Pengertian QFD

Quality function deployment (QFD) is a method developed in Japan beginning in

1966 to help transform the voice of the customer [VOC]
into engineering characteristics for a product.[1][2] Yoji Akao, the original developer,
described QFD as a "method to transform qualitative user demands into quantitative
parameters, to deploy the functions forming quality, and to deploy methods for
achieving the design quality into subsystems and component parts, and ultimately to
specific elements of the manufacturing process."[1] The author combined his work
in quality assurance and quality control points with function deployment used in value
engineering.
The house of quality, a part of QFD,[3] identifies and classifies customer desires,
identifies the importance of those desires, identifies engineering characteristics which
may be relevant to those desires, correlates the two, allows for verification of those
correlations, and then assigns objectives and priorities for the system
requirements.[2] This process can be applied at any system composition level (e.g.
system, subsystem, or component) in the design of a product, and can allow for
assessment of different abstractions of a system.[2] The house of quality appeared in
1972 in the design of an oil tanker by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries.[4]
The output of the house of quality is generally a matrix with customer desires on one
dimension and correlated nonfunctional requirements on the other dimension.[2][5] The
cells of matrix table are filled with the weights assigned to the stakeholder
characteristics where those characteristics are affected by the system parameters
across the top of the matrix.[5] At the bottom of the matrix, the column is summed,
which allows for the system characteristics to be weighted according to the
stakeholder characteristics.[5] System parameters not correlated to stakeholder
characteristics may be unnecessary to the system design and are identified by empty
matrix columns, while stakeholder characteristics (identified by empty rows) not
correlated to system parameters indicate "characteristics not address by the design
parameters".[5] System parameters and stakeholder characteristics with weak
correlations potentially indicate missing information, while matrices with "too many
correlations" indicate that the stakeholder needs may need to be refined.[5]
QFD is applied in a wide variety of services, consumer products, and military needs.[6]
The concepts of fuzzy logic have been applied to QFD ("Fuzzy QFD" or "FQFD").[7] A
review of 70 papers in 2013 by Abdolshah and Moradi found a number of
conclusions: most FQFD "studies were focused on quantitative methods" to construct
a house of quality matrix based on customer requirements, where the most-
employed techniques were based on multiple-criteria decision
analysis methods.[7] They noted that there are factors other than the house of quality
relevant to product development, and called metaheuristic methods "a promising
approach for solving complicated problems of FQFD."[7]

Pugh concept selection can be used in coordination with QFD to select a promising
product or service configuration from among listed alternatives.
Modular function deployment uses QFD to establish customer requirements and to
identify important design requirements with a special emphasis on modularity. There
are three main differences to QFD as applied in modular function deployment
compared to house of quality:[8] The benchmarking data is mostly gone; the
checkboxes and crosses have been replaced with circles, and the triangular "roof" is
missing.[8]