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En Wikipedia Org Wiki Aviation
Aviation
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Aviation is the practical aspect or art of aeronautics, Part of a series on
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About Wikipedia being the design, development, production,
Transport
Community portal Modes
operation, and use of aircraft, especially heavier-
Recent changes Animal-powered · Aviation · Cable ·
than-air aircraft. The word "aviation" was coined by
Contact page Human-powered · Land · Pipeline · Rail · Road
French writer and former naval officer Gabriel La · Ship · Space ·
Tools Landelle in 1873, from the verb "avier" (synonymous Topics
Print/export flying), itself derived from the Latin word "avis" ("bird") History (Timeline) · Outline ·
Languages
and the suffix "-ation".[1] Transport portal
اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ V· T · E ·
Contents [hide]
Azərbaycanca
1 History
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বাংলা 1 History
Bân-lâm-gú 1.1 Early beginnings
Български 1.2 Lighter than air
Bosanski 1.3 Heavier than air
Català
2 Operations of aircraft
Чӑвашла
2.1 Civil aviation
Čeština
2.1.1 Air transport
Cymraeg
Dansk
2.1.2 General aviation
Deutsch 2.2 Military aviation
Eesti 2.2.1 Types of military aviation
Ελληνικά 2.3 Air safety
Español 3 Aviation accidents and incidents
Esperanto
4 Air traffic control
ﻓﺎرﺳﯽ
5 Environmental impact
Français
Galego 6 See also
한국어 7 Notes
हद 8 External links
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano History [edit]
עברית
Main article: History of aviation
Қазақша
Latgaļu
Latina
Early beginnings [edit]
Latviešu Many cultures have built devices that travel through the air, from the earliest projectiles such as
Lietuvių
stones and spears,[2][3] the boomerang in Australia, the hot air Kongming lantern, and kites. There
Magyar
are early legends of human flight such as the story of Icarus, and Jamshid in Persian myth, and
Монгол
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Монгол
Nederlands later, somewhat more credible claims of short-distance human flights appear, such as the flying
日本語 automaton of Archytas of Tarentum (428–347 BC),[4] the winged flights of Abbas Ibn Firnas (810–
Norsk bokmål 887), Eilmer of Malmesbury (11th century), and the hot-air Passarola of Bartolomeu Lourenço de
Polski Gusmão (1685–1724).
Português
Română Lighter than air [edit]
Русский
Scots The modern age of aviation began with the first untethered
Shqip human lighter-than-air flight on November 21, 1783 of a
Sicilianu hot air balloon designed by the Montgolfier brothers. The
Simple English practicality of balloons was limited because they could only
Slovenčina
travel downwind. It was immediately recognized that a
Slovenščina
steerable, or dirigible, balloon was required. Jean-Pierre
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / Blanchard flew the first human-powered dirigible in 1784
српскохрватски and crossed the English Channel in one in 1785.
Suomi
rigid airships became the first aircraft to transport LZ 129 Hindenburg at Lakehurst
Svenska Naval Air Station, 1936
த passengers and cargo over great distances. The best
Türkçe known aircraft of this type were manufactured by the
Türkmençe German Zeppelin company.
Українська
اردو The most successful Zeppelin was the Graf Zeppelin. It flew over one million miles, including an
Tiếng Việt around-the-world flight in August 1929. However, the dominance of the Zeppelins over the
粵語 airplanes of that period, which had a range of only a few hundred miles, was diminishing as
Žemaitėška airplane design advanced. The "Golden Age" of the airships ended on May 6, 1937 when the
中文
Hindenburg caught fire, killing 36 people. The cause of the Hindenburg accident was initially
Edit links
blamed on the use of hydrogen instead of helium as the lift gas. An internal investigation by the
manufacturer revealed the coating used to protect the covering material over the frame was highly
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flammable and allowed static electricity to build up in the airship.[5] Changes to the coating
formulation reduced the risk of further Hindenburg type accidents.Although there have been
periodic initiatives to revive their use, airships have seen only niche application since that time.
However, the most widely accepted date is December 17, 1903 by the Wright brothers. The Wright
brothers were the first to fly in a powered and controlled aircraft. Previous flights were gliders
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(control but no power) or free flight (power but no control), but the Wright brothers combined both,
setting the new standard in aviation records. Following this, the widespread adoption of ailerons
rather than wing warping made aircraft much easier to control, and only a decade later, at the start
of World War I, heavier-than-air powered aircraft had become practical for reconnaissance,
artillery spotting, and even attacks against ground positions.
Aircraft began to transport people and cargo as designs grew larger and more reliable. The Wright
brothers took aloft the first passenger, Charles Furnas, one of their mechanics, on May 14,
1908.[13][14]
During the 1920s and 1930s great progress was made in the field of aviation, including the first
transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown in 1919, Charles Lindbergh's solo transatlantic flight in
1927, and Charles Kingsford Smith's transpacific flight the following year. One of the most
successful designs of this period was the Douglas DC-3, which became the first airliner to be
profitable carrying passengers exclusively, starting the modern era of passenger airline service. By
the beginning of World War II, many towns and cities had built airports, and there were numerous
qualified pilots available. The war brought many innovations to aviation, including the first jet
aircraft and the first liquid-fueled rockets.
Since the 1960s composite material airframes and quieter, more efficient engines have become
available, and Concorde provided supersonic passenger service for more than two decades, but
the most important lasting innovations have taken place in instrumentation and control. The arrival
of solid-state electronics, the Global Positioning System, satellite communications, and increasingly
small and powerful computers and LED displays, have dramatically changed the cockpits of
airliners and, increasingly, of smaller aircraft as well. Pilots can navigate much more accurately
and view terrain, obstructions, and other nearby aircraft on a map or through synthetic vision,
even at night or in low visibility.
On June 21, 2004, SpaceShipOne became the first privately funded aircraft to make a spaceflight,
opening the possibility of an aviation market capable of leaving the Earth's atmosphere.
Meanwhile, flying prototypes of aircraft powered by alternative fuels, such as ethanol, electricity,
and even solar energy, are becoming more common.
Civil aviation includes all non-military flying, both general aviation and scheduled air transport.
Until the 1970s, most major airlines were flag carriers, sponsored by their governments and heavily
protected from competition. Since then, open skies agreements have resulted in increased
competition and choice for consumers, coupled with falling prices for airlines. The combination of
high fuel prices, low fares, high salaries, and crises such as the September 11, 2001 attacks and
the SARS epidemic have driven many older airlines to government-bailouts, bankruptcy or
mergers. At the same time, low-cost carriers such as Ryanair, Southwest and Westjet have
flourished.
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General aviation includes all non-scheduled civil flying,
both private and commercial. General aviation may include
business flights, air charter, private aviation, flight training,
ballooning, parachuting, gliding, hang gliding, aerial
photography, foot-launched powered hang gliders, air
ambulance, crop dusting, charter flights, traffic reporting,
police air patrols and forest fire fighting.
Each country regulates aviation differently, but general 1947 Cessna 120
The largest aircraft to be built, to date, is the Antonov An-225. This aircraft comes from the
Ukraine, and it was built back in the 1980s. This aircraft includes 6 engines, mounted on the wing.
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Its wingspan is 88 metres (289 feet) and it is 84 metres long (276 feet). This aircraft holds the
world payload record, after it transported 428,834 pounds worth of goods. Weighing in at 1.4
million pounds, it is also the heaviest aircraft to be built.[16]
Simple balloons were used as surveillance aircraft as early as the 18th century. Over the years,
military aircraft have been built to meet ever increasing capability requirements. Manufacturers of
military aircraft compete for contracts to supply their government's arsenal. Aircraft are selected
based on factors like cost, performance, and the speed of production.
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could affect the safety of operations.[19]
An accident in which the damage to the aircraft is such that it must be written off, or in which the
plane is destroyed is called a hull loss accident.[19]
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ATC is especially important for aircraft flying under instrument flight rules (IFR), where they may be
in weather conditions that do not allow the pilots to see other aircraft. However, in very high-traffic
areas, especially near major airports, aircraft flying under visual flight rules (VFR) are also
required to follow instructions from ATC.
In addition to separation from other aircraft, ATC may provide weather advisories, terrain
separation, navigation assistance, and other services to pilots, depending on their workload.
ATC do not control all flights. The majority of VFR flights in North America are not required to talk
to ATC (unless they are passing through a busy terminal area or using a major airport), and in
many areas, such as northern Canada and low altitude in northern Scotland, Air traffic control
services are not available even for IFR flights at lower altitudes.
Like all activities involving combustion, operating powered aircraft (from airliners to hot air
balloons) release soot and other pollutants into the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases such as
carbon dioxide (CO2) are also produced. In addition, there are environmental impacts specific to
aviation:
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5. ^ De Angelis, Gina (2001). The Hindenburg. Philadelphia:
Chelsea House Publishers. pp. 87–101. ISBN 0-7910-
5272-9.
6. ^ "Aviation History" . Retrieved 2009-07-26.
7. ^ "Sir George Carley (British Inventor and Scientist)" .
Britannica. Retrieved 2009-07-26. "English pioneer of
aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and
designer of the first successful glider to carry a human
being aloft."
8. ^ Encyclopedia Britannica : Clément Ader
9. ^ Carroll Gray, "Clement Ader 1841 – 1925"
10. ^ European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company
EADS N.V.: Eole/Clément Ader"
11. ^ Gibbs-Smith, C. H., Aviation. London, NMSO 2003, p.
75.
12. ^ L'homme, l'air et l'espace, p. 96
13. ^ Tom D. Crouch (August 29, 2008). "1908: The Year the
Airplane Went Public" . Air & Space/Smithsonian.
Retrieved August 21, 2012.
14. ^ "This Month in Exploration: May" . NASA. Retrieved
August 21, 2012.
15. ^ Kingsbury, Kathleen (October 11, 2007). "Eyes on the
Skies" . Time. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
16. ^ http://biggeststuff.com/biggest-aircraft-in-the-world/
17. ^ The Investigation Process Research Resource Site.
"International Investigation Standards" . Retrieved 7
May 2012.
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18. ^ About.com Inventors. "Wright Brothers – First Fatal
Airplane Crash in 1908" . Retrieved 7 May 2012.
19. ^ a b AirSafe.com. "Definitions of Key Terms Used by
AirSafe.com" . Retrieved 7 May 2012.
20. ^ Aviation and the Global Atmosphere (IPCC)
21. ^ Lin, X.; Trainer, M. and Liu, S.C., (1988). "On the
nonlinearity of the tropospheric ozone production.".
Journal of Geophysical Research 93 (D12): 15879–
15888. Bibcode:1988JGR....9315879L .
doi:10.1029/JD093iD12p15879 .
22. ^ Grewe, V.; D. Brunner; M. Dameris; J. L. Grenfell; R.
Hein; D. Shindell; J. Staehelin (July 2001). "Origin and
variability of upper tropospheric nitrogen oxides and
ozone at northern mid-latitudes" . Atmospheric
Environment 35 (20): 3421–3433. doi:10.1016/S1352-
2310(01)00134-0 . Retrieved 2007-11-20.
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