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s A c a d e m ic u s e rs o ft e n p ro d u c e file s in C IF (C a lt e c h In t e rm e
s y s te
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t h ic h w a s e v e e 19 7 0
r m ) fo rm a w e s
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ll C o n c e p ts
I3 C e

h ip b d th id f h ie h ic ld In d iv id l
D igita l v L S I rg n
c s a re a s e o n e e a o ra r c a e s u a

tra n s is to r s a r e u s e
d to b u ild g a te s ,
w h ic h a r e th e n u s e d to c r e a t e lo g ic
ca s c a de s a n d fu n c t io n a l b lo c k s ,
w h ic h in tu r n a r e u s e d a s t h e b a s is fo r

ev e n la r g e r u n it s T h e b a s ic b u ild in g b lo c k s in phy s ic a l d e s rg n a r e c a lle d

c e lls A ce ll y b e a
m a s s im p le a s a F E T ,
o r a s c o m p le x a s a n a r it h m e t ic
lo gic it (A L U ) R e g a d le f th
u n r s s o e in t e r n a l c o m p le x ity ,
ev e ry c e ll a c t s in
sa m e m a n n e r : it m a y b e u s e d a s a c o m p o n e n t to c re a te a la r ge r lo g ic
n e tw o r k

th e m a in id e a o f u b
c e a s e d d e s rg n is s tr a ig h tfo rw a r d to v is u a liz e S
p u
Po s e th a t ta t it h
w e s r w a s e t f C M O S lo g ic g a t e s (N O T
o ,
N A N D 2 N O R 2 )
d d e s i n th
,
m
g e p h y s ic a l c ir c u it la y o u t fo r e a c h A t t h e b a s ic le v e l w e c o n
c e n tr ,
a te o n
p la c in g p o ly g o fo h la y e it h th d
the n ・
n s r e a c r w e r e q u ir e s iz e s W e
s te
p ba c k ・

d ie th
p o r t r a y e d in F rg u r e 5 2 6 ; e a c h
g a te
a n v w e s a s
blo c k
is an in d e
p e n d e n t c e ll A t th is le v e l in th e d e s i n h ie r a r c h
not c
a re
g y w e do
b o u t th
.

a
e in t e r n a l d e t a ils O n l th e e x te r n a l c h a r a c t e i t i
y r s c s o f a

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