ULTRASONIC BLIND WALKING STICK

A Mini Project Report

Submitted to

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

GUDLAVALLERU ENGINEERING COLLEGE

In partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
In
Electronics and Communication Engineering
By

T.MAHESWARI-15481A04M3

S.SAI REDDY-15481A04J7

V.UMA SANKAR-15481A04N3

B.PRADEEP KUMAR-16481A0448

Under the Guidance of

P.SUDHAKAR RAO

Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

GUDLAVALLERU ENGINEERING COLLEGE

SESHADRI RAO KNOWLEDGE VILLAGE

GUDLAVALLERU – 521356

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the mini project report entitled “ULTRASONIC BLIND WALKING
STICK” is a bonafied record of work carried out by T. MAHESWARI (15481A04M3), S. SAI
REDDY(15481A04J7),V.UMA SANKAR(15481A04N3),B.PRADEEP KUMAR(16481A0448)
under my guidance and supervision in partial fulfillment of the requirements, for the award of the
degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering.

Signature of Guide Head of the department

 Acknowledgement

We are very glad to express our deep sense of gratitude to P.SUDHAKAR RAO,
Associate. Professor, Electronics and Communication Engineering for guidance and
cooperation for completing this project. We convey our heartfelt thanks to him for his inspiring
assistance till the end of our project.

We convey our sincere and indebted thanks to our beloved Head of the Department
Dr. K.V.D.PRASAD for his encouragement and help for completing our project
successfully.

We also extend our gratitude to our Principal Dr .P. RAVINDRA BABU for the support
and for providing facilities required for the completion of our project.

We impart our heartfelt gratitude to all the Lab Technicians for helping us in all aspects
related to our project.

We thank our friends and all others who rendered their help directly and indirectly to
complete our project.

T. MAHESWARI (15481A04M3)

S.SAI REDDY (15481A04J7)

V.UMA SANKAR(15481A04N3)

B.PRADEEP KUMAR(16481A0448)
 CONTENTS

ULTRA SONIC BLIND WALKING STICK PAGE NO

ABSTRACT

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Over view
1.2 Motivation and Problem statement

Chapter 2
REQUIREMENTS OF THE PROJECT
2.1 Keywords
2.2 components List

Chapter 3
3 HARDWARE DESCRIPTIONS
3.1 Ultrasonic Sensor
3.2 Water Sensor
3.3 Arduino Uno
3.4 Buzzer
3.5 Vibration Motor

Chapter 4
4.1 circuit diagram
4.2 working

Chapter 5
5.1 Applications
5.2 Advantages
5.3 Disadvantages

Chapter 6
6.1 Software simulation result
6.2 Hardware result

Chapter 7
7.1Conclusion
7.2 references

ABSTRACT

Independence is the building methodology in achieving dreams, goals and objectives in life.
Visually impaired persons find themselves challenging to go out independently. There are
millions of visually impaired or blind people in this world who are always in need of helping
hands. For many years the white cane became a well-known attribute to blind person's navigation
and later efforts have been made to improve the cane by adding remote sensor. Blind people
have big problem when they walk on the street or stairs using white cane, but they have sharp
haptic sensitivity. The electronic walking stick will help the blind person by providing more
convenient means of life. The main aim of this Mini project is to contribute our knowledge and
services to the people of blind and disable society.

The Scheme of the project is to make visually challenged people to navigate with easy using
advanced Technology.

Blind stick is an innovative stick designed for visually disabled people for improved navigation.
The Blind stick is integrated with ultrasonic sensor along with water sensor. As per our
convenience, distance can be set in the module . If the person is deaf too, then the stick will
vibrate at the handle using vibrating sensor.

Thus this system is used as third eye for the blind people. This stick gives confidence to
the blind people and makes them equal to common man

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview:
 As increase in the technology in the world using the electronic equipments are being used
in a wrong way like, in the examination halls and confidential rooms. To avoid this we are
introducing a project called MOBILE -DETECTOR

This handy, pocket-size mobile transmission detector or sniffer can sense the presence of an
activated mobile cell phone from a distance of one and-a-half meters. So it can be used to
prevent use of mobile phones in examination halls, confidential rooms, etc. It is also useful for
detecting the use of mobile phone for Spying and unauthorized video transmission. The circuit
can detect the incoming and outgoing calls, SMS and video transmission even if the mobile
phone is kept in the silent mode. The moment the Bug detects RF transmission signal from an
activated mobile phone, it starts sounding a beep alarm and the LED blinks. The alarm continues
until the signal transmission ceases.

1.2 Motivation and Problem Statement:

Visually impaired individuals will face many difficulties and one of the common difficulties is when
they involve in self-navigating at an environment which is strange for them. In fact, physical
movement is one of the biggest challenges for them. Besides that, while they travel around or
walking at a crowded corridor, it may pose great difficulty. One of the existing problems for visually
impaired individuals to travel in a corridor is that they cannot detect either they need to turn left or
turn right when reached to the end of the corridor by using only the walking stick. According to Said
M.F [7], to walk at the corridor, the visually impaired individuals must find the border of the
sidewalk at the corridor and then use their walking stick to define their current location. The reason
why the visually impaired individuals do that is because they cannot forecast the obstacle which is
far from them while they only can use the walking stick to detect the area around them
To avoid this problem, the ULTRASONIC BLIND WALKING STICK is introduced

1.4 Organization of the project:

Chapter 1 deals with the overview and problem statement.
Chapter 2 deals with the explanation of main keywords of the requirements.

Chapter 3 deals with the hardware descriptions of the project.

Chapter 4 deals with the proposed system and circuit diagram.

Chapter 5 deals with applications and advantages of the project.

Chapter 6 deals with the simulated and hard ware results.

Chapter 7 deals with conclusion of the project.

Chapter 2
2.3 KEY WORDS:

 Ultrasonic
 Water sensor
Hardware components:

 Arduino Uno
 Ultrasonic sensor
 Water sensor
  Printed Circuit Board(PCB)
 Buzzer
 Vibration motor
 Jumper wires
 9V BATTERY

Software used for simulation: Aurdino Uno

Chapter 3

3 HARDWARE DESCRIPTIONS

3.1 ULTRASONIC SENSOR

Water Sensor:

A water detector is an electronic device that is designed to detect the presence of

water and provide an alert in time .

CHAPTER 4

Block diagram:
Circuit diagram:
WORKING

Mobile phone uses RF with a wavelength of 30cm at 872 to 2170 MHz. That is the signal is high
frequency with huge energy. When the mobile phone is active, it transmits the signal in the form
of sine wave which passes through the space. The encoded audio/video signal contains
electromagnetic radiation which is picked up by the receiver in the base station. Mobile phone
system is referred to as “Cellular Telephone system” because the coverage area is divided into
“cells” each of which has a base station. The transmitter power of the modern 2G antenna in the
base station is 20-100 watts.

When a GSM (Global System of Mobile communication) digital phone is transmitting,

the signal is time shared with 7 other users. That is at any one second, each of the 8 users on the
same frequency is allotted 1/8 of the time and the signal is reconstituted by the receiver to form
the speech. Peak power output of a mobile phone corresponds to 2 watts with an average of 250
milli watts of continuous power. Each handset with in a ‘cell’ is allotted a particular frequency
for its use. The mobile phone transmits short signals at regular intervals to register its availability
to the nearest base station. The network data base stores the information transmitted by the
mobile phone. If the mobile phone moves from one cell to another, it will keep the connection
with the base station having strongest transmission. Mobile phone always tries to make
connection with the available base station. That is why, the back light of the phone turns on
intermittently while traveling. This will cause severe battery drain. So in long journeys, battery
will flat within a few hours.

AM Radio uses frequencies between 180 kHz and 1.6 MHz, FM radio uses 88 to 180 MHz, TV
uses 470 to 854 MHz. Waves at higher frequencies but within the RF region is called Micro
waves. Mobile phone uses high frequency RF wave in the micro wave region carrying huge
amount of electromagnetic energy. That is why burning sensation develops in the ear if the
mobile is used for a long period. Just like a micro wave oven, mobile phone is ‘cooking’ the
tissues in the ear. RF radiation from the phone causes oscillation of polar molecules like water in
the tissues. This generates heat through friction just like the principle of microwave oven. The
strongest radiation from the mobile phone is about 2 watts which can make connection with a
base station located 2 to 3 km away.

How the circuit works?

Ordinary LC (Coil-Capacitor) circuits are used to detect low frequency radiation in the
AM and FM bands. The tuned tank circuit having a coil and a variable capacitor retrieve the
signal from the carrier wave. But such LC circuits cannot detect high frequency waves near the
microwave region. Hence in the circuit, a capacitor is used to detect RF from mobile phone
considering that, a capacitor can store energy even from an outside source and oscillate like LC
circuit.

R5 100R
BUZZER

R1 3.9 M IC1 LED

Red
CA 3130
7
3 R4 100 R
6 +
C
IC1
0.22 UF 2 9 V Battery
4
R2
C1
100K R3 1 M C2
100 0.1
UF
25V
Use of capacitor
A capacitor has two electrodes separated by a ‘dielectric’ like paper, mica etc. The non
polarized disc capacitor is used to pass AC and not DC. Capacitor can store energy and pass AC
signals during discharge. 0.22µF capacitor is selected because it is a low value one and has large
surface area to accept energy from the mobile radiation. To detect the signal, the sensor part
should be like an aerial. So the capacitor is arranged as a mini loop aerial (similar to the dipole
antenna used in TV).In short with this arrangement, the capacitor works like an air core coil with
ability to oscillate and discharge current.

How the capacitor senses RF?

One lead of the capacitor gets DC from the positive rail and the other lead goes to the
negative input of IC1. So the capacitor gets energy for storage. This energy is applied to the
inputs of IC1 so that the inputs of IC are almost balanced with 1.4 volts. In this state output is
zero. But at any time IC can give a high output if a small current is induced to its inputs. There a
natural electromagnetic field around the capacitor caused by the 50Hz from electrical wiring.
When the mobile phone radiates high energy pulsations, capacitor oscillates and release energy
in the inputs of IC. This oscillation is indicated by the flashing of the LED and beeping of
Buzzer. In short, capacitor carries energy and is in an electromagnetic field. So a slight change in
field caused by the RF from phone will disturb the field and forces the capacitor to release ene
 CHAPTER- 5

5.1 APPLICATIONS: It is useful where mobile phones are prohibited like

 Hospitals
 Examination halls
 Gas stations
 Court of laws
 Religious places
 Military bases
 Petrol pumps
  Conferences
 Historical places
 Embassies
 Theatres
 Spying and unauthorized video transmission

5.2 ADVANTAGES:

 Smaller in size
 Detection of hidden mobiles

5.3 LIMITATIONS:

 The device is sensitive even channelize other RF signals belonging to other devices
other than mobile phones like radios.
 The presence of this device would jam the signals of other devices due to fluctuations.
 Chapter 6
RESULT:

6.1 Software simulation result:

6.2 Hardware result:
 CHAPTER 7

7.1 CONCLUSION:
 By designing and simulating this circuit we can prevent mobile
phones in Examination halls, confidential rooms.

7.2 REFERENCES

 www.electroschematics.com
 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.org
 www.electronicshub.com