Philippine American War (1899-1902)

1. The Philippine–American War (1899–1902) Prepared By: Loro, Carlito Jr. Sanciano,
Mary Grace Presented to: AB History 4
2. 2. TIMELINE May 1, 1898 • Admiral Dewey launches surprise attack against a handful
of Spanish war vessels in Manila Bay. Commander of Spain’s Asian naval fleet
surrenders. May 19, 1898 • President McKinley instructs his cabinet to make preparations
for the occupation the Philippines. June 12, 1898 • Generalissimo Emilio Aguinaldo,
along with other Filipino leaders, sign the Proclamation of Independence.
3. 3. Summer, 1898 • Volunteers soldiers from many Midwestern states enlist to fight
Spanish. • U.S. soldiers defeat Spanish troops in Cuba August 13, 1898 • Volunteers from
the 13th Minnesota take part in invasion of Manila. • Filipino Army (who control
suburbs) kept out of city by U.S. soldiers. • Spanish Commander quickly surrenders
(surrender had been arranged prior to battle, unbeknownst to rank and file soldiers). This
is the final battle of the Spanish American War.
4. 4. September 15, 1898 • The Malolos Congress is convened to lay the legal and
constitutional foundations for what is to become the First Philippine Republic. December
12, 1898 • U.S. and Spanish negotiators sign the Treaty of Paris, officially ending the
Spanish-American War and ceding the Philippines to the U.S. for $20 million. However,
perhaps mindful of the yet unfinished build-up of its ground forces, the U.S. refuses to
dispel Filipino suppositions that the Americans might yet recognize Philippine
independence.
5. 5. January 23, 1899 • Generalissimo Emilio Aguinaldo formally proclaims the
establishment of the First Philippine Republic at Malolos in Bulacan province. February
4, 1899 • U.S. sentries shoot and kill 4 Filipino troops at Santa Mesa bridge. This incident
marks the beginning of the Philippine-American War. Out of a population of about 6
million, Filipinos lost an estimated 400,000 to 600,000 lives in the conflict. American
losses were approximately10,000.
6. 6. February 6, 1899 • With one vote to spare beyond the required two-thirds majority, the
U.S. Senate votes to annex the Philippines. March, 1899 • Protestant missionaries begin
arriving in the Philippines.
7. 7. • Spring & Summer, 1899 • U.S. soldiers, who had volunteered to fight the Spaniards,
become disaffected with the war, horrified that they have been ordered to wage war with
Filipinos. Letters sent to their families back home turn the tide of American sentiment
against the war. Filipino soldiers wage a dogged guerilla war despite a shortage of
weapons, but American troops easily conquer village after village. In the remote
countryside, popular resistance continues. July 4, 1902 • U.S. declares victory in
Philippine-American War. Filipino resistance continues until 1910.
8. 8. October 12, 1899 • Minnesota Governor John Lind, even on the occasion of
welcoming the volunteer soldiers back to Minnesota, offered praise that rang hollow with
the horror of what the men had discovered in their tour of duty: "The mission of the
American volunteer soldier has come to an end. For purposes of conquest he is unfit,
since he carries a conscience as well as a gun. The volunteer soldier has always stood for
self-government, liberty and justice. With your generation he will pass from the stage of
our national life.
9. 9. July 4, 1902 • The war officially ended. However, some groups led by veterans of the
Katipunan continued to battle the American forces. Among those leaders was General
Macario Sacay, a veteran Katipunan member who assumed the presidency of the
proclaimed Tagalog Republic, formed in 1902 after the capture of President Aguinaldo.
10. 10. 1942 • Japan takes control of the Philippines in World War II. October 20, 1944 •
U.S. forces return to the Philippines. MacArthur lands in the island of Leyte. Philippine
government is re-established three days later. July 4, 1946 • The Philippines is granted
political independence by the U.S.
11. 11. Philippine–American War known as the Philippine War of Independence or the
Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano (1899–1902), was an armed conflict between the United
States and Filipino revolutionaries.

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12. 12. On February 4, 1899, an American soldier, Private William Grayson, shot a Filipino
soldier at the bridge of San Juan, Manila. The fatal shot was followed by an immediate
U.S. offensive on the Filipino lines. This marked the beginning of the Philippine-
American War, which lasted for three years until the establishment of the civilian
colonial government of Governor-General William Howard Taft on July 4, 1902. The
timing of the San Juan incident is suspect since it happened only two days before the U.S.
13. 13. Congress was scheduled to ratify the Treaty of Paris on February 6, 1899. Under the
treaty, Spain officially ceded the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico to the United States
in exchange for $20 million. Since the U.S. Congress, like the American public, was
evenly split between the anti-imperialists and pro-annexationists, the treaty was expected
to experience rough sailing when submitted to the Chamber for ratification. The San Juan
incident and the outbreak of the Philippine American War tilted sentiment in favor of
acquiring the Philippines, and thus the treaty was ratified by the U.S. Congress.
14. 14. • Opposition in the United States to the war inspired the founding of the Anti-
Imperialist League on Jun e 15, 1898 • Fighting erupted between U.S. and Filipino
revolutionary forces on February 4, 1899, and quickly escalated into the 1899 Battle of
Manila. • On June 2, 1899, the First Philippine Republic officially declared war against
the United States..
15. 15. Philippine Revolution • On July 7, 1892, Andrés Bonifacio, a warehouseman and
clerk from Manila, established the Katipunan, a revolutionary organization which aimed
to gain independence from Spanish colonial rule by armed revolt. The Katipunan spread
throughout the provinces, and the Philippine Revolution of 1896 was led by its members,
calledKatipuneros. Fighters in Cavite province won early victories. One of the most
influential and popular Cavite leaders was Emilio Aguinaldo, mayor of Cavite El Viejo
(modern- day Kawit), who gained control of much of eastern Cavite. Eventually
Aguinaldo and his faction gained control of the leadership of the movement.
16. 16. Aguinaldo's exile and return Emilio Aguinaldo in the field In 1897, Aguinaldo was
elected president of an insurgent government while the “outmaneuvered” Bonifacio was
executed for treason. Aguinaldo is officially considered the first president of the
Philippines.
17. 17. December 21, 1898, President McKinley issued a Proclamation of Benevolent
assimilation. General Otis delayed its publication until January 4, 1899, then publishing
an amended version edited so as not to convey the meanings of the terms "sovereignty",
"protection", and "right of cessation" which were present in the unabridged version.
18. 18. Aguinaldo wrote retrospectively in 1899 that he had met with U.S. Consuls E.
Spencer Pratt and Rounceville Wildman in Singapore in 1898 between April 22 and 25
and that they persuaded him to again take up the mantle of leadership in the revolution,
with Pratt communicating with Admiral George Dewey (the U.S. Navy's Asiatic
Squadron commander) by telegram, passing assurances from Dewey to Aguinaldo that
the United States -
19. 19. -would at least recognize the independence of the Philippines under the protection of
the United States Navy, and adding that there was no necessity for entering into a formal
written agreement because the word of the Admiral and of the United States Consul were
in fact equivalent to the most solemn pledge that their verbal promises and assurance
would be fulfilled to the letter and were not to be classed with Spanish promises or
Spanish ideas of a man’s word of honor.
20. 20. Aguinaldo reports agreeing to return to the Philippines, travelling from Singapore to
Hong Kong aboard the steamship Malacca, onwards from Hong Kong on American
dispatch-boat McCulloch, and arriving in Cavite on May 19. The Times reports the court
ruling to uphold Mr. Pratt's position that he had "no dealings of a political character" with
Aguinaldo and the book publisher withdrew from publication statements to the contrary.
21. 21. African American soldiers of Troop E, 9th Cavalry Regiment before shipping out to
the Philippines
22. 22. 9th Cavalry soldiers on foot, somewhere in Luzon Island.
23. 23. The U.S. Army viewed its "Buffalo soldiers" as having an extra advantage in fighting
in tropical locations. There was an unfounded belief that African- Americans were
immune to tropical diseases. Based on this belief the U.S. congress authorized the raising

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 of ten regiments of "persons possessing immunity to tropical diseases." These regiments
would later be called "Immune Regiments".
24. 24. Jan. 7, 1900: Battle of Imus, Cavite Province
25. 25. Four soldiers of Company M, 28th Infantry Regiment of US Volunteers. Photo was
taken in 1900. The regiment arrived in the Philippines on Nov. 22 and 23, 1899. It was
commanded by Col. William E. Birkhimer.
26. 26. January 14-15, 1900: Battle of Mt. Bimmuaya in Ilocos Sur the only artillery duel of
the war was fought in Mount Bimmuaya, a summit 1,000 meters above the Cabugao
River, northwest of Cabugao, Ilocos Sur Province. It is a place with an unobstructed view
of the coastal plain from Vigan to Laoag. The Americans -- from the 33rd Infantry
Regiment USV, and the 3rd US Cavalry Regiment - - also employed Gatling guns and
prevailed mainly because their locations were concealed by their use of smokeless
gunpowder so that Filipino aim was wide off the mark.
27. 27. The Battle of Mt. Bimmuaya diverted and delayed US troops from their chase of
President Emilio Aguinaldo as the latter escaped through Abra and the mountain
provinces. After the two-day battle, 28 unidentified fighters from Cabugao were found
buried in unmarked fresh graves in the camposanto (cemetery). General Tinio switched to
guerilla warfare and harassed the American garrisons in the different towns of the Ilocos
for almost 1½ years.
28. 28. January 20, 1900: Americans invade the Bicol Region In early 1900, during their
successful operations in the northern half of Luzon Island, the Americans decided to open
the large hemp ports situated in the southeastern Luzon provinces of Sorsogon, Albay and
Camarines, all in the Bicol region.
29. 29. On January 20, the Americans entered Sorsogon Bay and took possession, without
opposition, of the town of Sorsogon, where Kobbe left a small garrison. They proceeded
to the small hemp ports of Bulan and Donsol, at each of which a company of the 43rd
Infantry was placed. The expedition then sailed through the San Bernardino Strait to
confront the Filipinos at Albay Province. The main street and cathedral in Legaspi, Albay
Province. PHOTO was taken in 1899.
30. 30. Major Paua, Col. Agapito Bonzon On April 26, 1897, then-Major Paua, Col. Agapito
Bonzon and their men attacked and arrested Katipunan Supremo Andres Bonifacio and
his brother Procopio inbarrio Limbon, Indang, Cavite Province; Andres was shot in the
left arm and his other brother, Ciriaco, was killed. Paua jumped and stabbed Andres in
the left side of the neck. From Indang, a half- starved and wounded Bonifacio was carried
by hammock to Naik, Cavite, which had become Emilio Aguinaldo’s headquarters. The
Bonifacio brothers were executed on May 10, 1897. was the only foreigner who signed
the 1897 Biyak-na-Bato Constitution. He was among 36 Filipino rebel leaders who went
in exile to Hong Kong by virtue of the Dec. 14, 1897 Peace Pact of Biyak-na-bato.
31. 31. February 5, 1900: Ambush at Hermosa, Bataan Province On Feb. 5, 1900, a supply
train of Company G, 32nd Infantry Regiment of U.S. Volunteers, was ambushed near
Hermosa, Bataan Province. The 11-man detail was commanded by Sgt. Clarence D.
Wallace. It was sent from Dinalupihan by the Company Commander, Capt. Frank M.
Rumbold, to escort Capt. William H. Cook, regimental assistant surgeon, to Orani. On
arrival, the soldiers would report to the commissary officer for rations, which they were
to escort back to Dinalupihan. It was while on their return trip that the party was
ambushed; 6 Americans were killed. It was one of the deadliest ambuscades of U.S.
troops in the war.
32. 32. Forty-eight hours before this occurrence, detachments of the 32nd Infantry Regiment
scouted the country south of Orani, west to Bagac, north to Dinalupihan, and west to
Olongapo, without finding any trace of Filipino guerillas. Following the ambush, all
American units in the province were directed to exercise extraordinary vigilance on
escort and similar duty.
33. 33. Execution of Filipinos, circa 1900-1901 Four doomed Filipinos --- in leg irons --- are
photographed moments before their execution by hanging, circa 1900-1901
34. 34. The Filipinos were hanged one at a time
35. 35. War in Bohol, March 17, 1900 - Dec. 23, 1901 On March 17, 1900, 200 troops of the
1st Battalion, 44th Infantry Regiment of U.S. Volunteers (USV), led by Maj. Harry C.

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 Hale, arrived in Tagbilaran. Bohol was one of the last major islands in the Philippines to
be invaded by American troops. Bernabe Reyes, "President" of the "Republic of Bohol"
established on June 11, 1899, separate from Emilio Aguinaldo's national government, did
not resist. Major Hale hired and outfitted Pedro Samson to build an insular police force.
In late August, he took off and emerged a week later as the island's leading guerilla.
36. 36. Soldiers of the 44th U.S. Volunteer Infantry Regiment at Tubigon, Bohol, 1900.
Company C of the 44th U.S. Volunteers encountered Samson on Aug. 31, 1900 near
Carmen. The guerillas were armed with bolos, a few antique muskets and "anting-anting"
or amulets. More than 100 guerillas died. The Americans lost only one man.
37. 37. Guerilla Resistance On Mindanao Island, 1900-1902 BATTLE OF CAGAYAN DE
MISAMIS, APRIL 7, 1900. When the Treaty of Paris ended the Spanish- American War
on Dec. 10, 1898, the Spanish governor of Misamis Province turned over his authority to
two Filipinos appointed by Emilio Aguinaldo: Jose Roa, who became the first Filipino
governor of Misamis; and Toribio Chavez, who served as the first Filipino mayor of
Cagayan de Misamis (now Cagayan de Oro City). On Nov. 2, 1929, Misamis Province
was divided into Misamis Occidental and Misamis Oriental.
38. 38. BATTLE OF AGUSAN HILL, MAY 14, 1900. Capt. Walter B. Elliott, CO of
Company I, 40th Infantry Regiment USV, with 80 men proceeded to the village of
Agusan, about 16 kilometers west of Cagayan de Misamis town proper, to dislodge about
500 guerillas who were entrenched on a hill with 200 rifles and shotguns. The attack was
successful; 2 Americans were killed and 3 wounded; the Filipinos suffered 38 killed,
including their commander, Capt. Vicente Roa. The Americans also captured 35
Remington rifles.
39. 39. BATTLE OF MACAHAMBUS GORGE, JUNE 4, 1900. On Macahambus Gorge,
located 14 kilometers south of Cagayan de Misamis (present-day Cagayan de Oro City),
Mindanao Island, Filipino guerillas led by Col. Apolinar Velez routed an American force.
It is the only known major victory of Filipinos over the Americans on Mindanao Island.
Macahambus Gorge
40. 40. April 15, 1900: Battle of Jaro, Leyte The American barracks at Jaro, Leyte, occupied
by a detachment of Company B, 43rd Infantry Regiment of U.S. Volunteers, was
attacked at 4:00 a.m. by about 1,000 Filipino guerillas. The detachment commander was
2Lt. Charles C. Estes. [The Company Commander was Capt. Linwood E. Hanson].
41. 41. April 25, 1900: Marinduque Marinduque was the first island to have American
concentration camps. An American, Andrew Birtle, wrote in 1972: "The pacification of
Marinduque was characterized by extensive devastation and marked one of the earliest
employments of population concentration in the Philippine War, techniques that would
eventually be used on a much larger scale in the two most famous campaigns of the war,
those of Brigadier Generals J. Franklin Bell in Batangas and Jacob H. Smith in Samar."
42. 42. May 5, 1900: General MacArthur becomes VIII Army Corps Commander and
Military Governor of the Philippines On May 5, 1900 Maj. Gen. Arthur C. MacArthur, Jr.
replaced Maj. Gen. Elwell S. Otis as VIII Army Corps Commander and Military
Governor of the Philippines.
43. 43. Oct. 14, 1900: Battle of Ormoc, Leyte Island On Oct. 14, 1900, Company D of the
44th Infantry Regiment USV, commanded by 1Lt Richard W. Buchanan, clashed with
Filipino guerillas in Ormoc, Leyte Island. The Americans suffered no casualties, while
116 Filipinos were killed.
44. 44. June, 1902. Manila. American military rule ends. An American civil government is
established to rule over the American colony of the Philippines.
45. 45. End of our show!!!
46. Blue Eagle Eye • Try to decipher the secret message as you go through each slides. • There
are letters marked in red that you must write down for it will form the secret message
47. 15. INTRODUCTION AND DICTATORIAL GOVERNMENT Aguinaldo was proclaimed the
president of the Philippine Republic in Malolos. Aguinaldo established the Dictatorial
Government in May 1898 to show the capacity of Filipinos for self-government, and a month
later, the Revolutionary Government. Diff. departments were created for the division of
duties of the new government. December 1898 – Treaty of Paris, the United States decided
to take over the Philippines

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48. 16. THE DICTATORIAL GOVERNMENT Aguinaldo decided to establish a Filipino
government in the wake of his military victories. He had a draft of a plan for the
establishment of a revolutionary government, prepared by Mariano Ponce. May 24 1898 –
Aguinaldo issued a decree formally establishing the Dictatorial Government which nullified
the orders issued under the authority of the Biak-na-Bato Republic.
49. 17. TREATMENT OF ENEMY May 29, 1898 – one of Aguinaldo’s 1st acts as a dictator,
urging the people to stop the disgraceful treatment of Spanish prisoners. Aguinaldo issued
another order on June 1, providing that all classes of crimes were to be tried by competent
military tribunals.
50. 18. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE Julian Felipe – composer from Cavite, who
showed the draft of Composition entitled Marcha Filipina Magdalo which was later changed
to Marcha Nacional Filipana. Jose Palma – The Lyrics was adapted from his Poem
Filipinas. June 12, 1898 – proclamation of the independence of the Philippines at Cavite el
Viejo (Kawit). Philippine National Flag – made in HongKong by Marcela Agoncillo, Lorenza
Agoncillo, and Delfina Herboza. Act of Declaration of Independence – prepared by
Ambrosio Riamzares Bautista, signed by 98 people, however was promulgated on August 1.
51. 19. APOLINARIO MABINI “The Sublime Paralytic” Adviser of Aguinaldo, his two titles were
“Dark Chamber of the President” (for those who envied him) and “Brains of the Revolution”.
52. 20. Who is Apolinario Mabini? • Apolinario Mabini was a Filipino political philosopher who
served as the first Philippine Prime Minister. • In history books, he was commonly referred to
as “The Brains of the Revolution” for valiantly trying to stop the American army from taking
over the Philippines. • These actions included rallying the Filipinos and showed deep support
to the media about the revolution. He was also the chief advisor of Emilio Aguinaldo.
53. 21. Basic Background… • Mabini was born on July 23, 1864 in Barangay Talaga in Tanauan,
Batangas. He was the second of eight children of Dionisia Maranan, a vendor in the
Tanauan market, and Inocencio Mabini, a Beggar. • In 1881 Mabini received a scholarship to
go to the Colegio de San Juan de Letran in Manila. A professor there decided to pick on him
because his shabby clothing clearly showed he was poor. Mabini amazed the professor by
answering a series of very difficult questions with ease. • Mabini's mother had wanted him to
take up the priesthood, but his desire to defend the poor made him decide to take up Law
instead. • A year after receiving his Bachilles en Artes with highest honors and the title
Professor of Latin from Letran, he moved on to the University of Santo Tomas, where he
received his law degree in 1894.
54. 22. MALOLOS CONGRESS *Revolutionary Congress at Barasoain, Malolos September 4 -
50 delegates September 10 - 60 delegates Banda Pasig - played the National Anthem Felipe
Buencamino - wrote Aguinaldo's speech Officers: President: Pedro A. Paterno Vice
President: Benito Legarda 1st Secretary: Gregorio Araneta 2nd Secretary: Pablo Ocampo
55. 23. The most important achievements of the Malolos Congress: 1. In September 29, 1898,
ratified the declaration of Philippine independence held at Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898 2.
Passage of a law that allowed the Philippines to borrow P 20 million from banks for
government expenses 3. Establishment of the Universidad Literatura de Filipinas and other
schools 4. Drafting of the Philippine Constitution 5. Declaring war against the United States
on June 12, 1899
56. 24. The Malolos Constitution • Mabini envisioned the Congress to be an advisory body of the
President. • Nevertheless, Mabini submitted his Constitutional Plane of the Philippine
Republic, but Congress, for the second time, overruled him. • With the advice of Cayettano
Arellano, Calderon drew up his plans for a constitution, deriving inspiration from the
constitutions of Mexico, Belgium, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Brazil and France
57. 25. The Constitution - The Malolos Constitution: Some of its characteristics: • anchored in
democratic traditions that ultimately had their roots on American soil. • created a Filipino
State whose government was "popular, representative and responsible" • three distinct
branches: the executive, the legislative and the judicial. • specifically provided for safeguards
against abuses and individual rights not only of the Filipinos, but also the aliens.
58. 26. The Philippine Republic Owing to the objections of Mabini to some provisions of the
constitution, Aguinaldo did not immediately promulgate it. The Congress leaders
compromised with Mabini by agreeing to insert amendments to satisfy the President's
closest adviser. On January 21,1899,Aguinaldo finally promulgated the Constitution. Earlier
on January 2. he formulated his Cabinet as follows: Apolinario Mabini - President of the
Cabinet and Secretary of Foreign Affairs Teodoro Sandico - Secretary of the Interior
Baldomero Aguinaldo - Secretary of War Mariano Trias - Secretary of finance Gracio
Gonzaga - Secretary of Welfare, including Public Instruction, Public Works, Communications,
Agriculture, Industry and Commerence
59. 27. Revolutionary Periodicals El Heraldo de la Revolucion - The revolutionary Government
founded its official organ, whose first number came out on September 29, 1898. La

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 Independencia- edited and partly owned by General Antonio Luna. Its first number came out
on September 3, 1898.
60. 28. Some Great Filipino writers in Spanish and their Pennames: Cecilio Apostol(Catullo)
Jose Palma Rafael Palma(Dapit Hapon) Fernando Ma. Guerrero(Fulvio Gil) Epifanio de Los
Santos(G. Solon) Jose G. Abreu (Kaibigan) Mariano V. Del Rosario (Tito-Tato) Salvador V.
Del Rosario (Juan Tagalo) Rosa Sevilla Florentina Arellano
61. 29. January 23,1899 - Philippine Republic's Inauguration at Malolos Aguinaldo took his oath
of the officer after having been informed that he had been proclaimed President of the
Republic.The Malolos Constitution was read article by article, and the army took its oath of
loyalty before the president Aguinaldo issued a decree granting pardon to all Spanish
prisoners of war who were not members of the Spanish regular army and at the same time,
granting the Spaniards and other aliens the right to engage in business within the limits of
the Republic.
62. 30. Education On October 24, a decree was issued outlining the curriculum of the Burgos
Institute. Higher education was provided for when, in a decree of October 19, 1898,
Aguinaldo created the Literary University of the Philippines. The first appointed president of
the University was Dr. Joaquin Gonzalez. He was succeeded by Dr. Leon Ma. Guerrero, who
delivered the commencement address on September 29, 1899. The University did not live
long, for the conflict with the Americans led its faculty and students to disperse.
63. 31. Diplomatic Activities In order to persuade the foreign Powers to recognize Philippine
independence, Aguinaldo created diplomatic positions abroad. • Subsequently, the
diplomatic agents were appointed:
64. 32. Felipe Agoncillo for the United States… Mariano Ponce & Faustino Lichauco for Antonio
Regidor for
65. 33. Juan Luna and for Pedro Roxas And Eriberto Zarcal for Australia. However, Most of
these diplomatic missions failed partly because of the Treaty of Paris.
66. 34. TREATY OF PARIS The Treaty of Paris was Signed on December 10, 1898. It
provided that Spain would cede the Philippines to the United States in return for 20,000,000
USD from United States for the improvements made in the colony. Which, the United States,
agreed to give the Spaniards the right to commodities to the Philippines for 10 years on the
same terms as those of the United States.
67. 35. Ratification of the Treaty  The Treaty of Paris did not go into effect until after the
American Senate has ratified it. The proponents of of ratification did not command a
majority in the Senate. They believe that the treaty was unfair to the Filipinos.  February 4,
1899 - The unfortunate rupture of Filipino- American hostilities led many opponents of
ratification to vote affirmatively. February 6, 1899 - The treaty was ratified by 2/3 majority.
68. 36. American Propaganda After the ratification, the American propaganda made it appear
that the Filipinos fired the first shots that led to the Filipino-American Hostilities.
Consequently, the American senators voted for the belief that the Filipinos caused the
Rupture of Filipino-American relations. It directed mainly by the instruments of imperialists,
won and thereafter the Philippines became a territory of the United States
69. 1919-1934- Filipinos campaigned for independence and sent twelve independence missions
to America. • 1935- the Commonwealth of the Philippines was finally established. • July 4,
1946- this was the preparatory step to the established of the Third Philippine Republic.
70. 2. o. 1899-1901-It’s was realize for a brief time with the established for the First Philippine
Republic, only to be lost in a war against Americans. oDefeated in a war, the people
accepted American rule, trained in the presence of democracy, assimilated American
political and cultural legacies. But they never ceased to aspire for freedom.
71. 3. • 1907- the Philippine Assembly and the later the Philippine Legislature passed resolution
expressing the Filipino desire for independence. • The Nacionalista Party won every election
because of it’s stirring cry: ”Immediate Complete, and Absolute Independence”.
72. 4. • During the First World War the Filipinos temporarily stopped their independence
campaign and supported the United States against Germany. After the war they resumed
their independence drive with greater vigor. On March 17, 1919, the Philippine Legislature
passed the famous “Declaration of Purposes”, which stated the inflexible desire of the
Filipino people to be free and sovereign. • February 28, 1919- Senate President Quezon, left
Manila to Washington. It consisted of 40 prominent Filipinos representing the political,
educational, and economic elements of the country. The Filipinos were received by
Secretary of War Baker, who extended to them the courtesies of the American nation. They
presented the Filipino case before congress, and them returned home.
73. 5. • President Wilson, in his farewell address to Congress on December 2, 1920,
recommended the granting of Philippine Independence. Unfortunately, the Republican Party
then controlled Congress, so that the recommendation of the outgoing Democratic president
was not heeded.

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74. 6. • The failure of the First Independence Mission did not discourage the Filipino people. In
subsequent years other indepence missions were sent across the Pacific. The Second
mission was sent in 1922, thre third in 1923, the fourth in 1924, the fifth in 1925, the sixth in
1927, the seventh in 1928, the eight in 1930, the ninth in 1931(OSROX MISSION), the tenth
(one-man mission consisting of Benigno Aquino) in 1932,the eleventh in 1933, and the
twelve in November 1933.
75. 7. • The OsRox Mission (1931) was a campaign for self-government and United States
recognition of the independence of the Philippines led by former Senate President Sergio
Osmeña and House Speaker Manuel Roxas. The mission secured the Hare–Hawes–Cutting
Act, which was rejected by the Philippine Legislature and Manuel Quezon. • The OsRox
Mission was the 9th Independence Mission in a series of missions lasting from 1919 to
1933.[1] While the previous missions gave good impressions of the Filipinos in the minds of
Americans, they were marked by misunderstandings among Filipino leaders. The Americans
had mixed opinions on whether to give the Philippines independence; some political leaders
in the US thought that giving the Philippines independence would result in them losing
76. 8. • The OsRox Mission stayed in the US the longest and secured the passage of the Hare–
Hawes–Cutting Act. It would establish the Philippine Commonwealth as a transition
government for 12 years before receiving independence on July 4, 1946.[ It separated the
Philippine Legislature in two "camps", the Antis and the Pros.The Pros were led by Osmeña
and Roxas, who supported the act as they believed it was the best one they could get out of
the US Congress. Senate President Manuel Quezon led the Antis and objected the act due
to its "objectionable features“.]He also believed that the act did not truly grant the Philippines
independence.Aside from granting the Philippines independence, the Hare–Hawes–Cutting
Act also reserved military bases from the US and let American goods into the country for
free. These provisions were seen as controversial.
77. 9. • The Philippine Legislature ended up rejecting the OsRox Mission's work for the following
reasons: 1. The provisions affecting the trade relations between the United States and the
Philippines would seriously imperil the economic, social and political institutions of the
country and might defeat the avowed purpose to secure independence for the Philippines at
the end of the transition period. 2. The immigration clause was objectionable and offensive to
the Filipino people. 3. The powers of the High Commissioner were too indefinite. 4. The
military, naval and other reservations provided for in the act were inconsistent with true
independence, violated dignity and were subject to misunderstanding.
78. 10. • The HHC-act proved to be a disruptive factor in the Philippine politics because it divided
the people into two opposing camps – the Anti’s and the Pro’s. The Anti’s, led by Senate
President Quezon, opposed the act because of it’as objectionable features. The Pro’s,
headed by Senator Osmeña and Speaker Roxas, upheld it on ground that it was the best
independence measure that could be obtained from Congress. • Before the final passage of
the HHC-act, Senate President Quezon, who was in Manila, expressed his objections to the
pending independence legislation. In December 1932, he sent a one-man mission (Aquino)
to Washington with “definite instruction” regarding his objections. Aquino, however, was won
over by Osmeña and Roxas to their side.
79. 11. • The following year Quezon left Manila at head of the eleventh mission. The home-
bound OSROX Mission met the Quezon Mission in Paris. The two missions failed to come to
an understanding. With strained relations, they returned together to Manila. • It eclipsed the
famous Osmeña-Quezon fight in 1921, which split for the first time the Nacionalistas into two
warring factions – the unipersonalistas(Osmeña Wing) and the Colectivistas(Quezon Wing).
On October 17, 1933, the Quezon-controlled Philippine Legislature rejected the HHC-act.
The following month, Quezon himself led the twelfth mission to Washington to secure a
better independence act.
80. 12. • Following a series of conferences with President Franklin D. Roosevelt and various
Congressional Leaders, Quezon was able to win Congress to his side. A new independence
measure, called the Tydings-McDuffie Law (so named after its sponsors Senator Millard E.
Tydings and Representative John McDuffie), was passed and signed by President Roosevelt
on March 24, 1934. It was a revised copy of the spurned HHC act of 1933. The only
difference from the HHC act were the change in the title, the eleminetion of military
reservations, and the modification of certain vague provisions. • July 4, 1946- preparatory
granting of independence.
81. 13. • April 30, 1934 – Senate President Quezon proudly returned to Manila with a copy of the
Tydings-McDuffie Law. • May 1 – The Philippine Legislature accepted the law. • This did not
end the controversy between the Anti’s and the Pro’s, for the latter insisted that the Tydings
– McDuffie Law was the same as the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law. • June 5, 1934-the issue
was presented to the people in the general election. The Pro’s down in defeat. Quezon and
his men surged to power by popular vote. Osmeña and Roxas were reelected to the
Legislature, but they lost their respective positions as President Pro-tempore of the Senate

7
 and Speaker of the House. Quintin Paredes became the Speaker of the House and Jose
Clarin became Senate President Pro-tempore.
82. 14. • The Tydings-McDuffie Law authorized the Philippine Legislature to call a constitutional
convention to draft the Constitution of the Philippines. • May 5, 1934-the Philippine
Legislature passed an act setting the election of 202 delegates to the convention. •
Governor-General Frank Murphy-designated July 10 as the date of election of delegates to
the convention.
83. 15. • Of the 202 delegates the majority were lawyers, including many who had been judges,
legislator, and cabinet men. Others were educators, scholars, writers, physicians, farmers,
business men, labor leaders, and religious ministers. With the exception of a few rich
hacienderosand financers, the delegates were mostly of the middle class.
84. 16. TEODORO SANDIKO (74 YEARS OLD) WENCESLAO VINZONS (25 YEARS OLD)
85. 17. • At 10:30 am in the morning of July 30, 1934- the convention met in inaugural session at
the hall of the House of Representative, Legislative Building, Manila. The Batanes delegates
were delayed in coming to Manila because of the difficulty of transportation. A vast crowd
jamming the Session Hall to witness the opening ceremonies. • The convenmtionb was
formally opened by Senater President Quezon. A solemn invocation over, President Quezon
delivered a short speech, after which he oprdered the calling of the roll of delegates. A
quorum was declared Jose P. Laurel, delegate from Batangas, was chosen temporary
chairman, and he presided over the election of the Convention officers. • The elected officers
of the Convenmtion were Claro M. Recto, president, Ruberto Montinola and Teodoro
Sandiko, first and second vice-president, respectively; Narciso Pimentel, secretary; and
Narciso Diokno, sergeant and arms.
86. 18. • The convention was too unwieldy a body to draft a constitution. It was therefore, divided
into two committees. There were sevebn standing commitees on the organization and the
function of the Convention and forty committees of the constitution. The largest and the most
powerful of these committees was the Sponsorship Committee of 87 members, with
Delegate Filemon Sotto as chairman. • According to the rules adopted by the Convention,
any delegate could submit constitutional proposals. These proposals would be studied by the
pertinent committees which, in turn, would make their reports to the Sponsorship Committee.
87. 19. • After working for sometime over the numerous proposals received from the different
committee, the Sponsorship Committee found out that it could not work fast enough owing to
its large membership. Accordingly, on October 8, 1934, it created a Sub-Committee of Seven
to draft the Constitution. This body was composed of Filemon Sotto (chairman), Manuel A.
Roxas, Norberto Romualdez, Manuel C. Briones, Condrado Benitez, Miguel Cuaderno, and
Vicente Singson Encarnacion, they were called the “seven wise men” by the press. • October
20, 1934- the sub-committee of seven reported the finished draft of the constitution to the
sponsorship committee which, in turn, submitted it to the convention.
88. 20. • January 31, 1935- the convention approved the draft, with certain amendments. •
February 8, 1935- the constitution was approved by the convention by a vote of 177 to 1.
Twenty-two members were absent. One member had died in August 1934. The only
dissenting vote was cast by Delegate Tomas Cabili of Lanao. • The drafting of the
constitution lasted six months- from July 30. 1934 to February 1935, amidst impressive
ceremonies.
89. 1919-1934- Filipinos campaigned for independence and sent twelve independence missions
to America. • 1935- the Commonwealth of the Philippines was finally established. • July 4,
1946- this was the preparatory step to the established of the Third Philippine Republic.
90. 2. o. 1899-1901-It’s was realize for a brief time with the established for the First Philippine
Republic, only to be lost in a war against Americans. oDefeated in a war, the people
accepted American rule, trained in the presence of democracy, assimilated American
political and cultural legacies. But they never ceased to aspire for freedom.
91. 3. • 1907- the Philippine Assembly and the later the Philippine Legislature passed resolution
expressing the Filipino desire for independence. • The Nacionalista Party won every election
because of it’s stirring cry: ”Immediate Complete, and Absolute Independence”.
92. 4. • During the First World War the Filipinos temporarily stopped their independence
campaign and supported the United States against Germany. After the war they resumed
their independence drive with greater vigor. On March 17, 1919, the Philippine Legislature
passed the famous “Declaration of Purposes”, which stated the inflexible desire of the
Filipino people to be free and sovereign. • February 28, 1919- Senate President Quezon, left
Manila to Washington. It consisted of 40 prominent Filipinos representing the political,
educational, and economic elements of the country. The Filipinos were received by
Secretary of War Baker, who extended to them the courtesies of the American nation. They
presented the Filipino case before congress, and them returned home.
93. 5. • President Wilson, in his farewell address to Congress on December 2, 1920,
recommended the granting of Philippine Independence. Unfortunately, the Republican Party

8
 then controlled Congress, so that the recommendation of the outgoing Democratic president
was not heeded.
94. 6. • The failure of the First Independence Mission did not discourage the Filipino people. In
subsequent years other indepence missions were sent across the Pacific. The Second
mission was sent in 1922, thre third in 1923, the fourth in 1924, the fifth in 1925, the sixth in
1927, the seventh in 1928, the eight in 1930, the ninth in 1931(OSROX MISSION), the tenth
(one-man mission consisting of Benigno Aquino) in 1932,the eleventh in 1933, and the
twelve in November 1933.
95. 7. • The OsRox Mission (1931) was a campaign for self-government and United States
recognition of the independence of the Philippines led by former Senate President Sergio
Osmeña and House Speaker Manuel Roxas. The mission secured the Hare–Hawes–Cutting
Act, which was rejected by the Philippine Legislature and Manuel Quezon. • The OsRox
Mission was the 9th Independence Mission in a series of missions lasting from 1919 to
1933.[1] While the previous missions gave good impressions of the Filipinos in the minds of
Americans, they were marked by misunderstandings among Filipino leaders. The Americans
had mixed opinions on whether to give the Philippines independence; some political leaders
in the US thought that giving the Philippines independence would result in them losing
96. 8. • The OsRox Mission stayed in the US the longest and secured the passage of the Hare–
Hawes–Cutting Act. It would establish the Philippine Commonwealth as a transition
government for 12 years before receiving independence on July 4, 1946.[ It separated the
Philippine Legislature in two "camps", the Antis and the Pros.The Pros were led by Osmeña
and Roxas, who supported the act as they believed it was the best one they could get out of
the US Congress. Senate President Manuel Quezon led the Antis and objected the act due
to its "objectionable features“.]He also believed that the act did not truly grant the Philippines
independence.Aside from granting the Philippines independence, the Hare–Hawes–Cutting
Act also reserved military bases from the US and let American goods into the country for
free. These provisions were seen as controversial.
97. 9. • The Philippine Legislature ended up rejecting the OsRox Mission's work for the following
reasons: 1. The provisions affecting the trade relations between the United States and the
Philippines would seriously imperil the economic, social and political institutions of the
country and might defeat the avowed purpose to secure independence for the Philippines at
the end of the transition period. 2. The immigration clause was objectionable and offensive to
the Filipino people. 3. The powers of the High Commissioner were too indefinite. 4. The
military, naval and other reservations provided for in the act were inconsistent with true
independence, violated dignity and were subject to misunderstanding.
98. 10. • The HHC-act proved to be a disruptive factor in the Philippine politics because it divided
the people into two opposing camps – the Anti’s and the Pro’s. The Anti’s, led by Senate
President Quezon, opposed the act because of it’as objectionable features. The Pro’s,
headed by Senator Osmeña and Speaker Roxas, upheld it on ground that it was the best
independence measure that could be obtained from Congress. • Before the final passage of
the HHC-act, Senate President Quezon, who was in Manila, expressed his objections to the
pending independence legislation. In December 1932, he sent a one-man mission (Aquino)
to Washington with “definite instruction” regarding his objections. Aquino, however, was won
over by Osmeña and Roxas to their side.
99. 11. • The following year Quezon left Manila at head of the eleventh mission. The home-
bound OSROX Mission met the Quezon Mission in Paris. The two missions failed to come to
an understanding. With strained relations, they returned together to Manila. • It eclipsed the
famous Osmeña-Quezon fight in 1921, which split for the first time the Nacionalistas into two
warring factions – the unipersonalistas(Osmeña Wing) and the Colectivistas(Quezon Wing).
On October 17, 1933, the Quezon-controlled Philippine Legislature rejected the HHC-act.
The following month, Quezon himself led the twelfth mission to Washington to secure a
better independence act.
100. 12. • Following a series of conferences with President Franklin D. Roosevelt and
various Congressional Leaders, Quezon was able to win Congress to his side. A new
independence measure, called the Tydings-McDuffie Law (so named after its sponsors
Senator Millard E. Tydings and Representative John McDuffie), was passed and signed by
President Roosevelt on March 24, 1934. It was a revised copy of the spurned HHC act of
1933. The only difference from the HHC act were the change in the title, the eleminetion of
military reservations, and the modification of certain vague provisions. • July 4, 1946-
preparatory granting of independence.
101. 13. • April 30, 1934 – Senate President Quezon proudly returned to Manila with a
copy of the Tydings-McDuffie Law. • May 1 – The Philippine Legislature accepted the law. •
This did not end the controversy between the Anti’s and the Pro’s, for the latter insisted that
the Tydings – McDuffie Law was the same as the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Law. • June 5, 1934-
the issue was presented to the people in the general election. The Pro’s down in defeat.

9
 Quezon and his men surged to power by popular vote. Osmeña and Roxas were reelected to
the Legislature, but they lost their respective positions as President Pro-tempore of the
Senate and Speaker of the House. Quintin Paredes became the Speaker of the House and
Jose Clarin became Senate President Pro-tempore.
102. 14. • The Tydings-McDuffie Law authorized the Philippine Legislature to call a
constitutional convention to draft the Constitution of the Philippines. • May 5, 1934-the
Philippine Legislature passed an act setting the election of 202 delegates to the convention. •
Governor-General Frank Murphy-designated July 10 as the date of election of delegates to
the convention.
103. 15. • Of the 202 delegates the majority were lawyers, including many who had been
judges, legislator, and cabinet men. Others were educators, scholars, writers, physicians,
farmers, business men, labor leaders, and religious ministers. With the exception of a few
rich hacienderosand financers, the delegates were mostly of the middle class.
104. 16. TEODORO SANDIKO (74 YEARS OLD) WENCESLAO VINZONS (25 YEARS
OLD)
105. 17. • At 10:30 am in the morning of July 30, 1934- the convention met in inaugural
session at the hall of the House of Representative, Legislative Building, Manila. The Batanes
delegates were delayed in coming to Manila because of the difficulty of transportation. A vast
crowd jamming the Session Hall to witness the opening ceremonies. • The convenmtionb
was formally opened by Senater President Quezon. A solemn invocation over, President
Quezon delivered a short speech, after which he oprdered the calling of the roll of delegates.
A quorum was declared Jose P. Laurel, delegate from Batangas, was chosen temporary
chairman, and he presided over the election of the Convention officers. • The elected officers
of the Convenmtion were Claro M. Recto, president, Ruberto Montinola and Teodoro
Sandiko, first and second vice-president, respectively; Narciso Pimentel, secretary; and
Narciso Diokno, sergeant and arms.
106. 18. • The convention was too unwieldy a body to draft a constitution. It was therefore,
divided into two committees. There were sevebn standing commitees on the organization
and the function of the Convention and forty committees of the constitution. The largest and
the most powerful of these committees was the Sponsorship Committee of 87 members, with
Delegate Filemon Sotto as chairman. • According to the rules adopted by the Convention,
any delegate could submit constitutional proposals. These proposals would be studied by the
pertinent committees which, in turn, would make their reports to the Sponsorship Committee.
107. 19. • After working for sometime over the numerous proposals received from the
different committee, the Sponsorship Committee found out that it could not work fast enough
owing to its large membership. Accordingly, on October 8, 1934, it created a Sub-Committee
of Seven to draft the Constitution. This body was composed of Filemon Sotto (chairman),
Manuel A. Roxas, Norberto Romualdez, Manuel C. Briones, Condrado Benitez, Miguel
Cuaderno, and Vicente Singson Encarnacion, they were called the “seven wise men” by the
press. • October 20, 1934- the sub-committee of seven reported the finished draft of the
constitution to the sponsorship committee which, in turn, submitted it to the convention.
108. 20. • January 31, 1935- the convention approved the draft, with certain amendments.
• February 8, 1935- the constitution was approved by the convention by a vote of 177 to 1.
Twenty-two members were absent. One member had died in August 1934. The only
dissenting vote was cast by Delegate Tomas Cabili of Lanao. • The drafting of the
constitution lasted six months- from July 30. 1934 to February 1935, amidst impressive
ceremonies.
109. Government Democracy 3 Branches  Executive  Legislative  Judiciary
110. 2. Education Public schools were opened up First teachers were called:
Thomasites Medium of Instruction: English Schools Established  University of the
Philippines  Philippine Normal College  Other agricultural schools
111. 3. Religion Protestantism was introduced More or less than 300,000 Filipinos
became protestant There was a separation of the church and state
112. 4. Infrastructure Americans built roads, streets, and bridges The new infrastructure
helped make the movement of products and services more efficient Boulevards, zone
districts, and centers of leisure were also established
113. 5. Entertainment Movies became more popular
114. 6.  New kinds of music were introduced
115. 7.  Filipinos learned to watch and play games
116. 8. Health and Sanitation Filipinos learned the value of cleanliness, proper hygiene,
and healthy practices Hospitals, clinics, and health centers were established including
public hospitals for lepers.
117. 9. Clothing Men: Suits, Polo shirts, ties, and jeans Women: Dresses, High-heeled
shoes, and handbags

10
118. 10. Food
119. 11. Livelihood Philippine Economy improved Increase in Agricultural production
Development of new industries
120. 12. Attitude Filipinos became more frank, and humorous. We developed a
stronger belief in rights “Pagmamano” was replaced by kissing the cheeks of parents and
elders as a sign of respect
121. 13. Language The English language was widely taught all over the country
Filipinos adopted American names
122. 14. Negative Impact of the AmericanColonization Americanization of Filipinos
123. 15.  Colonial Mentality
124. 16.  Respectful Filipino ways of greeting were replaced by merely saying “hi” or
“hello” Hi
125. 17.  Filipinos started to prefer white-collar jobs
126. 18.  Traditional Filipino food was replaced
127. 19.  Lost our sense of “bayanihan”
128. 20.  In summary, we seemed to reject our own identity.
129. 21. How were the Americans able toinfluence us? Education BeAmericanized.
We’re better than you!

11