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Bike Security REPORT
Bike Security REPORT
towards the society. As we can see many accidents occurring around us. Usually
people die due to lack of treatment in proper time. The reasons for this may be
information to the ambulance. I came up with this idea of giving the information
about accident as soon as possible and in time. So we can minimize death rate in
bike accident. I placed vibration sensors in different places of helmet where the
probability of hitting is more which are connected to Arduino board. So when the
rider crashes and the helmet hits the ground, the sensors sense and the Arduino
extract GPS data using the GPS module that is interfaced with Arduino. When the
data exceeds minimum stress limit then GSM module automatically sends message
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
The thought of developing this project comes from social responsibility towards the
society. As we can see many accidents occurring around us, there is a lot of loss of life.
According to a survey of India there are around 500 accidents occurring due to bike
crashes per day. The reasons for the accidents may be many such as no proper driving
knowledge, no fitness of the bike, rash driving, drink and drive etc. In some cases the
person injured may not be directly responsible for the accident, it may be fault of some
other rider. If accidents are one issue, lack of treatment in proper time is another reason
for deaths. According to the same survey if 500 accidents occur per year, nearly half the
injured people die due to lack of treatment in proper time. The reasons for this may again
be many such as late arrival of ambulance, no person at place of accident to give
information to the ambulance. This is what is running situation in our day to day life, a
thought of finding some solution to this problem come up with this idea of giving the
information about accident as soon as possible and in time!!! Because after all time
matters a lot, if everything is done in time, at least we can save half the lives that are lost
due to bike accidents. So, a thought from taking responsibility of society came our
project. "Without proper action at proper time, danger awaits us with a bigger face." We
must act on time when a person is injured. We must take care of person the way it is
meant. Otherwise, a valuable life might be lost. We need to understand how precious
lives of people are and what importance first-aid carries in saving these precious lives. If
this project imparts this idea in even one person, I would think that the project will be
successful.
The aim of project is to give information to the ambulance and family members about
the accident as soon as possible so that they can take certain measures to save the life of
the person who met with an accident. A smart helmet is a special idea which makes
motorcycle driving safer than before. This is implemented using Arduino. The working of
this smart helmet using Arduino is very simple, we place vibration sensors in different
places of helmet where the probability of hitting is more which are connected to Arduino
board. So when the rider crashes and the helmet hits the ground, the sensors sense and the
Arduino extract GPS data using the GPS module that is interfaced with Arduino. When
the data exceeds minimum stress limit then GSM module automatically sends message to
ambulance or police or family members.
1.3 METHODOLOGY
The idea of this project is to give information about the accident to the ambulance and
family members, so I have to chose GSM technology to give the information by sending
SMS. We are using GSM module which has SIM card slot to place the SIM. Sending
SMS alone can?t help the driver, if we send and an SMS saying that accident had
occurred where the ambulance will come without knowing the location of the accident.
So I include GPS location in the SMS which I am sending so that the ambulance will
have perfect information about where and when the accident has occurred. For this I use
GPS module to extract the location of the accident, the GPS data will contain the latitude
and longitude values using which we can find the accurate position of the accident place.
Fig 1.1 Smart Helmet
To run the GPS and GSM module we use Arduino UNO board which has ATmega328
microcontroller. The Arduino is a very user friendly device which can be easily interfaced
with any sensors or modules and is very compact in size. Now I clear that the Arduino
will send the SMS using the GSM module by keeping the GPS location in the SMS
which is obtained from the GPS module. But when should all this be done? When
accident occurs, how will the Arduino detect the accident? I use a vibration sensor which
is placed in the helmet. The vibration sensor is placed in the helmet such that it detects
vibrations of the helmet. When the rider crashes, the helmet hits the ground and the
vibration sensor detects the vibrations that are created when the helmet hits the ground
and then the Arduino will send an SMS containing information about the accident and
location of accident. This is the methodology used in the project. Let me once again give
a brief description about the working of project, when the rider crashes, the helmet hits
the ground, the vibration sensor senses the vibrations and asks the Arduino to send SMS,
the Arduino will send SMS through GSM module containing information that accident
has occurred and the GPS location obtained from GPS module.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS WORK
This project is very useful in day to day life and adds extra safety while driving. It?s like
a virtual person at the place of accident which sends the information to the ambulance.
This is not only useful in bike accidents only but also in car accidents, it can be
implemented in car accidents by placing this device in the car and changing some
threshold values of the vibration sensor. Use of this project makes your life secure at
crucial times, especially when the accident occurs at a no man place, where there is no
person to notice the accident. It helps in the situation where you can?t even move your
body and in critical position. It automatically sends the information.
The system is not vehicle-based and bears the name WCS-1 (Wireless
Communication System); it is completely integrated in the helmet and homologized for
this purpose. It consists of two virtually invisible Array microphones in the forehead area,
a digital signal processor (DSP) to filter interference and wind noise, a Bluetooth module,
two speakers and an integrated set of batteries. On the left there is a control panel with
three buttons for the functions On/Off/Select this includes the pairing which connects the
two devices and multifunction for connecting further devices. Voices can be heard easily
even at speeds of over 150 km/h, depending on the motorcycle model: the installation kit
hardly weighs more than a chocolate bar (approx. 120 g) and can be used for several
hours once the battery is fully charged. At the moment, mobile phones with Bluetooth
capability can be connected. Later, connections for other Bluetooth devices are planned,
e.g. MP3 players. Nowadays, many mobile telephones are equipped with Bluetooth, but
you'll also find music players, GPS and other portable devices able to communicate with
this popular and growing technology. The use of Bluetooth technology can be
advantageous on motorcycles, since they don't involve being wired on to the motorcycle.
The best application of Bluetooth on a motorcycle is using it as an intercom, since you
can talk to your pillion passenger without the need to be wired together. The Bluetooth
(BT) communications is crystal clear and in full duplex. Additionally, depending on the
manufacturer, you will be able to receive other audio sources, such as GPS driving
information, music (MP3, iPod, etc), bike-to-bike communications and even for the
diehards, mobile telephone. Apart of this I am going to convert Bluetooth helmet into
smart helmet. A smart helmet is a special idea which makes motorcycle driving safer than
before. This is implemented using Bluetooth and Arduino. The working of this smart
helmet using Arduino and bluetooth is very simple, we place bluetooth and vibration
sensors in different places of helmet where the probability of hitting is more which are
connected to Arduino board. So when the rider crashes and the helmet hits the ground,
the sensors sense and the Arduino extract GPS data using the GPS module that is
interfaced with Arduino. When the data exceeds minimum stress limit then GSM module
automatically sends message to ambulance or police or family members.
This is about a smart helmet which makes motorcycle driving safer than before. The
aim of this project is to give information at accident to ambulance N family members.
This is implemented using Arduino. This smart helmet was implemented by placing
vibrations sensors in different places of helmet where the probability of hitting is more
which are connected to arguing board. When the date exceeds minimum stress limit then
the GSM module sends message to family members automatically. The hardware used in
this system is Arduino board, Bluetooth module, vibration sensor and mobile phone.
This paper presents the smart helmet that makes sure that the rider cannot start the
bike without wearing it. This helmet replaces the cable connections for wirelessly
switching on a bike, so that the bike would not start without both the key and the helmet.
A LED indicator is used to demonstrate the working of the model. The system is a simple
telemetry system, which is activated with the help of a pressure that is applied to the
inner side of the helmet when the rider wears it. The framework model uses a DPDT
electromechanical relay and hence there is some time lag in wearing the helmet and
switching on of the circuit.
1.8 Smart Helmet Using GSM & GPS Technology for Accident Detection and
Reporting System
A smart helmet is an innovative concept which makes motorcycle driving safer than
before. It uses the GPS and GSM as its core technologies. The mechanism of this smart
helmet is very simple, vibration sensors are placed in different sections of helmet where
the chances of hitting is more which are connected to microcontroller board. So when the
rider crashes and the helmet hit the ground, these sensors sense and provide it to the
microcontroller board, then controller extract GPS data using the GPS module that is
integrated to it. When the data goes below the minimum stress limit then GSM module
automatically sends alerting message to ambulance or family members. The hardware
used in this system is alcohol sensor, GSM, GPS, microcontroller, pressure sensor and
vibration sensor.
Advances in technology and new demands on the existing system have now led to
efforts to modernize the GPS and implement the next generation of GPS Block IIIA
satellites and Next Generation Operational Control System (OCX).Announcements from
Vice President Al Gore and the White House in 1998 initiated these changes. In 2000, the
U.S. Congress authorized the modernization effort, GPS III.
In addition to GPS, other systems are in use or under development. The Russian
Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) was developed contemporaneously with
GPS, but suffered from incomplete coverage of the globe until the mid-2000s. There are
also the planned European Union Galileo positioning system, India's Indian Regional
Navigation Satellite System, China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, and the
Japanese Quasi-Zenith Satellite System.
Today's GPS receivers are extremely accurate, thanks to their parallel multi-
channel design. Our 12 parallel channel receivers are quick to lock onto satellites when
first turned on, and they maintain strong locks, even in dense foliage or urban settings
with tall buildings. Certain atmospheric factors and other sources of error can affect the
accuracy of GPS receivers. Garmin GPS receivers are accurate to within 15 meters, on
average.
Fig 1.3 GPS Receiver
Newer Garmin GPS receivers with WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation System)
capability can improve accuracy to less than 3 meters on average. No additional
equipment or fees are required to take advantage of WAAS. Users can also get better
accuracy with Differential GPS (DGPS), which corrects GPS signals to within an average
of 3 to 5 meters. The U.S. Coast Guard operates the most common DGPS correction
service. This system consists of a network of towers that receive GPS signals and
transmit a corrected signal by beacon transmitters. In order to get the corrected signal,
users must have a differential beacon receiver and beacon antenna in addition to their
GPS.
The 24 satellites that make up the GPS space segment are orbiting the earth about
12,000 miles above us. They are constantly moving, making two complete orbits in less
than 24 hours. These satellites are travelling at speeds of roughly 7,000 miles an hour.
GPS satellites are powered by solar energy. They have backup batteries onboard to
keep them running in the event of a solar eclipse, when there's no solar power. Small
rocket boosters on each satellite keep them flying in the correct path.
Here are some other interesting facts about the GPS satellites (also called NAVSTAR, the
official U.S. Department of Defense name for GPS):
Each satellite is built to last about 10 years. Replacements are constantly being
built and launched into orbit.
A GPS satellite weighs approximately 2,000 pounds and is about 17 feet across
with the solar panels extended.
In 1989, the Group Special Mobile committee was transferred from CEPT to the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).In parallel, France and Germany signed a
joint development agreement in 1984 and were joined by Italy and the UK in 1986. In 1986
the European Commission proposed reserving the 900 MHz spectrum band for GSM. The
world's first GSM call was made by the former Finnish prime minister Harri Holkeri to
Kaarina Suonio (mayor in city of Tampere) on July 1, 1991, on a network built by Telenokia
and Siemens and operated by Radiolinja.
The following year in 1992, the first short messaging service (SMS or "text message")
message was sent and Vodafone UK and Telecom Finland signed the first international
roaming agreement. Work began in 1991 to expand the GSM standard to the 1800 MHz
frequency band and the first 1800 MHz network became operational in the UK by 1993.
Also that year, Telecom Australia became the first network operator to deploy a GSM
network outside Europe and the first practical hand-held GSM mobile phone became
available. In 1995, fax, data and SMS messaging services were launched commercially, the
first 1900 MHz GSM network became operational in the United States and GSM subscribers
worldwide exceeded 10 million. Also this year, the GSM Association was formed. Pre-paid
GSM SIM cards were launched in 1996 and worldwide GSM subscribers passed 100 million
in 1998.
In 1999 Wireless Application Protocol WAP came into existence and became operational in
130 countries with 260 million subscribers. In 2000, the first commercial Radio services
GPRS were launched and the first GPRS compatible handsets became available for sale.
In 2001 the first UMTS (W-CDMA) network was launched, a 3G technology that is not part
of GSM. Worldwide GSM subscribers exceeded 500 million. In 2002 the first Multimedia
Messaging Service (MMS) were introduced and the first GSM network in the 800 MHz
frequency band became operational. EDGE services first became operational in a network in
2003 and the number of worldwide GSM subscribers exceeded 1 billion in 2004.
By 2005, GSM networks accounted for more than 75% of the worldwide cellular network
market, serving 1.5 billion subscribers. In 2005 the first HSDPA capable network also
became operational. The first HSUPA network was launched in 2007. High-Speed Packet
Access (HSPA) and its uplink and downlink versions are 3G technologies, not part of GSM.
Worldwide GSM subscribers exceeded three billion in 2008.
The GSM Association estimated in 2010 that technologies defined in the GSM standard
serve 80% of the global mobile market, encompassing more than 5 billion people across
more than 212 countries and territories, making GSM the most ubiquitous of the many
standards for cellular networks. It is important to note that GSM is a second-generation (2G)
standard employing Time-Division Multiple-Access (TDMA) spectrum-sharing, issued by
the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). The GSM standard does not
include the 3G UMTS CDMA-based technology nor the 4G LTE OFDMA-based
technology standards issued by the 3GPP.Macau planned to phase out its 2G GSM networks
as of June 4, 2015, making it the first region to decommission a GSM network .Singapore
will also be phasing out 2G services by April 2017.
Base Station Subsystem – the base stations and their controllers explained
Network and Switching Subsystem – the part of the network most similar to a fixed
network, sometimes just called the "core network"
GPRS Core Network – the optional part which allows packet-based Internet
connections
2.12 RF Module
Radio frequency (RF) is a frequency or rate of oscillation within the range of about 3 Hz to
300 GHz. This range corresponds to frequency of alternating current electrical signals used
to produce and detect radio waves. Since most of this range is beyond the vibration rate that
most mechanical systems can respond to, RF usually refers to oscillations in electrical
circuits or electromagnetic radiation
Radio frequency is a frequency or rate of oscillation within the range of about 3 Hz to 300
GHz. This range corresponds to frequency of alternating current electrical signals used to
produce and detect radio waves Since most of this range is beyond the vibration rate that
most mechanical systems can respond to, RF usually refers to oscillations in electrical
circuits. RF is widely used because it does not require any line of sight, less distortions and
no interference.
2.12.2 Properties of RF
Electrical currents that oscillate at RF have special properties not shared by direct current
signals. One such property is the ease with which it can ionize air to create a conductive
path through air. This property is exploited by 'high frequency' units used in electric arc
welding. Another special property is an electromagnetic force that drives the RF current to
the surface of conductors, known as the skin effect. Another property is the ability to appear
to flow through paths that contain insulating material, like the dielectric insulator of a
capacitor. The degree of effect of these properties depends on the frequency of the signals.
Radio frequency (abbreviated RF) is a term that refers to alternating current (AC) having
characteristics such that, if the current is input to an antenna, an electromagnetic (EM) field
is generated suitable for wireless broadcasting and/or communications. These frequencies
cover a significant portion of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum, extending from nine
kilohertz (9 kHz),the lowest allocated wireless communications frequency (it's within the
range of human hearing), to thousands of gigahertz(GHz).
s = 300/f
The RF spectrum is divided into several ranges, or bands. With the exception of the lowest-
frequency segment, each band represents an increase of frequency corresponding to an order
of magnitude (power of 10). The table depicts the eight bands in the RF spectrum, showing
frequency and bandwidth ranges. The SHF and EHF bands are often referred to as the
microwave spectrum.
2. Not blocked by common materials: It can penetrate most solids and pass through
walls.
3. Longer range.
12.2.5 What are the Main Requirements for The Communication Using RF?
RF Transmitter
RF Receiver
Encoder and Decoder
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Mohamad Nizam Mustafa , “OVERVIEW OF CURRENT ROAD SAFETY
SITUATION IN MALAYSIA,” Highway Planning Unit Road Safety Section
Ministry of Works, 2010
Road safety has long been considered as one of social responsibilities to the
Malaysian Government. In the visibility of this responsibilities, multiples bodies concern
on road safety have been formed within the government departments, private agencies
and voluntary organisations. The Cabinet Committee of Road Safety chaired by the Prime
Minister himself was formed by the Government. A National Road Safety Plan then was
formulated to give an attention to road safety research programmes, behavioural
modification of road users, road engineering and vehicle safety, medical treatment and
safety administration. This paper attempts to review the present status of road safety in
Malaysia with special reference to road safety initiatives carried out by the Malaysian
Government especially the Ministry of Works Malaysia. The contents of this paper will
uses an overview of present road accident statistic, national road safety target, Road
Safety Programmes by Ministry of Works Malaysia, and discussion of future strategies to
reduce traffic accident. In 1990, The Cabinet Committee of Road Safety was formed to
formulate a national road safety target in reducing road accident and fatalities. The earlier
target was established to monitor the rates of fatalities due to traffic accident which is
commonly defined as death within 30 days of following an accident per 10,000
vehicles3 . At that time, an earlier national road safety target4 was to reduce deaths rate to
4 traffic accident deaths per 10,000 registered vehicles by the year 2010. This target was
based on the statistical model developed by Road Safety Research Centre of Universiti
Putra Malaysia which predicted 9,127 deaths in year 2000 if the traffic continued to
increase at the continuing linear growth with 1989 as its base year
2.2 Thum Chia Chieh; Mustafa, M.M.; Hussain, A.; Zahedi, E.; Majlis, B.Y.; ,
"Driver fatigue detection using steering grip force," Research and Development,
2003. SCORED 2003. Proceedings. Student
This paper describes an automobile driver fatigue detection method by monitoring
the driver's grip force on the steering wheel, based on the variation in steering grip force
due to fatigue or loosing alertness. Steering grip force data is obtained by using two
resistive force sensors attached to the steering wheel and connected to a personal
computer with the aid of a data acquisition module. The alertness of the driver is then
assessed by utilizing change detection algorithm based on log-likelihood ratio. The
aforementioned system is a module of a driver safety system for smart vehicle, which
uses sensor fusion technology to prevent driver-related road accidents. Driver fatigue has
long been identified as one of the major causes of road accident. It was found that fatigue
and/or drowsiness of the driver caused around 30% of accidents in French highways in
the period 1979–1994, whereas about 40% of fatal accidents on US highways are sleep-
related. Professional drivers who drive through long distances in irregular hours are more
exposed to the danger of road accident due to fatigue. According to the U.S. National
Transportation Safety Board, fatigue is the most frequent contributor in fatal accidents
involving truck drivers. Since damage on both property and human lives inflicted by this
group of drivers is usually much greater than other road users, it is important to determine
the onset of driver fatigue or sleepiness in order to prevent the accident. The torque
generation process is the essential characteristic of an electric machine. The torque
generation of a single-phase BLDC motor is quite similar with a DC motor with
permanent magnet stator. The alternating current applied to the phase winding of a single-
phase one-winding BLDC motor just like the DC current applied to a PMDC motor, in
which the mechanical commutator convert this DC current to an alternating current to the
armature windings. However, due to its asymmetric rotor structure of the single-phase
BLDC motor, its instantaneous torque becomes nonlinear and more complicated for
design and control. The electromagnetic torque of a single-phase BLDC motor consists of
two components: the cogging torque and the excitation torque. The cogging torque is
generated by the magnetic-motive force (MMF) of the permanent magnet rotor
functioning with the varied air-gap reluctance. The cogging torque is resulted by the
motor design and should be kept to a minimum for smooth and efficient operation. The
excitation torque is generated by the phase current functioning with the rotor MMF and
can be controlled to achieve better torque responses.
2.3 Kagami, S.; Takahashi, Y.; Nishiwaki, K.; Mochimaru, M.; Mizoguchi, H.; ,
"High-speed matrix pressure sensor for humanoid robot by using thin force sensing
resistance rubber sheet," Sensors, 2004. Proceedings of IEEE, vol., no., pp. 1534-
1537 vol.3, 24-27 Oct. 2004
This paper describes a 32 /spl times/ 32 matrix scan type distributed force sensor
for humanoid robot foot which is developed for 1 kHz sampling rate. It is an analog
version of the key matrix scan like sensor, and there are many efforts to achieve
distributed tactile sensing by using this scheme. A thin (0.6 mm) force sensing resistance
rubber sheet for this purpose is developed in order to achieve high speed sensing. Each
sensing area is 4.2 /spl times/ 7.0 mm and can measure approximately 0.25-20 N. The
walking cycle of the humanoid robot as well as the human being is about 0.4-0.8 s and
the dual leg phase is about 0.1-0.15 s. The sensor is utilized for biped walk stabilization
so that high-speed input is important. A Schottky diode is adopted for each sensing
element to prevent the interference effect of other sensing areas. An air-flow based
calibration system solves analog differences of the circuit and elements. The sensor
system, evaluation results, and experiments using humanoid type robot are described.
urrent humanoid robots usully have high reduction geared motors, so that soft landing
and stabilization control are very important. A 6-axis force sensor and gyro sensor are
utilized for stabilization, but precise control requires landing area information. We have
developed our humanoid robot H7 and successfully walk online on the flat floor or stair.
However, on uneven surface, tactile information is becoming important to control landing
shock absorption and balance control. We are working on a footstep planning technique
in uneven surface, but it is also vital to achieve by real sensor and control system. A time-
sharing method based on the concept of phase advance control of the PWM commutation
signals has been developed in. However, this method is based on the voltage mode
control of the PWM signals and is sensitive to commutation noises during low-speed
operation area. Current-mode control of the phase current can achieve better torque
control performance of sensorless BLDC motors. A current-mode control method with
commutation tuning has been proposed in. However, this method employed step current
control without considering of practical flux distribution and the tuning algorithm is
unsuitable for speed change control. To solve these problems and improve the motor
efficiency over a wide speed control range, this paper proposes a new sensorless control
method for the current-mode control of single-phase BLDC fan motors with a pre-defined
modulation signal for the reduction of torque ripples to achieve best efficiency
performance over a wide speed control range. The proposed scheme has been realized
with DSP control software and compared with other control schemes. Experimental
results reveal the superior performance of the proposed control scheme. The proposed
control scheme can also be realized with specific digital control logic circuits and is
suitable for the mixed-signal IC realization.
2.4 Chun-Lung Chiu; Chen, Y.-T.; You-Len Liang; Ruey-Hsun Liang; , "Optimal
Driving Efficiency Design for the Single-Phase Brushless DC Fan Motor,"
Magnetics, IEEE Transactions on , vol.46, no.4, pp.1123- 1130, April 2010
One of the methods to improve efficiency and torque performance of the single-
phase brushless DC (BLDC) motor is to find out the optimum commutation angle at each
different speed. We used the finite-element method (FEM) to simulate the back-EMF
voltage and the coil current for the single-phase BLDC motor, and then adjust the
conduction time of switches by detecting the waveform of coil current. The motor can
improve its efficiency, noise, and vibration when it obtains the optimal shift angle of each
speed. We used PSPICE to verify the exactness of FEM simulation results of the single-
phase BLDC motor. We adopted Microchip's dsPIC30F4011 digital signal processor
(DSP) to process the Hall signal and the driving signals of switches of the driving system
prototype of the single-phase BLDC fan motor. Finally, we used the related experimental
results to confirm the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed driver. Compared with
an induction machine, a brushless dc (BLDC) motor has a higher efficiency. The BLDC
motor also has lower maintenance and higher speed bandwidth than a dc brush motor
because it uses the electrical commutating devices to replace the mechanical commutator
and brush gear of a dc brush motor. Therefore, in low-cost and low-power fan
applications, the single-phase brushless dc (BLDC) motor, which is less expensive and
easier to fabricate, is widely used.
This paper proposes a new control scheme for the implementation of a low-cost
and high efficiency sensorless speed control IC for single-phase brushless dc (BLDC) fan
motors. The proposed control scheme detects the zero-crossing-point (ZCP) of the
measured back-EMF to generate commutation signals without Hall sensor. A current
mode soft switching scheme is used to smooth the current spikes induced by the
reduction of the back-EMF when the rotor is crossing the commutation boundary. An
adaptive blanking time control strategy is used to adjust the time interval to ensure
correct detection of the ZCP. An open-loop constant Ampere/Hertz ramping control
scheme is developed for the startup control from zero speed and switching to sensorless
mode once the ZCP is detected. The proposed sensorless control scheme has been
verified by using computer simulation based on a developed single-phase BLDC fan
motor model. Experimental verification of the proposed control scheme has been carried
out by using digital implementation technique. Experimental results reveal the superior
performance of the proposed control scheme. Single-phase brushless dc fan motors are
widely used in nowadays personal computers and notebooks for thermal cooling. The
Hall sensor is usually used to provide feedback information of the magnetic rotor of the
single-phase BLDC fan motor for proper commutation control. The Hall sensor IC
requires a further installation procedure, sensitive to temperature variation, degraded in
high temperature operating environment, and limits the power density of the fan motors.
To lower the system installation cost, this Hall sensor is packaged with the driver IC as a
component unit. However, this driver IC still needs extra components for operation
settings and a PCB is required to be installed within the motor. To further reduce the cost,
development of sensorless control techniques for the single-phase BLDC fan motor is
required. Power density and efficiency are most important performance indices for high-
performance fan motors. A sensorless control IC can also eliminate the installation of the
driver PCB within the motor housing package, this provides advantages of lower cost and
motor with smaller size.
2.6 Wei-Chao Chen; Ying-Yu Tzou; , "Efficiency optimization control for single-
phase brushless dc fan motors," Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference,
2009. IPEMC '09. IEEE 6th International , vol., no., pp.1913-1918, 17-20 May 2009
2.7 Boutigny, Pierre-Henri; Nguyen, Huy Anh; Raoulx, Denis; , "1GHz Analog
Comparator and Switch Matrix for 8-Channel Analog Data Acquisition System,"
Solid-State Circuits Conference, 1988. ESSCIRC '88. Fourteenth European , vol.,
no., pp.106-109, 21-23 Sept. 1988
The design and measurement of analog comparators and switch matrix for 8-
channel 1GHz acquisition systems are reported. Built with a full-custom GaAs IC, it
achieves 1GHz acquisition rate with only 500mW power consumption. The measured
input sensitivity is lOmV and the minimum input pulse capture is Ins. A synchronous
sampling of the PWM switching signal has been used for the detection of the zero-
crossing of the back-emf signal for sensorless commutation control. The proposed
current-mode control scheme with DC-link feedforward control is illustrated in Fig. 4. A
pre-defined flux distribution waveform has been used for the table look-up in modulation
of the torque command and is synchronized with the sensorless commutation signal to
generate the current command with an adjustable dead zone for the current mode
controller. To synthesize the digital current loop controller, small signal analysis of the
current loop has been carried out. Fig. 5 shows the block diagram of the digital current
control loop of the single-phase BLDC fan motor with a PWM switching amplifier. The
analog design approach with loop gain fitting technique is adopted in the synthesis of the
current loop controller to reach a bandwidth of 10% of its switching frequency. The
analog controller is then transformer to the corresponding digital controller by using
bilinear transform.
2.8 “Wireless accident information using gps and gsm” September 15, 2012,
Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Maxwell
Scientific Organization, 2012.
Speed is one of the basic reasons for vehicle accident. Many lives could have been
saved if emergency service could get accident information and reach in time. Nowadays,
GPS has become an integral part of a vehicle system. This paper proposes to utilize the
capability of a GPS receiver to monitor speed of a vehicle and detect accident basing on
monitored speed and send accident location to an Alert Service Center. The GPS will
monitor speed of a vehicle and compare with the previous speed in every second through
a Microcontroller Unit. Whenever the speed will be below the specified speed, it will
assume that an accident has occurred. The system will then send the accident location
acquired from the GPS along with the time and the speed by utilizing the GSM network.
This will help to reach the rescue service in time and save the valuable human life. The
development of a transportation system has been the generative power for human beings
to have the highest civilization above creatures in the earth. Automobile has a great
importance in our daily life. We utilize it to go to our work place, keep in touch with our
friends and family, and deliver our goods. But it can also bring disaster to us and even
can kill us through accidents. In 2009, 33,808 people died in vehicle traffic crashes only
in USA. Speed is one of the most important and basic risk factors in driving. It not only
affects the severity of a crash, but also increases risk of being involved in a crash.
2.9 Rezal, M.; Mariun, N.; Aris, I.; , "Simple boost converter using Timer IC 555
for charging capacitor banks," Research and Development (SCOReD), 2010 IEEE
Student Conference on , vol., no., pp.272-274, 13-14 Dec. 2010
2.10 Ferreira, L.; Matos, E.L.; Menendez, L.M.; Mandado, E.; , "MILES: A
Microcontroller Learning System combining Hardware and Software tools,"
Frontiers in Education, 2005. FIE '05. Proceedings 35th Annual Conference , vol.,
no., pp.F4E, 19-22 Oct. 2005
EXISTING SYSTEM
As the bikers in our country are increasing, the road mishaps are also increasing
day by day, due to which many casualties, most of them are caused due to most common
negligence of not wearing the helmets, and also many deaths occur due to lack of prompt
medical attention needed by the injured person. This motivates us to think about making a
system which ensures the safety of biker, by making it necessary to wear helmet, as per
government guidelines, also to get proper and prompt medical attention, after meeting
with an accident. The proposed system is an intelligent helmet. A module affixed in the
helmet, such that, the module will sync with the module affixed on bike and will also
ensure that biker has not con- sumed alcohol. Additional feature of accident detection
module will be installed on the bike ,which will be able to detect accident and will be
able to notify quickly the accident to police control room and in case if the accident is
minor, rider can abort message sending by pressing the abort switch. There is an alarming
increase in the morbidity and mortality due to two wheeler road traffic accidents. This has
been a matter of great concern globally. In India, it is estimated that one accident takes
place every 2 minutes. Data from the National Crime Records Bureau indicates that
deaths and injuries related to road traffic accident has increased two and four fold
respectively during the period of 1991–2005. Reportedly 98,254 persons were killed in
2005 on Indian roads. The occupants and riders of two wheeler vehicles are among the
majority to be affected in road traffic accidents. Two wheeler accidents have also been
shown to have maximum case fatality in accidents.
CHAPTER 4
PROPOSED SYSTEM
The proposed system is an intelligent helmet. The system ensures the safety of the
biker, by making it necessary to wear the Helmet, as per the government guidelines, also
to get proper and prompt medical attention, after meeting with an accident. A module is
affixed in the helmet, such that, the module will sync with the module affixed on the bike.
The system will bear following functionalities:
● It will ensure that the rider has worn the helmet. If he fails to do so, the bike
won’t start.
● It will also ensure that biker has not consumed alcohol. If the rider is drunk, the
bike won’t start.
● An accident detection module will be installed on the bike, which will be able to
detect accident and will be able to notify quickly the accident to police control room and
in case if the accident is minor, rider can abort message sending by pressing the abort
switch.
Data from the helmet will be transmitted wirelessly to the bike. According to the
various sensor input the micro-controller will decide the actions of other blocks.
GSM Module: This GSM Modem can accept any GSM network operator SIM
card and act just like a mobile phone with its own unique phone number. Applications
like SMS Control, data transfer, remote control and logging can be developed easily. The
modem can be connected directly to any microcontroller. It can be used to send and
receive SMS or make/receive voice calls. We will be using SMS application of it to send
an SMS to the police station in case of accident.
Abort Switch: Abort switch is used to abort the operation in case of a minor
accident occurred.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
CHAPTER 6
HARDWARE USED
1-Arduino board
2-Bluetooth module
3- vibration sensors
5-GPS
6-GSM
6.1.1 OVERVIEW
pinout : added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin and two other new
pins placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to the
voltage provided from the board. In future, shields will be compatible both with the board
that use the AVR, which operate with 5V and with the Arduino Due that operate with
3.3V. The second one is a not connected pin, that is reserved for future purposes.
Atmega 16U2 replace the 8U2. "Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark
the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference
versions of Arduino, moving forward. The Uno is the latest in a series of USB Arduino
boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for a comparison with previous
version 2.2 Schematic & Reference Design The Arduino reference design can use an
Atmega8, 168, or 328, Current models use an ATmega328, but an Atmega8 is shown in
the schematic for reference. The pin configuration is identical on all three processors. 2.3
Summary Microcontroller - ATmega328 Operating Voltage - 5V Input Voltage - 7-12V
(Recommended) Input Voltage (limits) - 6-20V Digital I/O Pins - 14 (of which 6 provide
PWM output) Analog Input Pins - 6 DC Current per I/O Pin - 40 mA DC Current for
3.3V Pin - 50 mA Flash Memory - 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by
bootloader SRAM - 2 KB (ATmega328) EEPROM - 1 KB (ATmega328) Clock Speed -
16 MHz 2.4 Power The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an
external power supply. The power source is selected automatically. External (non-USB)
power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can
be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack.
Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER
connector. The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with
less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be
unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the
board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.
The power pins are as follows: VIN -The input voltage to the Arduino board when
it's using an external power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or
other regulated power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying
voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin. 5V - This pin outputs a regulated
5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be supplied with power either from the
DC power jack (7 -12V), the USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V).
Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can damage your
board. We don't advise it. 3V3- A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator.
Maximum current draw is 50 mA. GND - Ground pins. IOREF - This pin on the Arduino
board provides the voltage reference with which the microcontroller operates. A properly
configured shield can read the IOREF pin voltage and select the appropriate power
source or enable voltage translators on the outputs for working with the 5V or 3.3V. 2.5
Memory The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader). It also has 2
KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM
library).
Input and Output Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or
output, using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead()functions. They operate at 5
volts. Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up
resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have
specialized functions: Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit
(TX) TTL serial data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the
ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip. External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be
configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in
value. See the attach Interrupt() function for details. PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide
8-bit PWM output with the analog Write() function. SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12
(MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication using the SPI library. LED:
13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the
LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off. The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0
through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By
default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper end
of their range using the AREF pin and the analog Reference() function. Additionally,
some pins have specialized functionality: TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin.
Support TWI communication using the Wire library. There are a couple of other pins
on the board: AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analog
Reference(). Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to
add a reset button to shields which block the one on the board 2.7 Communication The
Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another
Arduino or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial
Communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2
on the board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com
port to software on the computer. The '16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM
drivers, and no external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is required.
The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be
sent to and from the Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when
data is being transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer
(but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1). A Software Serial library allows for
serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins. The ATmega328 also supports I2C
(TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software includes a Wire library to simplify
use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for details. For SPI communication, use the
SPI library.
The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software. The ATmega328
on the Arduino Uno comes preburned with a bootloader that allows you to upload new
code to i without the use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates using the
original STK500 protocol (reference, C headerfiles). You can also bypass the bootloader
an program the microcontroller through the ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming)
header; see these instructions for details. The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2
boards) firmware source code is available . The ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded with a DFU
bootloader, which can be activated by: On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on
the back of the board (near the map of Italy) and then resetting the 8U2. On Rev2 or later
boards: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB line to ground, making it
easier to put into DFU mode. You can then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the
DFU programmer (Mac OS X and Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can use the ISP
header with an external programmer (overwriting the DFU bootloader). See this user-
contributed tutorial for more information. 2.9 Automatic (Software) Reset Rather than
requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino Uno is
designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected computer.
One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of theATmega8U2/16U2 is connected to
the reset line of the ATmega328 via a 100 nanofarad capacitor. When this line is asserted
(taken low), the reset line drops long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses
this capability to allow you to upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the
Arduino environment. This means that the bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the
lowering of DTR can be well-coordinated with the start of the upload. This setup has
other implications. When the Uno is connected to either a computer running Mac OS X
or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from software (via USB). For the
Following half-second or so, the bootloader is running on the Uno. While it is
programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an upload of new code), it
will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board after a connection is opened. If a
sketch running on the board receives one-time configuration or other data when it first
starts, make sure that the software with which it communicates waits a second after
opening the connection and before sending this data. The Uno contains a trace that can be
cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on either side of the trace can be soldered together
to re-enable it. It's labeled "RESET-EN". You may also be able to disable the auto-reset
by connecting a 110 ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line.
USB Over current Protection The Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that
protects your computer's USB ports from shorts and over current. Although most
computers provide their own internal protection, the fuse provides an extra layer of
protection. If more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse will automatically
break the connection until the short or overload is removed.
Physical Characteristics The maximum length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7
and 2.1 inches respectively, with the USB connector and power jack extending beyond
the former dimension. Four screw holes allow the board to be attached to a surface or
case. Note that the distance between digital pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even
multiple of the 100 mil spacing of the other pins.
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet).
It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog
inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header,
and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply
connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery
to get started.
Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using
pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin
can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor
(disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized
functions:
Serial: pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data.
These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL
Serial chip.
External interrupt: pins 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on
a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attach Interrupt()
function for details.
PWM: 3 , 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite()
function.
SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication
using the SPI library.
LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH
value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it’s off.
The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labelled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of
resolutio n (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts,
though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the
analogReference() functio n.
TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the Wire
library.
Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset
button to shields which block the one on the board.
6.2.1 OVERVIEW
The Mini sense 100is a low-cost cantilever-type vibration sensor loaded by a mass
to offer high sensitivity at low frequencies. The pins are designed for easy installation and
are solderable. Horizontal and vertical mounting option sare offered as well as a reduced
height version. The active sensor area is shield edfor improved RFI/EMI rejection.
Rugged, flexible PVDF sensing element withstands high shock overload. Sensor has
excellent linearity and dynamic range, and may because for detecting either continuous
vibration or impacts . Vibration Sensor is suitable for measurements of flexibility,
vibration, impact and touch. The module is based on PZT film sensor LDT0-028. When
the sensor moves back and forth, a certain voltage will be created by the voltage
comparator inside of it. A wide dynamic range (0.001Hz~1000 MHz) guarantees an
excellent measuring performance. And, you can adjust its sensitivity by adjusting the on-
board potentiometer with a screw.
6.2.2 APPLICATIONS
Washing Machine Load Imbalance
Vehicle Motion Sensor
Anti-Theft Devices
Vital Signs Monitoring
Tamper Detection
Impact Sensing
6.2.3 FEATURES
6.3.1 OVERVIEW
General Chipset - MTK MT3329 Frequency - L1, 1575.42MHz C/A Code - 1.023
MHz Channels - 66 channels SBAS - WAAS, EGNOS,MSAS ,GAGAN
Supported(Default: Enable) Datum - WGS84(Default), Tokyo-M, Tokyo-A, User Define
CPU - ARM7EJ-S Dynamic Altitude Maximum - 18,000m Velocity Maximum - 515m/s
Acceleration Maximum - 4G Environment Operating Temperature - 40 °C to 85 °C
Storage Temperature - 50 °C to 90 °C Operating Humidity - 5% to 95% (no condensing)
Mounting - SMD Type ,10 Pin 4.6 NMEA Output Sentences A list of each of the NMEA
output sentences specifically developed and defined by MTK for use within MTK
products. Option Description GGA- Time, position and fix type data. GSA -GPS receiver
operating mode, active satellites used in the Position solution and DOP values. GSV -The
number of GPS satellites in view satellite ID numbers, elevation, azimuth, and SNR
values. RMC -Time, date, position, course and speed data. Recommended Minimum
Navigation Information. VTG- Course and speed information relative to the ground.
6.4.1 OVERVIEW
This GSM/GPRS TTL Modem is having internal TCP/IP stack to enable you to
connect with internet via GPRS. It is suitable for SMS as well as DATA transfer
application in M2M interface. The modem needed only two wires (Tx,Rx) except Power
supply to interface with microcontroller/Host. The built in Low Dropout Linear voltage
regulator allows you to connect wide range of unregulated power supply (4.2V -13V).
Yes, 5 V is in between !! .Using this modem, you will be able to send& Read SMS,
connect to internet via GPRS through simple AT commands.
6.4.2 FEATURES
1) Insert SIM card Open the SIM cardholder by sliding it as per the arrow mark and lift
up. Insert the SIM card , so as to align the chamfered corner suits in card holder .After
inserting the SIM card, lock the holder by sliding it to the opposite direction of arrow
mark.
2) Connect The Antenna Fix the Supplied RF antenna to the SMA Antennae connector
and tighten it by Rotating the Nut (Never rotate the antennae for tightening ).
3) Connect the Pins Connect the GSM modem as per the circuit diagram provided
4) Power the Modem Power the modem from suitable power supply, which is having
enough current capacity (>1A).
5) Check the Status of the LEDs PWR LED -Red LED will lit immediately STS LED
-Green LED will lit after 1-2 seconds NET LED -Blue LED will starts to blink in fast for
few seconds(Searching For Network) and becomes slow blinking once the Modem
registers with the Network.
6) Network LED The Network LED indicates the various status of GSM module . Power
on, Network registration &GPRS connectivity. When the modem is powered up, the
status LED will blink every second. After the Modem registers in the network (takes
between 10-60 seconds), LED will blink in step of 3 seconds. At this stage you can start
using Modem for your application.
7) Baud rate The Baud rate supported by the modem is between 9600 and 115200. Make
sure the host system is set to the supported baud rate. The modem automatically sets to
the baud rate of the first command sent by the host system after it is powered up. User
must first send to synchronize the baud rate. It is recommended to wait 2 to 3seconds
before sending “AT” character. After receiving the “OK” response, Your Device and
GSM Modem are correctly synchronized. So there is no need for setting the baud rate
using commands. Before You Start using the modem, please make sure that the SIM card
you inserted support the needed features and there is enough balance in SIM.!!!
LCD Modules can present textual information to user. It’s like a cheap “monitor”
that you can hook in all of your gadgets. They come in various types. The most popular
one is 16x2 LCD Module. It has 2 rows and 16 columns.
In order to connect LCD to the MCU, you have to first make physical connections
between the pins of LCD and MCU. In order to connect the LCD, you have to use one
PORT of the MCU completely for this purpose. Suppose you chose a particular PORT.
Select your chip and clock frequency. Then click on LCD tab. Select the PORT at
which you want to make LCD connections.
Set chars/line text box to 16, because you will be using 16*2 LCD. All the
connections of the LCD other than power connections will be displayed in the wizard.
Make other settings and then select generate save, save and exit from file menu. To save
the file, give the file name.
Once this is done, you are ready to use LCD display form your program. You can
now use inbuilt functions to write to the LCD screen.
RFID tags that include power source are known as active tags versus those without
a power source which are passive tags. A passive tag is activated momentarily by the
radio frequency ( RF ) scan of the reader. The electrical current is just enough for
transmission of an ID number. Abracon’s RFID Tag series includes variety of passive
ceramic tags without chip which have to be matched with a compatible IC to be utilized.
CHAPTER 7
SOFTWARE USED
1.ARDUINO IDE
2.LIBRARIES
3.EMBEDDED C
Arduino boards are able to read analog or digital input signals from different
sensors and turn it into an output such as activating a motor, turning LED on/off, connect
to the cloud and many other actions.
You can control your board functions by sending a set of instructions to the
microcontroller on the board via Arduino IDE (referred to as uploading software).
Unlike most previous programmable circuit boards, Arduino does not need an
extra piece of hardware (called a programmer) in order to load a new code onto the
board. You can simply use a USB cable.
Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++, making it easier
to learn to program.
Finally, Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks the functions of the
micro-controller into a more accessible package.
7.2 LIBRARIES
The Arduino environment can be extended through the use of libraries, just like most
programming platforms. Libraries provide extra functionality for use in sketches, e.g.
working with hardware or manipulating data. To use a library in a sketch, select it from
Sketch > Import Library. A number of libraries come installed with the IDE, but you can
also download or create your own. See these instructions for details on installing
libraries.
7.3 EMBEDDED C
Embedded Programming
CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
The Smart Helmet contains vibration sensors in different places of helmet where the
probability of hitting is more which are connected to Arduino board. So when the rider
crashes and the helmet hits the ground, the sensors sense and the Arduino extract GPS
data using the GPS module that is interfaced with Arduino. When the data exceeds
minimum stress limit then GSM module automatically sends message to ambulance or
police or family members to listen to their favorite music or simply carry on a two-way
conversation with a riding partner, without ever having to take their hands off the
handlebars and Bluetooth wireless headsets are capable of connecting to a number of
electronic devices. They are wireless, efficient, and provide ultra-clear reception.
Additionally, the safety of a Bluetooth device is at least comparable to a cellular phone in
terms of radiation. This technology makes a happy journey.
CHAPTER 9
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