my deepest gratitude Mr. SHAREEF HUSSAIN. K.P(Principal GPTC,
Mattannur), Mr.RAJEEVAN.T (Head of Department Mechanical Engg.,Seminar co-ordinator), for the
help rendered by him to prepare and present this seminar in proper way.

Moreover I am very much indebted to Mr.SAMJYOTH KUMAR T.V(Lecturer

Mechanical,ClassTutor)Mr.VINODAN.M(Lecturer,Mechanical),Mr.RAMESAN.K(Lecturer,Mechanical
), Mr.SARATHLAL(Lecturer, Mechanical) for their advice.

I am also indebted to all my friends and classmates who have given valuable suggestion and
encouragement.

MUHAMMED NAJMAL PK
 ABSTRACT
A magnetic bearing is a bearings which supports a
load using magnetic levitation. Magnetic bearings
support moving machinery without physical contact; for
example, they can levitate a rotating shaft and permit
relative motion without friction or wear. They are in
service in such industrial applications as electric power
generation, petroleum refining, machine tool operation
and natural gas pipelines. They are also used in the
Zippe-type centrifuge used for uranium enrichment.
Magnetic bearings are used in turbo molecular pumps
where oil-lubricated bearings are a source of
contamination. Magnetic bearings support the highest
speed of any kind of bearings they have no know
maximum relative speed.
CONTENTS

1.ABSTRACT -1

2.INTRODUCTION -3

3.HISTORY -4

4.TOPIC -5

5.ADVANTAGES -7

6.APPLICATIONS -8

7.CONCLUSION -9

8.REFERENCE -10
 INTRODUCTION
Bearings are essential components of all rotating
machinery. By definition, the bearing is the static part of the
machine (often called the stator) that supports the moving part
(often called the rotor). While air and fluid bearings may be
found in multi-degree-of-freedom ball and socket joint
machines, ball bearings, which allow for pure rotation, are by
far the most popular. They are widely available, cheap, and can
handle very large static loads. However, the most common
failures in rotating machinery are ball - bearing failures. For
example, such a failure may be due to over-stress from
imbalance loads, lubrication thermal breakdown, or lubrication
contamination. Magnetic bearings are an alternative to ball, air,
or fluid bearings. Magnetic bearings are constructed from
permanent magnets (PM), electromagnets (EM), or
combinations of both. Active magnetic bearings (AMB) use
stator mounted electro- magnets and feedback control to
generate forces on the rotor so that it spins without touching the
stator. That is, the magnetic bearing is frictionless! In addition,
feed-back control may actively adjust the system stiffness and
damping characteristics to reduce vibrations caused by rotor
imbalance. The elimination of lubrication, operation in a
vacuum, and the non-contacting nature allows for low-
maintenance, long life-span, high-speed bearings. Furthermore,
advances in power electronics have resulted in AMB's
constructed in compact packages with little external hardware.
In spite of the long list of benefits, magnetic bearings do have
some limitations that traditional bearings do not. The most
fundamental limitations are the electromagnet force saturation
(resulting in limited load capacity) and the force slew-rate
limits.
 HISTORY
The evolution of active magnetic bearings may be traced through the
patents issued in this field. The table below lists several early patents for
active magnetic bearings. Earlier patents for magnetic suspensions can be
found but are excluded here because they consist of assemblies of
permanent magnets of problematic stability per Earnshaw’s Theorem.
Extensive modern work in magnetic bearings has continued at the
University of Virginai in the Rotating Machinery and Controls Industrial
Research Program. The First international Symposium for active
magnetic bearing technology was held in 1988 with the founding of the
International Society of Magnetic Bearings by Prof. Schweitzer, Prof.
Allaire, and Prof. Okada.
In 1987 further improved AMB designs were created in Australia by
E.Croot but these designs were not manufactured due to expensive costs
of production. However, some of those designs have since been used by
Japanese electronics companies, they remain a specialty item: where
extremely high RPM is required. First commercial application of AMB’s
was with turbo machinery. The French company S2M, founded in 1976,
was the first to commercially market AMB’s. Extensive research on
magnetic bearings continues at the University of Virginia in the Rotating
Machinery and Controls Industrial Research Program.
 TOPIC
A magnetic bearing is a bearing which supports a load
using magnet levitation. Magnetic bearings support moving
machinery without physical contact for example they can
levitate a rotating shaft and permit relative motion without
friction or wear. Magnetic bearings support the highest speeds
of any kind of bearing, they have no known maximum relative
speed. Magnetic bearings also used in flywheel energy storage
system.
It is difficult to built a magnetic bearing using permanent
magnets due to the limitations described by Earn shawls theorn
and techniques usingdiamagnetic materials are relatively
undeveloped. As a result most magnetic bearings require
continuous power input and an active control system to hold
system to half the load stable. Because of this complexity, the
magnetic bearings also typically require some king of back-up
bearing in case of power or control system failure.
Two sets of instabilities are very typically present with
magnetic bearings. Firstly attractive magnets give an unstable
static force, decreasing with greater distance and increasing at
close distances secondly since magnetism is a conservative
force, in and of itself it gives little if any damping and
calculations may cause loss of successful suspension if any
driving forces are present, which they very tipically are with the
use of an induction based levitation system present in maglev
technologies such as the Induct race system, magnetic bearing
covid do away with complete control system, magnetic bearings
covid do away with complex control system by using Halbach
Arrays and simple closed loop coils. These systems gain in
simplicity, but are less advantageous when it comes to eddy
current losses. For rotating systems it is possible to use
homopolar magnet design instead of multiple halbach structures,
which reduces losses considerably.
 PRINCIPLE OF ACTIVE MAGNETIC BEARING

The active electromagnetic bearing is the principle

which is actually used most often among the
magnetic suspensions. The figure above explains
the components and the function of a simple
bearing. A sensor measures the displacement of the
rotor from its reference position, a microprocessor
as a controller derives a control signal from the
measurement, a power amplifier transforms this
control signal into a control current, and the control
current generates the magnetic forces within the
actuating magnet in such a way that the rotor
remains in its hovering position. The control law is
responsible for the stability of the hovering state as
well as the stiffness and the damping of such a
suspension.
The active electromagnetic bearing is the
principle which is actually used most often among
the magnetic suspensions. The figure above
explains the components and the function of a
simple bearing. A sensor measurers the
displacement of the rotor from its reference
position, a microprocessor as a controller derives a
control signal from the measurement, a power
amplifier transforms this control signal into a
control current, and the control current generates
the magnetic forces within the actuating magnet in
such a way that the rotor remains in its hovering
position. The control law is responsible for the
stability of the hovering state as well as the
stiffness and the damping of such a suspension.
An Active magnetic bearing (AMB) consists
of an electromagnet assembly, a set of power
amplifiers which supply current to the
electromagnets, a controller and a gap sonsors with
associated electronics to provide the feedback
required to control the position of the rotor within
the gap. These elements are shown in the diagram.
The power amplifiers supply equal bias current to
two pairs of electromagnets on opposite sides of a
rotor. Due to this magnetic repelling force the shaft
do not deviate from its own position. This constant
try – of war is mediated by the controller which off
sets the bias current by equal but opposite
perturbations of current as the rotor deviates by a
small amount from its center position.
The gap sensors are usually inductive in nature
and sense in a differential mode. The power
amplifiers in a modern commercial applications are
solid State devices which operate in a pulse width
modulation (PMW) configuration. The controller is
usually a microprocessor or DSP.
ADVANTAGES OF MAGNETIC BEARINGS
1 Magnetic Bearings are free of contact and can be
utilized in vacuum technologies.

2 Highest speeds are possible even till the ultimate

strength of the rotor.

3 Absence of lubrication seals allows the larger and

stiffer rotor shafts.

4 Absence of mechanical wear results in lower

maintenance costs and longer life of the system.

5 Adaptable stiffness can be used in vibration isolation,

passing critical speeds, robust to external disturbances.

6 More efficiency and effective than ordinary Bearings.

 APPLICATIONS
Magnetic bearing Advantages include very low and
predicatable friction, ability to run without lubrication in
a vaccum magnetic bearings are used in machines such
as compressor, turbines and also generators etc.
Magnetic bearings are also used in high – precision
instruments and to support equipment in a vaccum for
example in Flywheel energy storage systems. A
Flywheel in a vaccum has very low windage losses but
conventional bearings usually fail quickly in a vaccum
due to poor lubrication. Magnetic bearings are also used
to support maglev trains in order to get low noise and
smooth ride by eliminating physical contact surfaces.
Magnetic bearings are also used in Turbonolecular
pumps, Gears, Chains, Conveyors, Smart aero engines,
Turbomachines and also used in electromagnetic
suspension.
Magnetic bearings are also used in industrial machines
such as pumps motors etc. magnetic bearings are also
used in watt – hour meter by electric utilizes to measures
home power consumption.
 CONCLUSION

Magnetic bearings are free of contact so the

maintenance is low and also it is more efficiency
and more effective than ordinary bearing. It is can
also work in high speed. Magnetic bearing has
longer life than ordinary bearing has longer life
than ordinary bearing. It has a wide range of
applications such as turbocharger, flywheel energy
storage system, Aero-engines, Turbo machines,
Gearboxes, etc.
The disadvantage of the magnetic of the magnetic
bearing is cost is high and the size is also higher
than ordinary bearing.
 REFERENCE

www.wikipedia.com

www.howstuff.com

www.youtube.com

www.google.com