“…arguing against globalization is like arguing against the law of gravity” (Annan, 2000).

 RECAP: GLOBALIZATION
 “ Refers to the processes whereby social relations acquire relatively distanceless and
borderless qualities, so that human lives are increasingly played out in a world as a
single place” (Baylis and Smith 1997).
 As a process, globalization has led to the intensification of the worldwide social relation
and has linked the distant localities in such a way that local happening are shaped by
the events occurring miles away and vice versa (Giddens 1990).
 On one hand, some globalization theorists have described globalization as a
“condition.” On the other hand, other theorists have described it as a “phenomenon,”
others, a “stage” or “phase,” others still a “discourse,” an “ideology,” or “a series of
waves. Indeed, the most common depiction of the nature of globalization is that it is
one “process,” or many “processes” (Singh 2008).

- Based from the finding of the World Economic Forum’s extensive poll on global
public opinion on globalization, carried out by the Canadian polling firm
Environics International, anti-globalization sentiments are more prevalent in the
developed countries of the North while on the
South, developing countries see globalization as a positive force (Bhagwati 2004).

 PRO-GLOBALIST VS. ANTI-GLOBALIST DEBATE

 Pro-Globalist
Contemporary globalization (globalism/ pro-globalization) has had evidently
important positive impacts with respect to communications, decentralization of power,
economic efficiency and the range of available products (Schölte 2000). Proponents of
globalization, such as libertarians and other advocates of Laissez-faire capitalism, see
globalization as the beneficial spread of liberty and capitalism. Leading pro-globalist,
Jeffrey Sachs said, 'One of the ironies of the recent success of globalization in India
and China is the fear that success in these two countries comes at the expense of the
United States. These fears are fundamentally wrong, even dangerous. They are wrong
 because the world is not a zero-sum struggle but rather is a positive-sum opportunity
in which improving technologies and skills can raise living standards around the world'
(Sachs 2005).

 Anti-Globalist
 Neo-liberal policies towards globalization have had many negative consequences
in regard to increased ecological degradation, persistent global poverty, worst
working conditions, cultural violence, widened arbitrary and economic inequalities
between elites and peoples below poverty line (BPL), deterioration of the
environment, widened gap between North (developed) and South (developing -
third world) blocks of states, international terrorism (especially post 9/1 1 events
and US War on Terror) and deepened democratic deficits. These claims can be
covered under the title of "Anti-globalization" (Mundialism): a term used to
describe the political stance of people and groups who oppose neo-liberal
policies of unfettered globalization. Moreover 'Naomi Klein, a radical Canadian
journalist argues, in her book 'No Logo: No Space, No Choice, No jobs' that anti-
globalism can denote either a single social movement or an umbrella term that
encompasses a number of separate social movements' (UNESCO Report 2005).
World renowned radical scholar, 'Noam Chomski explores, "In the technical sense,
'globalization' defined by the powerful, they are described as 'anti-globalization',
which means that they favor globalization directed to the needs and concerns of
people, not investors, financial institutions and other sectors of power, with the
interests of people incidental. That's 'globalization' in the technical doctrinal sense,
not in the literal sense because like most terms of public discourse, it has two
meanings" (Chomsky 2006). Anti-globalization is seen as a critical response to the
development of neo-liberalism. Most anti-globalization advocates strongly adding
that neo-liberal policies of western capitalist bloc (USA, UK, G-8 & allies; WTO,
IMF, World Bank policies) may bring a loss of sovereignty to democratic
institutions.
  Globalization is seen as the extension of capitalism throughout the globe (Bhagwati
2004).

 MEASURING GLOBALIZATION
 GLOBAL CONNECTEDNESS INDEX
- “Global Connectedness refers to the depth and breadth of a country’s integration
with the rest of the world, as manifest by its participation in international flows of
products and services, capital, information, and people” (Ghemawat and Altman
2006).

 FOUR CATEGORIES OF FLOWS

 Trade (products and services)
 Capital (investments)
 Information
 People
Source: DHL Global Connectedness Index: The State of Globalization in an Age of Ambiguity, 2016.

 KOF GLOBALIZATION INDEX

- Refers to “a composite index measuring globalization for every country in the

world along the economic, social and political dimension” (Gygli, Haelg and Sturm
2018).

- The revised version of the KOF Globalisation Index introduces a clear distinction
between de facto and de jure measures of globalisation. While de facto measures
of globalisation include variables that represent flows and activities, de jure
measures include variables that represent policies that, in principle, enable flows
and activities (Gygli, Haelg and Sturm 2018).
 KOF Globalization Index: Three Dimensions of Globalization

 Economic globalization
 Subdivided into trade and financial globalization.
 “the extent of cross-border trade and investment and revenue flows in
relation to GDP as well as the impact of restrictions on trade and capital
transaction” (KOF Swiss Economic Institute 2017).

 Social globalization
 subdivided into interpersonal, information and cultural globalization.
 KOF Index of Globalization measures the social dimension of
globalization in three categories: Firstly, it assesses cross-border
personal contacts in the form of telephone calls, letters and tourist flows
as well as the size of the resident foreign population. Secondly, cross-
border information flows are measured in terms of access to the internet,
TV and foreign press products, and thirdly, the index attempts to
measure cultural proximity to the global mainstream by means of the
number of McDonald’s and Ikea branches as well as book imports and
exports in relation to GDP (KOF Swiss Economic Institute 2017).

 Political globalization
 “measured in terms of the number of foreign embassies resident in a
country, the number of international organisations of which the country
is a member, the number of UN peace missions in which the country has
been engaged and the number of bilateral and multilateral agreements
the country has concluded since 1945” (KOF Swiss Economic Institute
2017).